1. Bilingualism
L1 and L2
Presented to:
Sir Faheem-ud-din
Presented By:
Adeel Hussain Shah
Hassan Fraz
Ishtiaq Ahmed
Zeeshan Ali Khan

2. PRESNTATION OUTLINE
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Categories in Bilingualism
First Language Acquisition
Stages in Learning L1
Second Language acquisition
Stages in Learning L2
Why few people get fluency in second language
Interlanguage and Transfer
L2 children v/s Adults
Advantages of L2 in Class

3. HAVE YOU EVER THOUGHT ABOUT THIS
• Why every single person can acquire the first language (L1)
easily?
• Why very few people manage to acquire a second language
(L2) successfully?
• Why, even though you try your best as a teacher, some
learners have a hard time acquiring L2.

4. DO YOU AS A TEACHER FEEL THIS
FROM TIME TO TIME?
• This may be
Because the
Difference in
L1 and
L2

5. FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
“Language is Innate”= Universal
Grammar
Naom Chomsky
Unless there is something wrong
with them mentally or physically, all
children acquire a language as they
develop”
Jermy Harmer

6. CATAGORIES OF BILINGUALISAM
Simultaneous
L1 and L2
learned at the
same time
Early
Sequential
L1 learned first,
but L2 learned
in relative early
in childhood
Late
L2 learned in
adolescence
onwards

7. FLA Stages (L1)
• COOING
• 2-4 months.
• Earliest speech like sounds
• Laughter appears after 4 months
• BABBLING
• 6-8 months babies start to have control on speech
vocalization.
• This happens as an instinct.

8. FLA STAGES (L1)
Holophrastic stage
Two-word stage
• 9-18 months
• Children communicate
with one word, relating it
to many similar things
• They understand more
than they can produce.
• 18-24 months
• Mini-sentences with
simple semantic
relations.
• Examples: More cereal,
no bed, bye car etc.

9. FLA STAGES (L1)
Telegraphic stage
Multiword stage
• 24-30 months
• Word combination:
• me want that
• what her name?
• chair fell down!
• These sentences
resemble to short
messages in telegram
• 30+ months
• Grammatical or
functional structures
emerge (the syntax
stage).
• Children language
blooms into fluent
grammatical
conversation.

10. SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
• Students learning a second language go through five stages:
Preproduction, Early Production, Speech Emergence,
Intermediate Fluency, and Advanced Fluency (Krashen &
Terrell, 1983).
• Students already have previous knowledge of language (L1).
• Speed of progress through the stages depends on level of
education, family background, amount of exposure to the
target language, among others.

11. STAGES OF LEARNING L2
Pre-production
(The silent period) :
• Has minimal
comprehension.
• Does not speak at all.
Nods "Yes" and "No."
• Draws and points.
• Uses gesturing.
• Repeats like a “parrot”.
• Everything This stage
may last up to 6 months
Early
Production (The learner))
• Has limited
comprehension.
• Produces one or two-word
responses.
• Uses present-tense verbs.
• Answers yes / no
questions.
• Benefits from: realia,
vocabulary with pictures,
listening activities.
• From 6 months to 1 year.

12. STAGES OF LEARNING L2
Speech emergence
The learner:
Intermediate fluency
The learner:
• Has good comprehension.
• Can produce simple
sentences.
• Makes grammar and
pronunciation errors.
• Asks simple questions,
that may or may not be
grammatically correct, such
as: May I go to bathroom?
• From 1 to 3 years.
• Has excellent
comprehension.
• Makes few grammatical
errors.
• Willing to express
opinions and share
thoughts.
• Writing will have errors.
• From 3 to 5 years

13. STAGES IN L2
ADVANCED FLUENCY:
• The student has a near-native level of speech.
• It takes learners from 5 to 10 years to become fluent

14. Why very few people manage to
acquire a second language fluently?
• Learners are not allowed to
have a silent period, they
are asked to produce when
they are not ready = Inter
language
• Inter language is the
mixture of L1 and L2 to be
able to communicate =
interference.
• Interference = errors
• Fossilization: No further
learning appears possible.
Learners will have the same
error despite of any correction
or grammatical explanation.
• Critical Period: Before the age
of 12, fluency may be reached.
After, this is no longer possible
due to the changes in the
brain.
• Affective filter: Motivation,
self-confidence, and anxiety all
affect language acquisition.

18. MOVING BETWEEN LANGUAGES
• As we might remember from school,
or from our last foreign holiday,
translating a foreign language can be
fraught with difficulties.

22. WHY CHILDREN SEEM TO ACQUIRE L2
BETTER THEN THE ADULTS
• Children have access to
Universal Grammar.
• Adults are more
influenced by L1.
• Children are more
motivated than adults.
• Children receive more
input in the second
language than adults
do.

23. THE USE OF L1 AND L2 IN CLASS
ROOM
• ADVANTAGES:
According to Paul Seligson
• Unavoidable anyway.
• Reduces affective filters.
• Practice translation.
• Provides feedback.
• Discuss idioms.

24. REFERENCES
• referencesYule, George. (2006). The study of language third
edition. [on line]. Fourth Worth: Harcourt Brace Janovich
College Publishers . Retrieved on October 4, 2009 from:
http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=Zw5Y0o0q1bYC&dq=y
ule+the+study+of+language&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&
ots=uo2v8ZcYYa&sig=ixeYmIWXhPglFlSwoqSIAVE_0yc&hl=es&
ei=ZmvNSqKeM8XY8AauzaSFBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=&f=falseEverything English as
a Second Language (2000). Everything ESL. [On line]. Retrieved
October 4, 2009, from
http://www.everythingesl.net/inservices/language_stages.ph
pLuria, H, Seymour D.M, & Smoke, T. (2006). Language and
Linguistics in Context. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum
associates, Inc. [on line]. Google books. Retrieved October 5,
2009 from http://books.google.com.mx/books

25. • 19. Pinker, S. Language acquisition. [on line]. Technical Report NIH
grant HD 18381 and NSF grant BNS 91-09766. Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. MIT Press. Retrieved October 3, 2009, from:
http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Papers/Py104/pinker.langacq.h
tml. Society for Research in Child Development (2009, September
21). Children Under Three Can't Learn Action Words From TV -Unless An Adult Helps. ScienceDaily [on line]. Retrieved October
4, 2009, from: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090915100947.htm.Schütz, R. (2007, July 2).
Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition. [Review
of the book Second Language Acquisition and Second Language
Learningby Stephen Krashen]. Retrieved October 4,2009, from
http://www.sk.com.br/sk-krash.html.You tube videos retrieved on
October 3, 2009, from: http://www.youtube.com/