My First 100 days with an Exadata (WP)

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My First 100 days with an Exadata
Gustavo René Antúnez, The Pythian Group
ABSTRACT
TARGET AUDIENCE
This document will benefit whoever is starting to use and administer an Oracle Exadata Machine, it covers the basic concepts
and management tips to be able to start as a Database Machine Administrator.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
WHAT IS ORACLE EXADATA DATABASE MACHINE?
Exadata is an optimized database machine designed by Oracle, created as the best platform for running the Oracle
Database. It is a combination of Oracle Exadata Storage Server Software, Oracle Database software, the latest industry-
standard hardware components including completely redundant hardware and a high-bandwidth low-latency InfiniBand
network that connects all the components inside an Exadata Database Machine. One of the greatest qualities that the Exadata
Database Machine has is a unique technology that offloads data intensive SQL operations into the Oracle Exadata Storage
Servers. One thing to be aware of is that when acquiring an Exadata Machine is that it does not include any Oracle software
licenses. The following types of Oracle Exadata Database Machine are available:
• Exadata Database Machine Full Rack
• Exadata Database Machine Half Rack
• Exadata Database Machine Quarter Rack
• Exadata Database Machine Eighth Rack (X3-2,X4-2)
Another key component, is the manageability component that it has, which is the Integrated Lights Out Manager (ILOM),
the ILOM provides the Exadata Database Machine can run all types of workloads including Online Transaction Processing
(OLTP), Data Warehousing (DW) and most important a consolidation of mixed workloads.
The biggest headine at the 2009 Oracle OpenWorld was when Larry Ellison announced that Oracle was entering the
hardware business with a pre-built database machine, engineered by Oracle. Since then businesses around the world have
started to use these engineered systems. This beginner paer will take you through my first 100 days of starting to administer
an Exadata machine and all the roadblocks and all the success I had along this new path.
Reader will be able to:
• Learn about the Exadata architecture
• Gain an insight into how to administer an Exadata machine
• Learn what makes the patching of an Exadata so different than any other RAC/Single Database environment

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EXADATA ARCHITECTURE
The basic components of the Exadata Database Machine consists of the following:
Compute
Nodes
or
Database
Node

These are the nodes where the Oracle Grid Infrastructure (Oracle Clusterware and Oracle Automatic Storage
Management), Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC) and Oracle Databases are run and hosted. The compute node
uses the iDB protocol that is built on the RDS (Reliable Datagram Sockets) protocol, and is used to minimize the number of
data copies required to service I/O operations; this is a unique Oracle data transfer protocol that serves as the
communications protocol among Oracle ASM, database instances, and storage cells. The operating system in these nodes can
be either Linux or Solaris 11.
What you use to manage these compute nodes is nothing new to the DBA, which are Linux OS commands,
SQL*Plus, ASMCMD, CRSCTL. So I won’t go into detail into how to manage these.
Storage
Nodes
Database
Nodes
Infiniband
Leaf

Switches
ILOM,KVM,

Cisco
Network

Switch

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Storage
Cell
Server

The storage cells run the Exadata Storage Server Software and are part of the Exadata architecture that contain the
physical storage that is presented to the ASM instances to support databases on the Exadata database servers. Each storage cell
has 12 rotating magnetic disks, the disks can be either of the two options: high performance (HP) or high capacity (HC) and 4
PCIe flash cards that are divided into 4 Flash disks each, summarizing to 16 Flash disks in each Cell Server. These disks can be
presented to the database nodes as storage (Database can use these as any other grid disk) or used a secondary cache for the
database (smart cache). A full rack configuration has 14 cell nodes.
The Exadata physical disk architecture has the following abstraction:
• Physical disk. - Device within the storage cell that constitutes a single disk drive spindle
• LUN (Logical Unit Number). – In a non-exadata world a LUN might correspond to several disks, where as
in the Exadata Architecture 1 LUN corresponds to 1 Physical Disk. On the first 2 disks of each cell, the
LUN will have carved out around 30 gb of space for the Operating System, these 2 LUNs will have a
mirrored OS image, so that in case the first disk fails, the cell server can still operate.
• Cell Disk. – A cell disk is created on a LUN. Once it is created, the Exadata Cell can manage it. Once a cell
disk is created, the 30gb that were carved out for OS, it is now called the system area and is reserved for the
Linux operating system, Exadata software, ADR and configuration metadata. It is the virtual representation
of the physical disk, minus the System Area LUN (Disk 1 and Disk 2).
• Grid Disks. – A cell disk can be virtualized into one or more grid disks. These are created in the cell disk
and are the candidate disks from which your ASM disk groups will be built out of. The first grid disk that is
created is positioned in outer sectors, so these will have a faster performance than the following grid disks
that are created. This allows multiple Oracle ASM clusters and multiple databases to share the same physical
disk. Grid disks are not exposed to the Operating System, so only database instances, ASM and related
utilities, that use iDB, can see them.
To manage the Cell Server, besides Linux OS commands, there are two utilities to manage disks in these nodes.
• cellcli. - Cell Command Line Interface to manage a storage cell. It is used to configure storage (both physical and flash
disks) on the storage cells. The cellcli interface is only available while logged on to the storage cells themselves. Similar
to SQL*Plus for a database in which it uses the SELECT command, cellcli uses the LIST command
Physical

Disk
Grid
Disk
Grid
Disk
Grid
Disk
LUN
OS
Storage
Area
(Disk1

and

Disk2)
Cell
Disk
Cell
System
Area
(Disk
1
and

Disk
2)
Faster
(Outer
Sectors)
Slower
(Inner
Sectors)

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• dcli.- Command Line Interface that facilitates centralized management across all your databases nodes or cell nodes.
This allows you to execute the same command across all nodes in a consistent manner. As well, it is very helpful to
distribute a file to the same location across all nodes.
With the cellcli you can view the information you have defined in your environment
1) General information about your cell
CellCLI> list cell detail
name: exa1c114_net0
bbuTempThreshold: 45
bbuChargeThreshold: 800
bmcType: IPMI
cellVersion: OSS_11.2.0.3.0_LINUX.X64_110929
cpuCount: 16
diagHistoryDays: 7
fanCount: 12/12
fanStatus: normal
id: 1003XFG027
interconnectCount: 3
interconnect1: bondib0
iormBoost: 0.0
ipaddress1: 192.168.12.114/24
kernelVersion: 2.6.18-238.12.2.0.2.el5
locatorLEDStatus: off
makeModel: SUN MICROSYSTEMS SUN FIRE X4275 SERVER SAS
metricHistoryDays: 7
notificationMethod:
notificationPolicy: critical,warning,clear
offloadEfficiency: 14,158.8
powerCount: 2/2
powerStatus: normal
releaseVersion: 11.2.2.4.0
releaseTrackingBug: 12708838
smtpFrom: exadata1
smtpFromAddr: exatest@pythian.com
smtpPort: 25
smtpServer: mail.pythian.com
smtpToAddr: test@pythian.com
smtpUseSSL: FALSE
snmpSubscriber: host= exatest.pythian.com,port=3872,community=public
status: online
temperatureReading: 30.0
temperatureStatus: normal
upTime: 97 days, 21:53
cellsrvStatus: running
msStatus: running
rsStatus: running
msStatus: running
2) General Information about your LUN (Reduced Output)
CellCLI> list lun detail
name: 0_0
cellDisk: CD_00_exa1c114_net0
deviceName: /dev/sda

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diskType: HardDisk
id: 0_0
isSystemLun: TRUE
lunAutoCreate: FALSE
lunSize: 557.861328125G
lunUID: 0_0
physicalDrives: 20:0
raidLevel: 0
lunWriteCacheMode: "WriteBack, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU"
status: normal
name: 0_1
deviceName: /dev/sdb
diskType: HardDisk
id: 0_1
isSystemLun: TRUE
lunSize: 557.861328125G
lunUID: 0_1
raidLevel: 0
status: normal
name: 0_2
deviceName: /dev/sdc
diskType: HardDisk
id: 0_2
isSystemLun: FALSE
lunSize: 557.861328125G
lunUID: 0_2
raidLevel: 0
status: normal
3) General Information about your Physical Disk (Reduced Output)
CellCLI> list physicaldisk detail
name: 20:0
deviceId: 8
diskType: HardDisk
enclosureDeviceId: 20
errMediaCount: 0
errOtherCount: 0
foreignState: false
luns: 0_0
makeModel: "SEAGATE ST360057SSUN600G"
physicalFirmware: 0805
physicalInsertTime: 2010-02-05T10:31:54+00:00
physicalInterface: sas
physicalSerial: E03WV1
physicalSize: 558.9109999993816G

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slotNumber: 0
status: normal
name: 20:1
deviceId: 9
diskType: HardDisk
errMediaCount: 0
errOtherCount: 0
foreignState: false
luns: 0_1
physicalFirmware: 0805
physicalInsertTime: 2010-02-05T10:31:56+00:00
physicalSerial: E03XQM
slotNumber: 1
status: normal
4) Information about your cell disk
CellCLI> list celldisk detail
name: CD_00_exa1c114_net0
comment:
creationTime: 2011-06-14T02:25:45+00:00
deviceName: /dev/sda
devicePartition: /dev/sda3
diskType: HardDisk
errorCount: 0
freeSpace: 0
id: 00000130-8bf8-0381-0000-000000000000
interleaving: none
lun: 0_0
raidLevel: 0
size: 528.734375G
status: normal
comment:
creationTime: 2011-06-14T02:25:49+00:00
deviceName: /dev/sdb
devicePartition: /dev/sdb3
diskType: HardDisk
errorCount: 0
freeSpace: 0
id: 00000130-8bf8-1426-0000-000000000000
interleaving: none
lun: 0_1
raidLevel: 0
size: 528.734375G
status: normal
comment:
creationTime: 2011-06-14T02:25:49+00:00
deviceName: /dev/sdc
devicePartition: /dev/sdc

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diskType: HardDisk
errorCount: 0
freeSpace: 0
id: 00000130-8bf8-169a-0000-000000000000
interleaving: none
lun: 0_2
raidLevel: 0
size: 557.859375G
status: normal
5) List of information of your grid disks
CellCLI> list griddisk detail
name: DATA_CD_00_exa1c114_net0
asmDiskGroupName: DATA
asmDiskName: DATA_CD_00_exa1c114_NET0
availableTo:
comment:
creationTime: 2011-06-14T02:26:18+00:00
diskType: HardDisk
errorCount: 0
id: 00000130-8bf8-867a-0000-000000000000
offset: 32M
size: 430G
status: active
availableTo:
comment:
creationTime: 2011-06-14T02:26:18+00:00
diskType: HardDisk
errorCount: 0
id: 00000130-8bf8-86b9-0000-000000000000
offset: 32M
size: 430G
status: active
availableTo:
comment:
creationTime: 2011-06-14T02:26:18+00:00
diskType: HardDisk
errorCount: 0
id: 00000130-8bf8-86d8-0000-000000000000
offset: 32M
size: 430G
status: active

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One of the most common tasks done and that normally is not done on non-Exadata environment is a disk
replacement. The following two MOS documents should be revised before doing a disk replacement 1390836.1 (Predictive
Failure) and 1386147.1 (Hard Failure).
This is an action plan when a Predictive failure disk replacement is done, as it was identified that the disk was going to
fail using MOS document 1452325.1 .
First will see that there is an error in the a Disk within the cell
cellcli -e list physicaldisk detail | grep "status"
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: warning - poor performance
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
status: normal
This wil list the status of the disk 20:5 has a poor performance (Reduced Output)
cellcli -e list physicaldisk detail
name: 20:5
deviceId: 14
diskType: HardDisk
errMediaCount: 351
errOtherCount: 0
foreignState: false
luns: 0_5
physicalFirmware: 0B25

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physicalInsertTime: 2012-01-19T02:13:34-05:00
physicalSerial: E1BAN6
slotNumber: 5
status: warning - poor performance
This is the action plan to change the 20:5 disk
1) Drop disks from ASM and Turn on disk LED
a. Log into test01db01
b. Log into the grid user
sudo su – grid
c. Check login id
Id
Expected output -> uid=1000(grid) gid=1001(oinstall)
groups=1001(oinstall),1002(dba),1003(racoper),1004(asmdba),1006(asmadmin)
d. Check server name
uname –n
Expected output -> test01db01.pythian.com
e. Set environment to +ASM1
. oraenv
+ASM1
f. Check ORACLE environment variables
env | grep ORA
Expected output ->
ORACLE_SID=+ASM1
ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/grid
ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/11.2.0.3/grid
g. Log into the ASM Instance
sqlplus / as sysasm
h. Drop the disks from the diskgroup
alter diskgroup RECO_TEST01 drop disk 'RECO_TEST01_CD_05_TEST01CEL04';
alter diskgroup DATA_TEST01 drop disk 'DATA_TEST01_CD_05_TEST01CEL04';
alter diskgroup DBFS_DG drop disk 'DBFS_DG_CD_05_TEST01CEL04';
i. Log out of the ASM Instance
exit
j. Log off the grid user
exit
k. Log into the root user
sudo su -
l. Log into of test01cel04
ssh test01cel04
m. Check login id
id
Expected output -> uid=0(root) gid=0(root)
groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel)
context=root:system_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023
n. Check server name
uname –n
Expected output -> test01cel04.pythian.com
o. Log into the cellcli
cellcli
p. Check on asm status for the disks

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list griddisk attributes name,asmmodestatus,asmdeactivationoutcome
Expected output ->
DATA_TEST01_CD_05_test01cel04 OFFLINE Yes
DBFS_DG_CD_05_test01cel04 OFFLINE Yes <--All 3 should have OFFLINE status
RECO_TEST01_CD_05_test01cel04 OFFLINE Yes
Note. -
asmmodestatus.- Whether a current ASM diskgroup is using this griddisk. A value of ONLINE indicates this grid disk
is being used.
asmdeactivationoutcome .-Recall that grid disks can be deactivated, which is effectively taking them offline. Since
ASM mirroring ensures that the data is located on another disk, making this disk offline does not lose data. However, if
the mirror is offline, or is not present, then making this grid disk offline will result in loss of data. This attribute shows
whether the grid disk can be deactivated without loss of data. A value of “Yes” indicates you can deactivate this grid disk
without data loss.
q. Turn on disk LED
alter physicaldisk 20:5 serviceled on
r. Log out of cellcli
exit
s. Log out of test01cel04
exit
t. Log out of root
exit
u. Verify you are Logged into test01db01
Hostname
e.g.
test01db01.pythian.com
v. Log into the grid user
sudo su - grid
w. Check login id
id
x. Check server name
uname –n
y. Set environment to +ASM1
. oraenv
+ASM1
z. Check ORACLE environment variables
env | grep ORA
Expected output ->
ORACLE_SID=+ASM1
aa. Log into the database
sqlplus / as sysasm
bb. Check that disks are no longer present
select group_number,path,failgroup,header_status,mount_status,mode_status,name from V$ASM_DISK
where path like '%CD_05_test01cel04';
cc. Monitor the rebalance operation, take in mind that this can take a while
select * from gv$asm_operation;
dd. Repeat 1.29 until no rows

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ee. If you get the following error in the ASM log, it is part of the bug documented in MOS Note 1599448.1 :
WARNING: Exadata Auto Management: OS PID: 20732 Operation ID: 26227: ONLINE disk
DBFS_DG_CD_05_TEST01CEL04 in diskgroup DBFS_DG Fail
SQL :
Cause :
Action : Check alert log to see why this operation failed. Also check process trace file for
matching Operation ID.
ff. If you query V$ASM_DISK, you will see the mode_status ONLINE, but the header_status FORMER
where path like '%CD_05_test01cel04'
GROUP_NUMBER PATH FAILGROUP
HEADER_STATU MOUNT_S MODE_ST NAME
------------ -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ --
---------- ------- ------- -----------
0 o/192.168.10.8/DBFS_DG_CD_05_test01cel04 TEST01CEL04 FORMER
CLOSED ONLINE
0 o/192.168.10.8/RECO_TEST01_CD_05_test01cel04 TEST01CEL04 FORMER
CLOSED ONLINE
0 o/192.168.10.8/DATA_TEST01_CD_05_test01cel04 TEST01CEL04 FORMER
CLOSED ONLINE
2) Engineer to replace disk
a. Inform engineer that service light is on for faulty drive
b. Await engineer to inform you that disk has been replaced.
3) Add disks back into ASM
a. Log into test01db01
b. Log into the root user
sudo su –
c. Log into of test01cel04
ssh test01cel04
d. Log into the cellcli
cellcli
e. Turn off disk LED
alter physicaldisk 20:5 serviceled off
f. Log out of cellcli
exit
g. Log out of test01cel04
exit
h. Log out of root
exit
i. Verify you are Logged into test01db01
Hostname
e.g.
test01db01.pythian.com
j. Log into the grid user
sudo su - grid
k. Check login id
id
l. Check server name
uname –n

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m. Set environment to +ASM1
. oraenv
+ASM1
n. Check ORACLE environment variables
env | grep ORA
Expected output ->
ORACLE_SID=+ASM1
o. Log into the ASM Instance
sqlplus / as sysasm
p. Check that disks are present
where path like '%CD_05_test01cel04';
q. Add the disks back in to the diskgroup
alter diskgroup RECO_TEST01 add failgroup TEST01CEL04 disk
'o/192.168.10.8/RECO_TEST01_CD_05_test01cel04' name RECO_TEST01_CD_05_TEST01CEL04 rebalance power
10;
alter diskgroup DATA_TEST01 add failgroup TEST01CEL04 disk
'o/192.168.10.8/DATA_TEST01_CD_05_test01cel04' name DATA_TEST01_CD_05_TEST01CEL04 rebalance power
10;
alter diskgroup DBFS_DG add failgroup TEST01CEL04 disk 'o/192.168.10.8/DBFS_DG_CD_05_test01cel04'
name DBFS_DG_CD_05_TEST01CEL04 rebalance power 10;
r. Monitor the rebalance operation
select * from gv$asm_operation;
s. Repeat until no rows
Also the Oracle Database provides several dynamic performance views to get information concerning the storage cells
from the database to which they are connected instead of logging on to the storage cells.
View Name Description
V$CELL IP addresses assigned to the cells. This also includes the hash value for the
cell which is included in the Exadata storage cell session waits in
v$session_wait in the P1 column.
V$CELL_CONFIG Configuration information about all the levels in a storage cell. The
information is at the following levels:
CELL – general cell information
PHYSICALDISKS – the physical disks on the cell
LUNS – the LUN’s presented to the cell
CELLDISKS – the cell disks created on the cell
GRIDDISKS – the grid disks created on the cell
IORM – IO Resource Manager information for the cell
V$CELL_REQUEST_TOTALS Snapshots of the requests made to each cell over the last 15 minutes. The
information is categorized as:
CacheGet Jobs
CachePut Jobs
Predicate Disk Read Jobs
Process Ioctl Jobs
Smart IO Total Request Size
V$CELL_STATE Current statistics for each storage cell. The types of statistics that are
reported are:
CAPABILITY

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CELL
LOCK
NPHYSDISKS
PHASESTAT
PREDIO
RCVPORT
SENDPORT
THREAD
V$CELL_THREAD_HISTORY Detail of events over the previous 15 minutes for the storage cell. The
event types that are categorized as:
AntMaster
CacheGet
CachePut
DiskOwnerFile GC
IORM self tuning thread
NetworkRead
Remote Listener
System stats collection thread
UnidentifiedJob
Integrated
Lights
Out
Manager
(ILOM)

The Cell and Compute Nodes come with a dedicated management channel for device maintenance called Integrated
Lights Out Manager that works independently from these nodes. It allows you to manage the node even if it is powered on or
off. It runs on its own embedded operating system, it is initialized when the Exadata Server is turned on and has its own
dedicated Ethernet port. It allows you to learn about hardware errors of your node as well as control the power of your node.
ILOM supports various interfaces for accessing it:
• Web Interface
• CLI (Command Line Interface)
• Remote console
• Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI)
When using the ILOM to view your Hardware, we need to understand that there are 2 types of these, called
Customer-Replace Unit (CRU), which are hardware parts that any qualified service provider can replace and Field-Replaceable
Units (FRU) are hardware parts that only qualified service personnel can replace.
From time to time, when doing an FRU maintenance with Oracle you might be asked to help out the engineer when
clearing an error or provide information to them. This is done thought the Fault Management console in the ILOM, an
example of this is shown below
-> show faulty
Target | Property | Value
--------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------
/SP/faultmgmt/0 | fru | /SYS/SP
/SP/faultmgmt/0/ | class | fault.security.enclosure-open
faults/0 | |
/SP/faultmgmt/0/ | sunw-msg-id | SPX86-8001-VY
faults/0 | |

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/SP/faultmgmt/0/ | component | /SYS/SP
faults/0 | |
/SP/faultmgmt/0/ | uuid | a6409101-e792-efb0-e4a2-b4674191
faults/0 | | aee9
/SP/faultmgmt/0/ | timestamp | 2014-02-04/21:13:53
faults/0 | |
/SP/faultmgmt/0/ | detector | /SYS/INTSW
faults/0 | |
/SP/faultmgmt/0/ | product_serial_number | < SERIAL NUMBER >
faults/0 | |
/SP/faultmgmt/0/ | chassis_serial_number | < SERIAL NUMBER >
faults/0 | |
-> cd /SP/faultmgmt
/SP/faultmgmt
-> start shell
Are you sure you want to start /SP/faultmgmt/shell (y/n)? y
faultmgmtsp> fmadm faulty
------------------- ------------------------------------ -------------- --------
Time UUID msgid Severity
------------------- ------------------------------------ -------------- --------
2014-02-04/21:13:53 a6409101-e792-efb0-e4a2-b4674191aee9 SPX86-8001-VY Major
Fault class : fault.security.enclosure-open
FRU : /SYS/SP
(Part Number: unknown)
(Serial Number: unknown)
Description : A chassis intrusion failure has occurred.
Response : The chassis-wide service required LED will be illuminated.
Impact : Server is immediately powered off and the service processor
will operate in a degraded mode.
Action : The administrator should review the ILOM event log for
additional information pertaining to this diagnosis. Please
refer to the Details section of the Knowledge Article for
additional information.
faultmgmtsp> fmadm repair a6409101-e792-efb0-e4a2-b4674191aee9
faultmgmtsp> fmadm faulty
No faults found
As mentioned before, you can also login to the node via the ILOM. This is very helpful in cases where you can’t reach
the node and will help you troubleshoot any issues with the node.
/home/antunez> ssh root@10.10.10.10
Password:
Oracle(R) Integrated Lights Out Manager
Version 3.0.16.10.d r74499
Copyright (c) 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
-> start /SP/console
Are you sure you want to start /SP/console (y/n)? y

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Serial console started. To stop, type ESC (
RDS/IB: connected to 10.68.10.1 version 3.1
test01db01.pythian.com login: root
Password:
Last login: Thu Jan 30 20:01:47 from 10.10.10.11
[root@test01db01 ~]# ping test01db02ib0: Unicast, no dst: type 0000, QPN 060000
0020:0800:1404:0001:8000:0048:fe80:0000
PING test01db02.pythian.com (10.10.10.11) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from test01db02.pythian.com (10.10.10.11): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.077 ms
ib0: Unicast, no dst: type 0000, QPN 060000 0020:0800:1404:0001:8000:0048:fe80:0000
--- test01db02.pythian.com ping statistics ---
6 packets transmitted, 6 received, 0% packet loss, time 5000ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.062/0.072/0.080/0.010 ms
[root@test01db01 ~]# ib0: Unicast, no dst: type 0000, QPN 060000 0020:0800:1404:0001:8000:0048:fe80:0000
[root@test01db01 ~]# ps -eaf | grep pmon
grid 12167 1 0 21:42 ? 00:00:00 asm_pmon_+ASM1
root 13408 11206 0 21:42 ttyS0 00:00:00 grep pmon
[root@test01db01 ~]# sudo su - grid
[grid@test01db01 antunez]$ sh ./crs_status.sh | grep -v "ONLINE"
NAME TARGET STATE SERVER STATE_DETAILS
------------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ------------------
dbfs_mount OFFLINE OFFLINE test01db01
dbfs_mount OFFLINE OFFLINE test01db02
ora.gsd OFFLINE OFFLINE test01db01
ora.test.db OFFLINE OFFLINE test01db01 Instance Shutdown
ora.test.db OFFLINE OFFLINE

Also you can use the IPMI interface to access the ILOM
[root@test01db01 ~]# ipmitool sunoem cli "show /SP/network"
Connected. Use ^D to exit.
-> show /SP/network
/SP/network
Targets:
interconnect
ipv6
test
Properties:

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commitpending = (Cannot show property)
dhcp_server_ip = none
ipaddress = 10.10.144.18
ipdiscovery = static
ipgateway = 10.10.144.1
ipnetmask = 255.255.255.0
macaddress = 00:21:22:F3:2F:7J
managementport = /SYS/SP/NET0
outofbandmacaddress = 00:21:22:F3:2F:7J
pendingipaddress = 10.10.144.18
pendingipdiscovery = static
pendingipgateway = 10.10.144.1
pendingipnetmask = 255.255.255.0
pendingmanagementport = /SYS/SP/NET0
sidebandmacaddress = 00:21:22:F3:2F:7J
state = enabled
Commands:
cd
set
show

Network

The InfiniBand network technology is used to provide a consolidated interconnect backbone that serves all of the
hardware components. A full rack configuration has 3 InfiniBand switches for redundancy and throughput. The compute
nodes and the storage device within are provisioned with redundant InfiniBand connections. iDB is implemented in the
database kernel and transparently maps database operations to Exadata-enhanced operations. iDB is used to ship SQL
operations down to the cell nodes for execution and to return query result sets to the database kernel. Instead of returning
database blocks, the cells nodes return only the rows and columns that satisfy the SQL query. It uses “zero copy”, which
means data is transferred across the network without intermediate buffer copies in the various network layers.
EXADATA FEATURES
Hybrid
Columnar
Compression
(HCC)
or
Exadata
Hybrid
Columnar
Compression
(EHCC)

HCC is optimized to use both database and storage capabilities on Exadata to deliver tremendous space savings and
high performance at the same time. To understand what Hybrid Columnar Compression is, first we need to look at what other
types of compression is available for your data blocks.
• Basic Compression. - The compression unit is a single Oracle block. It compresses data only on direct path
loads. Modifications force the data to be stored in an uncompressed format, as do insert that do not use the
direct path load mechanism. This is not recommended for OLTP databases. It uses the following syntax:
CREATE TABLE … COMPRESS.
• OLTP Compression. – Part of the licensable feature Advance Compression. It allows data to be
compressed for all operations, not only direct path loads. It attempts to allow for future updates by leaving
10% space in each block via the PCTFREE setting. Once a block becomes “full” it will be compressed. It
uses the following syntax: CREATE TABLE … COMPRESS FOR OLTP.

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HCC is only available for tables stored on Exadata storage. As with BASIC compression, data will only be
compressed in HCC format when it is loaded using direct path loads. This is very important to understand as any inserts or
updates will cause the records to be stored in OLTP compressed format.
HCC has four types of compression:
• Query Low. - It uses the LZO compression algorithm. Provides the lowest compression ratios but require
the least CPU for compression and decompression operation. It is optimized for maximizing speed rather
than compression.
CREATE TABLE ... COMPRESS FOR QUERY LOW;
• Query High. - It uses the ZLIB (gzip) compression algorithm. Mostly recommended for Data Warehouse
with focus on space saving.
CREATE TABLE ... COMPRESS FOR QUERY HIGH;
• Archive Low. - It uses the ZLIB (gzip) compression algorithm as well, but at a higher-level compression than
Query High. It is mostly recommended for Archival Data with Load Time as a critical factor.
CREATE TABLE ... COMPRESS FOR ARCHIVE LOW;
• Archive High. – It uses Bzip2 compression. It is the highest level of compression available but it is the most
CPU-intensive. This compression method is mostly recommended for Archival Data with maximum Space
Saving.
CREATE TABLE ... COMPRESS FOR ARCHIVE HIGH;
In an example of the compression ratio, we created 2 tables:
The FIRST table is very narrow, consisting of only 12 columns. The table has close to 20 billion rows, and many of
the columns have a very HIGH number of distinct values (NDV).
SQL> CREATE TABLE EX_TAB_ORIGINAL TABLESPACE USERS AS
2 SELECT LEVEL empl_id,
3 MOD (ROWNUM, 50000) dept_id,
4 TRUNC (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1000, 500000), 2) salary,
5 DECODE (ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1, 2)), 1, 'M', 2, 'F') gender,
6 TO_DATE (ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1, 28))|| '-'||
7 ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1, 12))|| '-'||
8 ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1900, 2010)),
9 'DD-MM-YYYY') dob,
10 DBMS_RANDOM.STRING ('x', DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (20, 50)) address1,
11 DBMS_RANDOM.STRING ('u', DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (20, 50)) address2,
12 DBMS_RANDOM.STRING ('a', DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (20, 50)) address3
13 FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL < 10000000;
SQL> INSERT INTO EX_TAB_ORIGINAL SELECT /*+ PARALLEL (A 8) */ * FROM EX_TAB_ORIGINAL A;
9999999 rows created.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EX_TAB_ORIGINAL;
COUNT(*)
----------
19999998
The SECOND table is again very narrow, consisting of only 12 columns; it has close to 19 billion rows, and many of
the columns have a very LOW number of distinct values (NDV). Meaning that the same values are repeated many times.

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SQL> CREATE TABLE EX_TAB_ORIGINAL_2 TABLESPACE USERS AS
2 SELECT LEVEL empl_id,
3 MOD (ROWNUM, 50000) dept_id,
4 TRUNC (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1000, 500000), 2) salary,
5 DECODE (ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1, 2)), 1, 'M', 2, 'F') gender,
6 TO_DATE (ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1, 28))|| '-'||
7 ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1, 12))|| '-'||
8 ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1900, 2010)),
9 'DD-MM-YYYY') dob,
10 DBMS_RANDOM.STRING ('x', DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (20, 50)) address1,
11 DBMS_RANDOM.STRING ('u', DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (20, 50)) address2,
DBMS_RANDOM.STRING ('a', DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (20, 50)) address3
12 13 FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL < 10;
SQL> insert into EX_TAB_ORIGINAL_2 select * from EX_TAB_ORIGINAL_2;
9 rows created.
18 rows created.
...
...
9437184 rows created.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EX_TAB_ORIGINAL_2;
COUNT(*)
----------
18874368
Based on these 2 tables, we created the 12 tables for the different compression method used and the results are below:
Compression Method Segment Size
High NDV Low NDV
MB Reduction MB Reduction
No Compression 3,109.00 3,008.00
Basic 2,769.00 10.90% 246.88 91.80%
OLTP 3,080.60 0.90% 280.94 90.70%
Query Low 2,466.90 20.70% 113.25 96.20%
Query High 1,637.40 47.30% 5.31 99.80%
Archive Low 1,632.80 47.50% 5.31 99.80%
Archive High 1,546.10 50.30% 5.31 99.80%
Reduction Ratio

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Compression Method Segment Creation -
Duration
High NDV Low NDV
Basic 00:13.7 00:06.6
OLTP 00:13.0 00:05.7
Query Low 00:10.4 00:07.0
Query High 00:26.4 00:13.7
Archive Low 00:36.8 00:13.9
Archive High 02:05.1 00:42.8
Time of Creation for each of the compressed tables
Compression Method Select Time - Duration
High NDV Low NDV
No Compression 00:01.6 00:04.0
Basic 00:01.7 00:02.3
OLTP 00:01.8 00:01.4
Query Low 00:01.3 00:01.1
Query High 00:01.6 00:01.0
Archive Low 00:01.4 00:00.7
Archive High 00:01.8 00:00.9
Select time duration for each of the compressed tables
Oracle also provides an EHCC advisor, called GET_EHCC_CR, which can be found in the MOS ID 1269846.1, this
advisor can help you to define the compression ratio that a table will have depending on the compression method that will be
used.
The 5th parameter of this advisor is where the compression type will be defined:
1. Query Low
2. Query High
3. Archive Low
4. Archive High
e.g.
SQL> EXEC GET_EHCC_CR('DATA','TST','EX_TAB_ORIGINAL',NULL,3);
Compression Advisor self-check validation successful. select count(*) on both Uncompressed and EHCC
Compressed format = 1000001 rows
COMPRESSED_TYPE = "Compress For Archive Low"
COMPRESSED_BLOCKS = 10417
UNCOMPRESSED_BLOCKS = 19611
COMPRESSED_ROWS = 96
UNCOMPRESSED_ROWS = 51
COMPRESSION_RATIO = 1.8
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Elapsed: 00:01:38.62

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Smart
Scan
and
Offloading

Smart Scan is software engineered for Exadata that can provide significant IO savings and dramatically improved
performance. Exadata Smart Scan processes queries at the storage layer, returning only relevant rows and columns to the
database server. Offloading refers to the concept of moving processing from the database servers to the storage layer. The
primary benefit of Offloading is the reduction in the volume of data that must be returned to the database server.
There are three basic requirements that must be met for Smart Scans to occur:
• There must be a full scan of an object.
These correspond to TABLE ACCESS FULL and INDEX FAST FULL SCAN operations of an execution
plan.
• The scan must use Oracle’s Direct Path Read mechanism.
Required buffering model for a Smart Scan. When a session is reading buffers from disk directly into the
PGA (opposed to the buffer cache in SGA). This state occurs in the following situations:
o The sorts are too large to fit in memory and some of the sort data is written out directly to disk. This
data is later read back in, using direct reads.
o Parallel execution servers are used for scanning data.
o The server process is processing buffers faster than the I/O system can return the buffers. This can
indicate an overloaded I/O system.
• The object must be stored on Exadata storage.
The attribute assigned to ASM disk groups CELL.SMART_SCAN_CAPABLE that specifies
whether a disk group is capable of processing Smart Scans.
SQL> create diskgroup DATA_TEST
normal redundancy
disk 'o/*/DATA*'
attribute 'compatible.rdbms' = '11.2.0.3.0',
'compatible.asm' = '11.2.0.3.0',
'cell.smart_scan_capable' = 'TRUE',
'au_size' = '4M';
Diskgroup created.
A query will not use Smart Scan if the columns being requested by the query include a database large object (LOB), or
if a table is a clustered table or an index-organized table. The C function that performs Smart Scans (KCFIS_READ) is called
by the direct path read C function (KCBLDRGET), which is called by one of the full scan functions
The table below shows the parameters that control the smart scan behavior.
Parameter Default Description
CELL_OFFLOAD_DECRYPTION TRUE Controls whether decryption is offloaded. Note that when
this parameter is set to FALSE, Smart Scans are completely
disabled on encrypted data.
CELL_OFFLOAD_PLAN_DISPLAY AUTO Controls whether Exadata operation names are used in
execution plan output from XPLAN. AUTO means to
display them only if the database is using Exadata storage.
CELL_OFFLOAD_PROCESSING TRUE Turns Offloading on or off.
_SERIAL_DIRECT_READ AUTO Controls the serial direct path read mechanism. The valid
values are AUTO, TRUE, FALSE, ALWAYS and
NEVER.
Offloading Parameters

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With Smart Scan, come several optimizations:
• Column Projection or Column Filtering
The cell server will only return the columns requested, meaning that if you have a table that has 50 columns,
and only 5 are selected and 2 involved in the join operation. The cell server will only return 7 columns.
• Predicate Filtering
The cell server will only return the rows requested instead of all the rows in a table. Since iDB includes the
predicate information in its requests, this is accomplished by performing the standard filtering operations at
the storage cells before returning the data.
• Storage Indexes
Cell Server In-Memory structure that its main goal is to reduce the number I/O’s from disk. The Storage
Index keeps track of minimum and maximum values of columns for tables stored on that cell. Storage
Indexes are automatically created and maintained transparently by the Exadata Storage Server Software,
because of this, there is very little that can be done to affect when or how they are used.
There are three “commonly” known hidden database parameters that deal with Storage Indexes, and as
always use hidden parameters only to test or when specified by Oracle:
o _kcfis_storageidx_disabled .- When set to TRUE it will turn Storage Indexes off, when set to the
default FALSE it will turn them on.
o _kcfis_storageidx_diag_mode.- This will enable you to trace the Storage Index, the default is 0 which
is disabled. Setting the parameter to 2 will enable Storage Index diagnostics/tracing. The trace files
are generated in the Cell Node in $ADR_BASE/diag/asm/cell/<node>/trace
o _cell_storidx_mode.- Controls where Storage Indexes will be applied. There are three valid values for
this parameter (EVA, KDST, ALL). EVA, the default, and KDST are Oracle kernel function names.
EXADATA PATCHING
Patching is a regular task that a DBA does, and has been evolving as you start using more and more technologies,
going from a single instance environment, to RAC environment, where you not only have to patch the Database binaries, you
also have to patch the Grid Infrastructure. In an Oracle Exadata environment, it is taken to the next level as you now have
several components, which is the firmware of the nodes, Operating System, Infiniband Switches as well as the RDBMS and
Grid Infrastructure binaries. MOS document 888828.1 will have the latest patches and release dates.
There are different types of patches for Exadata Database Machine, as listed below:
• Storage Server software
Contains updates to firmware, operating system, and/or Exadata Storage Server software. These patches are
independent of the Database server but it might require that the Database Server or Database Server
firmware be in a specific version. This are also installed in two manners:
o Rolling. – Applied one storage server at a time while the databases remain operational.
o Non-rolling. – Applied to all storage servers simultaneously with the databases are offline.
• Database server
o Oracle Grid Infrastructure and Database software
Most updates are delivered in bundle patches created specifically for Exadata for Oracle Database
(DB_BP) and Oracle Clusterware (GI_BP), which are provided through Quarterly Database Patch
for Exadata (QDPE)

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o Operating system software and firmware
Exadata Specific patch that has to be applied on the Database Server Operating system and firmware.
Beginning in 11.2.3.1.0 updates are delivered through the Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN) which
require populating and maintaining a yum repository for Exadata (1473002.1). As well, you can use
the dbnodeupdate.sh utility, which automates all the steps and checks to upgrade Oracle Exadata
database servers to a new Exadata release and replaces the manual steps., though there are versions
which this utility can’t be used, verify MOS note 1553103.1 to see where it can or can’t be used.
• InfiniBand switch software
Patch contains updates to the software and/or firmware for InfiniBand switches. These have no dependency
on the Storage Server unless specified in the readme.
• Additional components
Ethernet switch, KVM, and PDU patches, these are normally maintained at your discretion.
For the Storage/Database and Infiniband , there is a regular schedule. But Oracle provides on a regular schedule
aligned with the release CPU and PSU patches; a Quarterly Full Stack Download Patch (QFSDP), now this doesn’t mean that
you apply it as one, but it just means that it compiles the current software patches for the stack
QFSDP releases contain the latest software for the following components:
• Infrastructure
o Exadata Storage Server
o InfiniBand Switch
o Power Distribution Unit (PDU)
• Database
o Oracle Database and Grid Infrastructure
o OPatch
o OPlan
• Systems Management
o EM Agent
o EM OMS
o EM Plug-ins
Below is an example of the ease of use of the dbnodeupdate.sh, take in mind that due to the reboot, it will have to be
run a second time, but with the –c option to complete the update, this runs the needed post upgrade steps.
[root@test01db01 ~]# ./dbnodeupdate.sh -u -l /u01/stage/p16432033/p16432033_112321_Linux-x86-64.zip
(*) 2013-12-07 03:24:14: Unzipping helpers
(/u01/stage/BP21/17452393/Infrastructure/ExadataDBNodeUpdate/1.81/dbupdate-helpers.zip) to
/opt/oracle.SupportTools/dbnodeupdate_helpers
(*) 2013-12-07 03:24:14: Initializing logfile /var/log/cellos/dbnodeupdate.log
Warning: Active NFS and/or SMBFS mounts found on this DB server node.
At a later stage dbnodeupdate.sh will try unmounting them silently.
However, during the collection of system configuration stale network mounts may cause long waits.
It is therefore recommended to unmount any active network mount now before continuing.
Continue ? [Y/n]
Y
(*) 2013-12-07 03:24:25: Collecting system configuration details...

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(*) 2013-12-07 03:24:40: Checking free space in /u01
(*) 2013-12-07 03:24:40: Unzipping /u01/stage/p16432033/p16432033_112321_Linux-x86-64.zip to
/u01/app/oracle/stage.4522, this may take a while
(*) 2013-12-07 03:24:52: Backing up /etc/yum.repos.d/Exadata-computenode.repo in
/etc/yum.repos.d.bak/071213032414
(*) 2013-12-07 03:24:52: Backing up /etc/yum.repos.d/Exadata-computenode.repo.sample in
(*) 2013-12-07 03:24:52: Backing up /etc/yum.repos.d/not_supported.repo in /etc/yum.repos.d.bak/071213032414
Active Image version : 11.2.3.1.0.120304
Active Kernel version : 2.6.18-274.18.1.0.1.el5
Active LVM Name : /dev/mapper/VGExaDb-LVDbSys1
Inactive Image version : n/a
Inactive LVM Name : /dev/mapper/VGExaDb-LVDbSys2
Current user id : root
Action : upgrade
Upgrading to : 11.2.3.2.1.130302
Baseurl : file:///var/www/html/yum/unknown/EXADATA/dbserver/11.2/latest.4522/x86_64/ (iso)
Iso file : /u01/stage/stage.4522/112_latest_repo_130302.iso
Create a backup : Yes
Shutdown stack : No (Currently stack is down)
Hotspare to be claimed : Yes
: Raid reconstruction will be performed online, may take up to 4 hours and impact
performance
: If you want the hotspare reclaimed at a later time, then execute the following command
and restart dbnodeupdate.sh
: "touch /opt/oracle/EXADATA_KEEP_HOT_SPARE_ON_YUM_UPDATE"
Logfile : /var/log/cellos/dbnodeupdate.log (runid: 071213032414)
Diagfile : /var/log/cellos/dbnodeupdate.071213032414.diag
Server model : SUN FIRE X4170 M2 SERVER
Remote mounts exist : Yes (dbnodeupdate.sh will try unmounting)
dbnodeupdate.sh rel. : 1.81 (always check MOS 1553103.1 for the latest release)
Automatic checks incl. : Issue 1.8 - Hotspare not reclaimed
: Issue 1.10 - Cell and Database image versions 11.2.2.2.2 or lower require workaround
before patching
: Database servers with an ofa rpm earlier than 1.5.1-4.0.28 can encounter a file system
corruption
: Issue 1.14 - Upgrade to 11.2.3.x failed due to Sas Exp. FW not upgrd. first to 5.7.0 on
X4800 and X4800 M2
: Issue 1.15 - Filesystem checks not disabled on database servers
: Issue 1.16 - Verify the vm.min_free_kbytes kernel parameter on database servers to make
sure 512MB is reserved
: Issue 1.17 - Kdump not working on database servers running uek kernel after upgrading
to 11.2.3.2.1
: Yum rolling update requires fix for 11768055 when Grid Infrastructure is below 11.2.0.2
BP12
Manual checks todo : Issue 1.11 - Database Server upgrades to 11.2.2.3.0 or higher may hit network routing
issues after the upgrade
Note : After upgrading and rebooting run './dbnodeupdate.sh -c' to finish post steps
Continue ? [Y/n]
Y
(*) 2013-12-07 03:25:30: Verifying GI and DB's are shutdown
(*) 2013-12-07 03:25:32: Collecting console history for diag purposes
(*) 2013-12-07 03:25:45: Successfully unmounted /mnt/u03
(*) 2013-12-07 03:25:45: Successfully unmounted /mnt/bckup
(*) 2013-12-07 03:25:45: Successfully unmounted /dbbackup
(*) 2013-12-07 03:25:45: Successfully unmounted /dbbackups/channel1

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(*) 2013-12-07 03:25:46: Successfully unmounted /mnt/u04
(*) 2013-12-07 03:25:46: Successfully unmounted /mnt/usb
(*) 2013-12-07 03:25:46: Unmount of /boot successful
(*) 2013-12-07 03:25:46: Check for /dev/sda1 successful
(*) 2013-12-07 03:25:46: Mount of /boot successful
(*) 2013-12-07 03:25:46: Performing filesystem backup to /dev/mapper/VGExaDb-LVDbSys2 (estimated 4-12 minutes)
(*) 2013-12-07 03:32:40: Backup successful
(*) 2013-12-07 03:32:40: Verifying and updating yum.conf (backup in /etc/yum.conf.071213_032414)
(*) 2013-12-07 03:32:41: Disabling other repositories, generating Exadata repos
(*) 2013-12-07 03:32:41: Backing up /etc/yum.repos.d/Exadata-computenode.repo in
(*) 2013-12-07 03:32:41: Backing up /etc/yum.repos.d/Exadata-computenode.repo.sample in
(*) 2013-12-07 03:32:41: Backing up /etc/yum.repos.d/not_supported.repo in /etc/yum.repos.d.bak/071213032414
(*) 2013-12-07 03:32:41: Generating /etc/yum.repos.d/Exadata-computenode.repo
(*) 2013-12-07 03:32:41: Verifying baseurl
(*) 2013-12-07 03:32:42: Disabling stack from starting
(*) 2013-12-07 03:32:43: OSWatcher stopped successful
(*) 2013-12-07 03:33:00: EM Agent (in /u01/app/oracle/product/12.1/agent/core/12.1.0.3.0) stopped successfully
(*) 2013-12-07 03:33:00: Emptying the yum cache
(*) 2013-12-07 03:33:00: Removing rpm libcxgb3-static.x86_64 (if installed)
(*) 2013-12-07 03:33:00: Removing rpm rpm-build.x86_64 (if installed)
(*) 2013-12-07 03:33:00: Performing yum update. Node is expected to reboot when finished
(*) 2013-12-07 03:36:34: All above steps finished.
(*) 2013-12-07 03:36:34: System will reboot automatically for changes to take effect
(*) 2013-12-07 03:36:34: After reboot run "./dbnodeupdate.sh -c" to complete the upgrade
CONCLUSION
Oracle Exadata Machine is a new paradigm shift for Database Administrators, where as Arup Nanda mentioned, you
leave behind being a DBA (Database Administrator) and swing towards becoming a Database Machine Administrator). Oracle
Exadata has now several versions and several configurations, but now you are ready to delve deeper into each topic so that
you can become an expert DMA.

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REFERENCES
Exadata Database Server Patching using the DB Node Update Utility (Doc ID 1553103.1)
Exadata Patching Overview and Patch Testing Guidelines (Doc ID 1262380.1).
Exadata Database Machine and Exadata Storage Server Supported Versions (Doc ID 888828.1)
Exadata Database Server Patching using the DB Node Update Utility (Doc ID 1553103.1)
How to shutdown the Exadata database nodes and storage cells in a rolling fashion so certain hardware tasks can be
performed. (Doc ID 1539451.1)
Exadata Database Machine : How to identify cell failgroups and Partner disks for a grid disk (Doc ID 1431697.1)
Exadata Database Machine and Exadata Storage Server Supported Versions (Doc ID 888828.1)
Oracle's Secret Sauce: Why Exadata Is Rocking the Tech Industry
http://www.forbes.com/sites/oracle/2012/11/02/oracles-secret-sauce-why-exadata-is-rocking-the-tech-industry/
A grand tour of Oracle Exadata, Part 1
http://www.pythian.com/blog/exadata-part-1/
Exadata Smart Flash Cache Features and the Oracle Exadata Database Machine
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/exadata/exadata-smart-flash-cache-366203.pdf
Exadata Part VII: Meaning of the various Disk Layers
http://uhesse.com/2011/05/18/exadata-part-vii-meaning-of-the-various-disk-layers/
Exadata Storage Layout
http://blog.enkitec.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Enkitec-Exadata-Storage-Layout11.pdf
Oracle Exadata Database Machine X4-2
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/engineered-systems/exadata/exadata-dbmachine-x4-2-ds-2076448.pdf
Exadata Diskgroup Planning
http://blog.oracle-ninja.com/2011/12/exadata-diskgroup-planning/
A Technical Overview of the Oracle Exadata Database Machine and Exadata Storage Server
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/exadata/exadata-technical-whitepaper-134575.pdf
Exadata MAA Best Practices Series
http://www.oracle.com/webfolder/technetwork/exadata/maa-bestp/patching/patch.pdf
Patching an Exadata Compute Node
http://www.fuadarshad.com/2013/05/patching-exadata-compute-node.html

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Exadata Patching Overview
http://www.pythian.com/blog/exadata-patching-overview/
Oracle Integrated Lights Out Manager (ILOM) 3.0 Concepts Guide
http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19469-01/820-6410-12/ilom_about.html#50614323_61001

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