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ch. 13 RNA and protein synthesis (making)

   I.     RNA
   II.    Ribosmes and protein synthesis
   III.   Mytations
   IV.    gene Regulation and Expression




   I. RNA
   A. The role of DNA
1.Comparing RNA and DNA
2.Function of RNA
                    what are the three differences deoxyribose     thymine and uracil

                       3 types
                       messenger RNA - carries info from nucleus to cytoplasm
                       Ribosomal RNA - forms ribosomes
                       Transfer RNA - carries AA to the ribosomes

B. RNA Synthesis
1. Transcription
2. Promoters
3. RNA Editing

b1. transcription steps
1. RNA polymerase (enzymes) binds to DNA promoters(area of DNA where transcriptions
Begin)
2. DNA unwinds
3. RNA polymerase makes mRNA using the sense strands figure 13-3




   I.
   II. Ribosomes and protein synthesis
   A. the genetic code
                       1. how to read codons (codons- three letters of the code)
                       2. start and stop codons
                             1            3
A,U,G start codons

DNA -----------------> RNA--------------> Proteins
    transcription          translation
                        RNA <----x------ Proteins
outer layer- amino acids
methionine = AUG or starting piont
b. Translation - RNA to Protiens
1. steps in translation
      1. mRNA attatches toribosomes
      2. tRNA carries AA to the ribosomes
      3. Ribosomes attaches the AA into a polypeptide chain (protein)
2. the roles of the tRNA and rRNA in translation


tRNA- translation
rRNA- makes ribosomes

C. the molecularof heredity

    I.
    II.
    III. Mutations
1 gene mutation                                               frame shift
(three types of genetic mutation----->1 Substitution( 2 Insertion 3 Deletion))
2 chromosomal mutation




  64 codons
                       46 Chromosomes
                      pairs
               23
               2N
               diploid

               (di- meaning two)

Deletion-- erase (part or all)
Duplication-- copy
Inversion-- switch
Translocation-- break off and attaches to another

B. Effects of mutations
  1. mutagens
  2. Harmful and Helpful mutation

 mutagens causes (chemical / physical)
4 Gene Regulation and Expression
A Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
1 the lac Operon
2 promoters and operators

Every thing is express through Proteins
E.coli like sugar from milk called lactose
Operon is a group of genes that regulates
 B eukaryotic gene regulates
transcription factors
cell specialization rna

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Chapter13

  • 1. ch. 13 RNA and protein synthesis (making) I. RNA II. Ribosmes and protein synthesis III. Mytations IV. gene Regulation and Expression I. RNA A. The role of DNA 1.Comparing RNA and DNA 2.Function of RNA what are the three differences deoxyribose thymine and uracil 3 types messenger RNA - carries info from nucleus to cytoplasm Ribosomal RNA - forms ribosomes Transfer RNA - carries AA to the ribosomes B. RNA Synthesis 1. Transcription 2. Promoters 3. RNA Editing b1. transcription steps 1. RNA polymerase (enzymes) binds to DNA promoters(area of DNA where transcriptions Begin) 2. DNA unwinds 3. RNA polymerase makes mRNA using the sense strands figure 13-3 I. II. Ribosomes and protein synthesis A. the genetic code 1. how to read codons (codons- three letters of the code) 2. start and stop codons 1 3 A,U,G start codons DNA -----------------> RNA--------------> Proteins transcription translation RNA <----x------ Proteins
  • 2. outer layer- amino acids methionine = AUG or starting piont b. Translation - RNA to Protiens 1. steps in translation 1. mRNA attatches toribosomes 2. tRNA carries AA to the ribosomes 3. Ribosomes attaches the AA into a polypeptide chain (protein) 2. the roles of the tRNA and rRNA in translation tRNA- translation rRNA- makes ribosomes C. the molecularof heredity I. II. III. Mutations 1 gene mutation frame shift (three types of genetic mutation----->1 Substitution( 2 Insertion 3 Deletion)) 2 chromosomal mutation 64 codons 46 Chromosomes pairs 23 2N diploid (di- meaning two) Deletion-- erase (part or all) Duplication-- copy Inversion-- switch Translocation-- break off and attaches to another B. Effects of mutations 1. mutagens 2. Harmful and Helpful mutation mutagens causes (chemical / physical)
  • 3. 4 Gene Regulation and Expression A Prokaryotic Gene Regulation 1 the lac Operon 2 promoters and operators Every thing is express through Proteins E.coli like sugar from milk called lactose Operon is a group of genes that regulates B eukaryotic gene regulates transcription factors cell specialization rna