This document summarizes a study on the potential for generating electricity from landfill gas in Nigeria. It provides an overview of the organizations that conducted the study, TEMEC and CPE, describes the current solid waste and electricity situations in Nigeria, and summarizes the results of the study assessing the economic viability of landfill gas to electricity projects at four landfill sites in Nigeria. The study found that projects at each site could be economically viable and capable of providing power for about 40 households each.

1. POTENTIAL OF LANDFILL GAS TO
ELECTRICITY IN NIGERIA
BY
OLUBUNMI OGUNSOLA, PhD
TEMEC
WOODBRIDGE, VA, USA
TEMEC

2. Outline of Talk
• About TEMEC and CPE
•Solid Waste Management & Energy Picture
• Brief Description of CPE/TEMEC LFGE Pre-
Feasibility Study
• Some Observations and Results from the Study
• Conclusions/Remarks
• Acknowledgment
TEMEC

3. TEMEC AT A GLANCE
 Founded in 1997 in Alaska
 Incorporated in 2002 in Virginia
 Minority woman-owned and small business
 Multidisciplinary staff with several years of
experience
 Services
 Energy and Minerals Technology
 Materials and Chemical Processing
 Environmental Engineering TEMEC

4. OVERVIEW OF TEMEC CAPABILITIES
- TEMEC OFFERS SERVICES IN:
• Energy Science and Technology
• Environmental Science and Engineering
• Minerals/Materials Science and Engineering
• Chemical Processing
• Data Analysis
• Process Economic Analysis and Simulation
TEMEC

5. • CPE is an NGO founded in 2007.
• Established exclusively for charitable, educational, and
scientific purposes.
• Primary mission is to improve socio-economic standard of
Nigerian people and protect the environment they live in
through appropriate educational, scientific research, and
charitable programs
• Services Include:
o RESEARCH
o COMMUNITY & PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
o EDUCATIONAL TRAINING
o OUTREACH
CONTACT INFORMATION
E-Mail: cpe_2007@yahoo.com
Website: www.centreforpeopleandenvironment.org
TEMEC

6. Impact of Solid Waste and Dumpsite
• Landfills are the third largest anthropogenic (man-made)
emission source
• It accounts for about 13-20% of global methane
emissions or over 223 MMTCE)
• About 2.23 MMTCE of which are generated in Nigeria
dumpsites
• Per capital rate of MSW production in Nigeria is 0.2-
0.5kg/day
• This is equivalent to about 49 million kg/day (17.9 million
tons/year)
• No effective or efficient waste management in place
• Wastes are dumped in Dumpsite and mostly on roadsides
TEMEC
• No Engineered (sanitation) Landfills

7. Electricity Situation in Nigeria
• Only about 40 percent of Nigerian populace has access to grid
electricity supply
• It is generally unreliable
• Demand exceeds supply big time
•Difference met by portable generators resulting in health
and environmental problems
• Installed capacity = 6GW (2008)
•The country is lacking in policies to harness resources
and develop and/or improve the electricity infrastructure
• Future plan 40GW in 2020
• LFG is currently not used for generating electricity
• LFG has a role in distributed generation and commercial
TEMEC
sector, estate, hospitals, schools, bakeries, etc

8. TEMEC

9. The TEMEC/CPE LFGE Pre-
Feasibility Study
TEMEC

10. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
 Identify appropriate dumpsites/landfills suitable for an
integrated project
 Quantify and characterize waste materials from the selected
dump sites/landfills
 Estimate the LFG that could be generated from the selected
dumpsites/landfills and the potential greenhouse gas (GHG)
emission reductions potential of implementing a LFG-to-
Electricity project at each of the selected sites.
 Assess the economic viability of the development of a LFG
recovery and utilization project at each of the selected study
sites in Nigeria.
TEMEC

11. LANDFILLS STUDIED
MPAPE, Abuja
AFOFUNRA, Ibadan
AJAKANGA, Ibadan
AWOTAN, Ibadan
TEMEC

12. Photographs of Afofunra (Aba-Eku) Dumpsite
Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under
Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
TEMEC

13. Photographs of Awotan (Apete) Dumpsite
Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant
Number: XA83367801, 2010
TEMEC

14. Photographs of Mpape Dumpsite
A:Covered Waste
B: Leachates TEMEC

15. Photographs of Ajakanga Dumpsite
Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant
Number: XA83367801, 2010
TEMEC

16. Composition of the Solid Wastes at the Landfills Studied
Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant
Number: XA83367801, 2010
Parameter Afofunra Mpape Ajakanga Awotan
% Paper & Textiles 19.22 34.02 23.1 21.99
% Garden Waste 25.62 7 26.7 15.64
% Food 27.05 53.5 21.8 36.67
% Wood 28.11 1.9 28.3 25.70
Population Expected 265,571 N/A 486,559 315,898
to be Served
TEMEC

17. PARAMETERS USED IN
ESTIMATION
 Methane Correction Factor: 0.4
 Average Temp at the Landfill: 28 oC
 Fraction of Methane in the Landfill: 0.5
 Methane Density: 0.717 kg/m3
 Waste Generation Per Capital: 0.45
kg/day
TEMEC

18. Estimated Ultimate Analysis of the Waste at The
Dumpsites
Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number:
XA83367801, 2010
Landfill Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Ash
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Awotan 50.14 6.38 36.89 1.93 0.26 4.40
Ajakanga 50.24 6.76 36.54 1.95 0.24 4.27
Afofunra 49.96 6.32 37.31 1.96 0.25 4.20
Mpape 49.07 6.37 36.7 2.26 0.30 4.20
TEMEC

19. ASSUMPTIONS MADE
 The Afofunra, Mpape, Ajakanga, and Awotan sites were opened in 1997, 1988,
1996, and 1998, respectively.
 LFG-to-electricity project was assumed to begin at the sites about 16 years after
the sites were opened.
 Turbine was assumed to be the choice of technology for the electricity
generation plant.
 Landfill gas was assumed to be selling at the price of $5/million Btu.
 A methane generation rate constant of 0.03 year-1 was assumed for all sites.
 Landfill gas collection efficiency of 50 and 63 percent were assumed for all sites.
This assumption was based on typical achievable collection efficiency ranges
between 50-75 % of total LFG generation (Aboyade, 2004; World Bank, 2004b).
TEMEC

20. ASSUMPTIONS MADE CONTD
 Loan lifetime of 10 years was assumed in all cases.
 Interest rate was assumed to be 8 percent.
 Marginal tax rate was assumed to be 35 percent, while a
discount rate of 10 percent was used in all cases.
 Twenty percent of the loan was assumed to be the down
payment in all cases.
 Varying electricity sales price was used to obtain the minimum
electricity sales price that a project at each site becomes
economically viable.
 All electricity generated by the project is assumed to be sold
off-site at varying tariff rates.
TEMEC

21. AFOFUNRA LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY PROJECTIONS
Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under
Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
TEMEC

22. AJAKANGA LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY PROJECTIONS
Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant
Number: XA83367801, 2010
TEMEC

23. AWOTAN LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY PROJECTIONS
Source:: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under
Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
TEMEC

24. MPAPE LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY PROJECTIONS
Source:: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under
Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010

25. Summary of Economic Analysis Results for Afofunra
Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant
Number: XA83367801, 2010
Electricity Cost ($/KWh)
Economic Parameters 0.20 0.21 0.24
Collection Efficiency (%) 63 63 50
Average Project Size (KWh/yr) 624,671 624,671 499,736
Average Project Size (KW) 71 71 57
Total Installed Capital Cost ($) 650,878 765,308 601,872
Annual Operating Cost ($) 42,058 42,655 39,209
Internal Rate of Return (%) 9 10 10
Net Present Value at Year of Construction ($) (22,392) 6,338 104
Net Present Value Payback (Years after Operations None 15 15
Begins)
TEMEC

26. Summary of Economic Analysis Results for Ajakanga
Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant
Number: XA83367801, 2010
Economic Parameters Electricity Cost ($/KWh)
0.14 0.15 0.17
Collection Efficiency (%) 63 63 50
Average Project Size (KWh/yr) 1,106,974 1,106,974 878,551
Average Project Size (KW) 126 126 100
Total Installed Capital Cost ($) 819,254 819,254 734,122,
Annual Operating Cost ($) 52,189 53,246 47,526
Internal Rate of Return (%) 8 11 11
Net Present Value ($) (36,108) 14,990 17,261
Net Present Value Payback (Years after Operations None 15 15
Begins)
TEMEC

27. Comparison of the Economic Viability of the LF at Best
Economic Conditions
Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant
Number: XA83367801, 2010
Economic Data Landfill
Afofunra Mpape Ajakanga Awotan
Average Project Size (KWh/yr) 624,671 842,050 1,106,974 723,205
Average Project Size (KW) 71 96 126 83
Total Installed Capital Cost ($) 765,308 734,895 819,254 689,133
Annual Operating Cost ($) 42,655 48,728 53,246 45,811
Internal Rate of Return (%) 10 11 11 12
Net Present Value ($) 6,338 21,826 14,990 32,644
Net Present Value Payback (Years after Operations 15 15 15 14
Begins)
Minimum Electricity Costs ($/KWh) 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.20
TEMEC

28. CONCLUSIONS
 The total expected in-place waste at the sites was found to be
adequate to generate LFG to sustain a LFGE project
 A LFGE project at each of the sites of study was found to be
economically viable under the various parameters considered
and at a minimum electricity cost of about $0.2/KWh.
 The installed capital cost of an average plant size of about
120KW is estimated to be in the $650,000 - $820,000 range
with a payback period of about 15 years.
 Each plant is capable of providing electricity for about 40
households, assuming about 3KW/household
TEMEC

29. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
 The information used in this presentation was from a
project sponsored by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), under Cooperative
Agreement Number XA-83397601-0 to Centre for
People and Environment (CPE).
TEMEC