Sociology is the systematic study of human social behavior and groups. It focuses on how social relationships influence behavior and how societies develop and change. Anthropology studies humanity's biological, social, and cultural development and seeks to understand differences and similarities between people. Both disciplines have roots in the 18th-19th centuries and were influenced by thinkers like Comte, Marx, Durkheim, and Weber who applied scientific methods to the study of society. Modern sociology and anthropology utilize theoretical perspectives like functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionism to analyze social patterns and behaviors.

1. Sociology and Anthropology

2. Sociology
 is the systematic study of social
behavior and human groups.
 Focuses on social relationships;
how those relationships influence
people’s behavior; and how
societies, the sum total of those
relationships develop and change.
 It is the science of society and the
social interactions taking place

3. Sociological Imagination
 According to C. Wright Mills, it is an awareness of
the
relationship of the individual and the wider society.
This
awareness allows all of us to comprehend the links
between
our immediate, personal settings and the
remote, impersonal
social world that surrounds and help to shape us.
 A key element in the sociological imagination is
the ability to
view one’s society as an outsider would, rather than

4. Sociology and the Social
Sciences
 Natural Science- study of the physical features of
nature and
the ways I which they interact and change.
Ex.
Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Geology, Physics
 Social Sciences- study of the social features of
humans and the
ways in which they interact and change.
Ex.
Sociology, Anthropology, Economics, History, Psy
chology
and Political Science

5.  Anthropology is the study of past cultures and
preindustrial
societies that continue today, as well as the origin
of humans.
 Economics is the study that explore the way in
which people
produce and exchange goods and services along
with money
and other resources.
 History is concerned with the people and events
of the past and their significance for us today.
 Political Science study international relations, the

6.  Psychology is used in the investigation of
personality and
individual behavior.
Sociologists focus on the study of the influence that
the society
Has on people’s attitudes and behavior and the
ways in which
People interact and shape society. Humans are
social animals so
sociologists scientifically examine their social
relationships with
others.

7. Anthropology
 Is the science of humanity and its
society.
 It studies the biological, social, and
cultural development of humankind and
seeks answers to why people are
different and how they are similar.

8. Origin and History of Sociology and
Anthropology

9. The Beginnings of Anthropology
 It goes back to the period of discoveries and
explorations
in the15th to 18th centuries.
 Sources of facts were the early Western
explorers,
missionaries, soldiers and colonial officials
regarding the
strange behavior and beliefs as well as the exotic
appearance of
people they have come in contact with.
 Discoveries of flint tools and other artifacts in
Europe in the
early 19th century gave evidence of the existence of
human

10.  These discoveries happened at the time when
advancement
in Physics and Chemistry were made, arousing
interest in scien-
tific inquiry.
 Edward Tylor was the first professor of
Anthropology in Ox-
ford, England. In the U.S., it was Franz Boaz of
Clark Univer-
sity, Massachusetts.
 Modern Anthropology in both Physical and
cultural aspects

11. Modern Anthropology
 Focus of study was the exotic, non- western
societies.
 The dominant theme of the early anthropologists
were the
evolutionary view of humanity and human behavior.
 Structural functionalism was eventually used. The
turn for a
higher level of research through the use of careful
and thorough
gathering of data about individual cultures was
made by Franz
Boaz and Alfred Kroeber. They were followed by
Bronislaw Ma-

12.  From 1980, ethnographers approached the study
of local
culture as embedded within regional and tribal
forces.
 Terms to know:
1. Ethnography- provides account of a particular
community, society or culture.
2. Ethnographer- gathers data that he organizes,
describes, analyzes, and interprets to build and
present the account which may be in the form of
a book, article or film.
3. Ethnology- examines, interprets, analyzes, and

13. The Beginnings of Sociology
 Has its roots in France at the time of the Industrial
Revolution and French Revolution.
 Social problems attended this social upheavals.
 The pioneers were Henri de Saint- Simon (1760-
1825) and
Auguste Comte (1798-1857).
 Auguste Comte, a French Philosopher, believed
that methods
and techniques of the natural science could be
applied to the
study of society. He coined the term “ sociology” to
apply to the

14.  Harriet Martineau(18021876)-scholars learned of
Comte’s
works through the translations of this sociologist.
Aside from
this, she offered insightful observations of the
customs and
social practices of both her native Britain and the
U.S.Her book
“Society in America” examined religion, politics,
child-rearing
and immigration in the young nation. Her writings
emphasized
the impact that the economy, law, trade, health,

15.  Herbert Spencer( 1820-1903) he did not feel
compelled to
correct or improve society , instead he hoped to
understand it
better. He applied Darwin’s concept of Evolution of
the Species
to societies in order to explain how they change, or
evolve over
time. He also adapted Darwin’s Survival of the
fittest in arguing
that it is natural that some people are rich while
others are

16. between two classes that clashed in the pursuit of
their own
interest. When he examined the industrial societies
of his time,
he saw the factory as the center of conflict between
the
exploiters and the exploited. He viewed these
relationships in
systematic terms, he believed that a system of
economic, social
and political relationships maintained the power
and

17.  It was during the time of Emile Durkheim, Georg
Simmel,
and Max Weber in Europe, and Charles H.
Cooley, Robert E.
Park and W.I. Thomas in the U.S. that empirical
research was
used in the study of social phenomena.
 Emile Durkheim(1858-1917) laid the foundation
for Modern
Sociology. He made contributions regarding the
study of
suicide, religion, division of labor in society and

18.  Max Weber ( 1864-1920)-according to him, to
fully compre-
hend behavior, we must learn the subjective
meanings people
attach to their actions- how they themselves view
and explain
their behavior.
 Charles Horton Cooley(1864-1929)- to effectively
learn
more about society, he preferred to use the
sociological pers-
pective to look first at smaller units- intimate, face-
to-face

19. Major Theoretical Perspectives
 Sociologists view society in different ways. Some
see the
world as a stable and on-going entity. Others see
society as
composed of many groups in conflict, competing for
scarce
resources. And still to others, the most fascinating
aspects of
the social world are the everyday, routine
interactions among
individuals that we sometimes take for granted.
 These three views are the functionalist, conflict

20. Functionalist Perspective
 This emphasizes the way in which the parts of the
society are
structured to maintain its stability.
 Talcott Parsons (1902-1979), a Harvard
University
sociologist was a key figure in the development of
this theory.
Parson saw any society as a vast network of
connected parts,
each of which helps to maintain the system as a
whole.
 His functionalist approach holds that if an aspect

21. value consensus among members of the society, it
will not be
passed on from one generation to the next.
 Throughout most of the 1900s,the functionalist
perspective
Had the upperhand in sociology in the US.
Manifest and Latent Functions
 Robert Merton made an important distinction
between
manifest and latent functions.
 Manifest Functions of institutions are open,
stated, conscious
functions. They involve the intended, recognized

22.  Latent Functions are unconscious or unintended
functions
That may reflect hidden purposes of an institution.
Dysfunctions
Functionalists acknowledge that not all parts of the
society con-
tribute to its stability all the time.
 Dysfunction refers to an element or process of a
society that
may actually disrupt the social system or reduce its
stability.

23. Conflict Perspective
 Conflict sociologists see a social world in
continual struggle.
 It assumes that social behavior is best
understood in terms of
conflict or tension between competing groups.
 Conflicts need not be violent, it can take the form
of labor
negotiations, party politics, competition between
religious
groups for new members, or disputes over the
government
budget.

24.  The widespread social unrest resulting from
battles over civil
rights, bitter division over the war in Vietnam, rise of
the gay
and feminist liberation movements, political
scandals, have
offered support for the conflict approach- the view
that the
social world is characterized by continual struggle
between
competing groups.
 The discipline of sociology accepts conflict theory

25. Views Under the Conflict Theory
 Marxist View
Karl Marx viewed struggle between social
classes as ine-
vitable, given the exploitation of workers under
capitalism. Ex-
panding on Marx’s work, sociologists and other
social scientists
have come to see conflict not merely as a class
phenomenon
but as part of everyday life in all societies.
 An African American View
Some early black sociologists including

26. The struggle for a racially egalitarian society.
Sociology he con-
tended, had to draw on scientific principles to study
social
problems such as those experienced by blacks in
the U.S. Du
Bois made a major contribution to sociology
through his in-
depth studies of urban life, both black and white.
He documen-
ted the blacks’ relatively low status in Philadelphia
and Atlanta.
He believed that granting full political rights to

27. It sees inequity in gender as central to all behavior and
organization. Contemporary feminist theorist often view
wo-
men’s subordination as inherent in a capitalist societies.
Some
radical feminist theorists, view the oppression of women
as in-
evitable in all male- dominates societies, whether
capitalist,
socialist or communist.
Feminist scholarship in sociology has broadened the
under-
standing of social behavior by taking it beyond the male
point of
view. They have not only challenged stereo-typing of
women,

28. Interactionist Perspective
 Functionalists and conflict theorists both analyze
large-scale,
society-wide patterns of behavior. Interactionists,
on the other
hand generalize about everyday forms of
interaction in order
to explain society as a whole.
 Interactionism is a sociological framework for
viewing
human beings as living in a world of meaningful
objects.
“Objects” may include material things, actions,

29.  George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) is widely
regarded as the
founder of the interactionist perspective. His
sociological
analysis often focused on human interactions in
one- to –one
situations and small groups. He was interested in
observing the
most minute forms of communication-
smiles, frowns, nods-
And in understanding how such individual
behaviors were

30. Type of Interactionist Perspective
 Dramaturgical approach- popularized by Erving
Goffman,
This approach sees people as theatrical
performers. Everyday
life is compared to the setting of the theater and
stage. Just as
Actors project certain image, all of us seek to
present particular
features of our personalities while we hide other
qualities.