Cired 2015 full paper: DISTRIBUTED AND COORDINATED DEMAND RESPONSE FOR THE SUPPLY OF FREQUENCY CONTAINMENT RESERVE (FCR)

CIRED 2015
gaspa
ABSTRACT
The availability of frequency
essential for any Utility to secure the power system in
both interconnected and microgrid contexts. This paper
presents a concept of
Resources
frequency
with both Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) and
Under Frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) requirements,
are provided through a structure of Virtual Power Plant
(VPP).
performed on a
motors and resistive loads control t
depending
project
INTRODUCTION
European Utilities
Electrical Renewable Energy Resources (RES
spreading
generation unit
energy policies.
Utilit
reserves suppliers.
system security
robustness
during 2003 Italian blackout
in
It appears so
become a necessity
controlled reserves over the network at any voltage
These reserves
Distributed Generation (DG) units or by
control through
ability to distribute these
over the network
diffusion of I
Technologies
loads
basis
This paper presents so a patented ICT
designed for the
CIRED 2015
DISTRIBUTED AND COOR
Gaspard LEBEL
Raphaël CAIRE
Nouredine HADJSAID
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, G2Elab
CNRS,
F-38000 Grenoble, France
gaspard.lebel@g2elab.grenoble
ABSTRACT
presents a concept of
Resources (DER)
frequency-controlled reserves
(VPP). Physical demonstration
performed on a
depending at the European scale within Dream FP7
project.
INTRODUCTION
European Utilities
spreading. This occurs
generation unit
energy policies.
Utilities of part of their histori
reserves suppliers.
system security
robustness face to large frequency excursion
in both interconne
It appears so
become a necessity
These reserves
control through
over the network
diffusion of I
Technologies
loads. The control of loads on a minute or even second
basis used definitely not be doable in the past.
designed for the
23
Gaspard LEBEL
Raphaël CAIRE
Nouredine HADJSAID
CNRS, G2Elab
38000 Grenoble, France
rd.lebel@g2elab.grenoble
ABSTRACT
presents a concept of coordinated
(DER), load modulation
controlled reserves
Physical demonstration
performed on an off-grid system
at the European scale within Dream FP7
INTRODUCTION
European Utilities are currently facing
. This occurs in a parallel context of bulk
generation units decommissioning driven by climate and
energy policies. Such trend is willing to deprive these
of part of their histori
reserves suppliers. It is then
system security since RES
face to large frequency excursion
both interconnected and microgrid
the opportunity
become a necessity – to distribute
These reserves could be supplied
control through Demand Response
over the network is technically
diffusion of Information an
Technologies (ICT) close to any kind of dispatchable
The control of loads on a minute or even second
used definitely not be doable in the past.
designed for the supply of
23rd International Conference on Electricity Distribution
FREQUENCY CONTAINMEN
Nouredine HADJSAID
rd.lebel@g2elab.grenoble-inp.fr
The availability of frequency-controlled reserves is
coordinated Distributed Energy
oad modulation willing to supply
controlled reserves. These reserves, compliant
Physical demonstrations have
grid system. HVAC variable speed
are currently facing
in a parallel context of bulk
decommissioning driven by climate and
uch trend is willing to deprive these
of part of their historic frequency
then willing to challenge the
RES-E generators
face to large frequency excursion
during 2003 Italian blackout [1]. Such paradigm is topical
and microgrid contexts
opportunity – that could perhaps even
to distribute
supplied by either co
Demand Response (DR)
ability to distribute these frequency-controlled
is technically enabled by the large
nformation and
close to any kind of dispatchable
This paper presents so a patented ICT-based application,
supply of frequency-controlled reserves
International Conference on Electricity Distribution
DISTRIBUTED AND COORDINATED DEMAND RESPO
Karel KUYPERS
Dep. of Electrical Engineering
Technische Universitet Eindhoven
Eindhoven, the Nederland
k.kuypers@student.tue.nl
controlled reserves is
Distributed Energy
willing to supply
These reserves, compliant
s have already been
HVAC variable speed
motors and resistive loads control tests are now
are currently facing up to large
c frequency-controlled
willing to challenge the
E generators can show less
face to large frequency excursions as observed
Such paradigm is topical
contexts.
that could perhaps even
to distribute the frequency
controlled reserves over the network at any voltage level.
by either controlling
Distributed Generation (DG) units or by performing load
(DR) solutions. Th
controlled reserves
enabled by the large
Communication
based application,
controlled reserves
DINATED DEMAND RESPO
Karel KUYPERS
k.kuypers@student.tue.nl
controlled reserves is
Distributed Energy
willing to supply
These reserves, compliant
already been
HVAC variable speed
are now
p to large
Electrical Renewable Energy Resources (RES-E)
controlled
willing to challenge the
can show less
as observed
Such paradigm is topical
that could perhaps even
frequency-
level.
ntrolling
performing load
The
reserves
enabled by the large
ommunication
based application,
controlled reserves
to the
Dream
distributed load
targeted by the solution
FCR
range
support
could then
relays face to major frequency excursions
avoid
the
at any time for the system stability
comply as well with down regulation
the shedding
The first part of the paper
principle of operation
presentation of the
proposed
of the innovation by the Utilities and the DER
involved in the VPP designed
CONCEPT
The fast frequency regulation
TU/e
Energy Management Services’ devices
CEMSs
depending on the system frequency.
these
remotely
CEMS
computing the frequency
thresholds respected by each relay.
defined in order
system scale a targeted power
1
Commission
DINATED DEMAND RESPONSE FOR THE SUPPLY O
FREQUENCY CONTAINMENT RESERVE (FCR)
k.kuypers@student.tue.nl stéphane.bediou@schneider
to the power system
Dream1
FP7 project
distributed load
targeted by the solution
FCR or the Under Frequency Load Shedding (UFLS)
range (Fig. 1). By doing so, the solution
support the FCR in period of lack of bulk reserve
ould then pre-
avoid to affect vital loads and
the distributed g
the shedding of Distributed Generation (DG).
Figure 1: Suitable operation frequency range of smoother UFLS
(data applied in ENTSO
The first part of the paper
principle of operation
presentation of the
proposed. A third
CONCEPT
TU/e and Schneider Electric leads
CEMSs control the power supply of dispatchable load
these CEMSs
remotely programmable
CEMSs, a coordination platform is in charge of
computing the frequency
defined in order
Dream is a p
Commission under
48Hz
UFLS
NSE FOR THE SUPPLY O
T RESERVE (FCR)
Stéphane BEDIOU
Alain GLATIGNY
Energy Division,
Schneider Electric Industries
F-38000 Grenoble, France
stéphane.bediou@schneider
power system. The solution developed within
FP7 project is based on a coordinated shedding of
distributed loads. The frequency range of operation
targeted by the solution would encroach upon
Under Frequency Load Shedding (UFLS)
. By doing so, the solution
the FCR in period of lack of bulk reserve
empt partly the blind tripping of UFLS
affect vital loads and
generators whose availability is
of Distributed Generation (DG).
: Suitable operation frequency range of smoother UFLS
(data applied in ENTSO-E’s Regional Group Continental Europe)
The first part of the paper presents
principle of operation. A second
presentation of the advances provided by
third part challenges
and Schneider Electric leads
control the power supply of dispatchable load
embed frequency
programmable thresholds.
, a coordination platform is in charge of
computing the frequency shedding and reconnection
defined in order to reproduce by aggregation at the
Dream is a project funded
under FP7 grant
49.2Hz
49Hz
UFLS
Suitable range of
Lyon, 15-
NSE FOR THE SUPPLY O
T RESERVE (FCR)
Stéphane BEDIOU
Alain GLATIGNY
Energy Division,
stéphane.bediou@schneider
. The solution developed within
based on a coordinated shedding of
The frequency range of operation
would encroach upon
. By doing so, the solution enables
the FCR in period of lack of bulk reserve
affect vital loads and save from disconnection
whose availability is
at any time for the system stability. The solution would
comply as well with down regulation process
E’s Regional Group Continental Europe)
presents the concept
second part is
advances provided by
part challenges finally the acceptability
involved in the VPP designed.
The fast frequency regulation proposed by Grenoble INP
and Schneider Electric leads on a pool of
Energy Management Services’ devices (CEMS)
depending on the system frequency. To do so, e
frequency-based relays
thresholds. At the top of the
shedding and reconnection
thresholds respected by each relay. The thresholds are
produce by aggregation at the
system scale a targeted power-frequency characteristic.
funded by
agreement 609359
50Hz
49.8Hz
49.2Hz
FCR
49.98Hz
range of operation
-18 June 2015
Paper 1037
1
NSE FOR THE SUPPLY OF
Stéphane BEDIOU
Alain GLATIGNY
Energy Division,
stéphane.bediou@schneider-electric.com
would encroach upon either the
enables first to
the FCR in period of lack of bulk reserve. It
. Thus it could
save from disconnection
whose availability is essential
The solution would
process thanks to
E’s Regional Group Continental Europe)
the concept and its
part is devoted to
advances provided by the method
the acceptability
of the innovation by the Utilities and the DER owners
proposed by Grenoble INP
on a pool of Customer
(CEMS). These
To do so, each of
based relays with
At the top of the
The thresholds are
frequency characteristic.
the European
609359
49.98Hz
operation
18 June 2015
Paper 1037
1/5
the
to
. It
could
save from disconnection
essential
The solution would
thanks to
and its
devoted to a
method
the acceptability
owners
proposed by Grenoble INP,
Customer
These
control the power supply of dispatchable loads,
ach of
with
At the top of the
The thresholds are
frequency characteristic.
European

CIRED 2015
This coordination
the behavior of bulk generation
by
The
able
with either the F
Under Frequency Load Shedding schemes (UFLS)
A
The system can be deployed
secondary substation, a primary substation or
larger scale,
thanks to a cloud
dependent architectures, the coordination platform
is
Terminal Unit (RTU).
finally replicable autonomously from one substation to
others or from one cloud
The CEMS it
frequency sensor, a communication channel and a
microcontroller. These component
independent the one from another and linked by a local
ICT bus or be an all
component can be directly
in a “regulated world” or being an proprietary device
located down the met
CEMS can embed as many triplets of {power meter,
relay, comparator} as numbers of dispatchable loads
willing to be driven independantly from one another.
Fig.
secondary substation, where the coordination platform is
embed by the substation
presents then example
presents
world
deployed on an industrial site
system
functions of each device are
The selection of the architecture would be mainly driven
by the wholesale and ancillary services market
framework:
and
devices location
CEMS function
T
CIRED 2015
This coordination
by any Virtual Power
The present structure
able to provide
with either the F
Architecture
larger scale, not correlated with
thanks to a cloud
is a software
Terminal Unit (RTU).
others or from one cloud
The CEMS it
ICT bus or be an all
component can be directly
located down the met
Fig. 2 presents
embed by the substation
presents then example
presents an all
world. Fig. 3(b)
system, with variable speed motors
framework:
• Regulated
• Deregulated
and by the communication channels available
devices location
• Power Line Communication (PLC) available to link
the Utility power
• ADSL, 3G only, etc.
CEMS function
The CEMS carries out two main functions
1. Inform periodically or on event the
platform of the power
23
This coordination enables
Virtual Power Plant (VPP) structure.
present structure constitutes an autonomous system
to provide frequency-controlled reserves, compliant
with either the Frequency C
rchitecture
not correlated with
thanks to a cloud-oriented architecture.
a software, is embeded
Terminal Unit (RTU). Being an
others or from one cloud-portfolio to others.
The CEMS itself is composed of a power meter, a
ICT bus or be an all-in-one component. The all
component can be directly embed in a utility power meter
located down the meter in a “deregulated world”.
presents an architecture designed at the scale of the
embed by the substation’s
presents then examples of CEMS architectures
all-in-one CEMS, adapted to the domestic
(b) presents a split architecture,
, with variable speed motors
egulated
eregulated
the communication channels available
devices location:
Power Line Communication (PLC) available to link
Utility power meters and the substation RTU
3G only, etc.
CEMS functions
he CEMS carries out two main functions
Inform periodically or on event the
latform of the power willing to be shed by the relays
enables finally to reproduce virtually
the behavior of bulk generation units, as
Plant (VPP) structure.
constitutes an autonomous system
controlled reserves, compliant
Containment Reserve (FCR) or
The system can be deployed locally at the scale
not correlated with the network topology
oriented architecture.
ed in the substation Remote
Being an autonomous system,
portfolio to others.
composed of a power meter, a
microcontroller. These components can be either
one component. The all
embed in a utility power meter
er in a “deregulated world”.
an architecture designed at the scale of the
’s RTU. Fig. 3(a)
of CEMS architectures
one CEMS, adapted to the domestic
presents a split architecture,
deployed on an industrial site. It presents
, with variable speed motors. In
functions of each device are highlighted in green
the communication channels available
meters and the substation RTU
he CEMS carries out two main functions
Inform periodically or on event the
willing to be shed by the relays
to reproduce virtually
as usually targeted
Plant (VPP) structure.
Reserve (FCR) or
Under Frequency Load Shedding schemes (UFLS).
at the scale of a
secondary substation, a primary substation or even at a
the network topology
oriented architecture. In topology
dependent architectures, the coordination platform which
the substation Remote
autonomous system, it
portfolio to others.
s can be either
one component. The all-in-
er in a “deregulated world”. The
Fig. 3(a) and 3(b)
of CEMS architectures. Fig. 3
presents a split architecture, willing to be
It presents an HVAC
In Fig. 3(b), the
highlighted in green.
the communication channels available at the
he CEMS carries out two main functions:
Inform periodically or on event the coordination
to reproduce virtually
usually targeted
Reserve (FCR) or
of a
even at a
the network topology
n topology-
which
the substation Remote
it is
s can be either
-one
The
3(b)
3(a)
willing to be
an HVAC
, the
at the
oordination
2.
To do so
embeds to
and forward this value to the coordination platform,
thanks to its communication channel. The
is then
by comparing the system frequency measured locally
with a frequency threshold
coordination platform
Co
The c
functions
1.
2.
3.
Coordination
Agent
POFF(f)
Secondary
Substation
it controls.
2. Process autonomously in real
regulation, by driving the shedding or restoration of
the loads he controls.
To do so, the CEMS lead
embeds to measure
then in charge
with a frequency threshold
coordination platform
Fig
Fig
oordination platform function
The coordination platform
functions:
1. Gather from all of the CEMS the close to real
data of the power amount
2. Gather the end
term of both marginal activation cost and frequency
range of contribution
3. Set the load shedding order of each
portfolio, based on this acceptance
Peer-
Primary
Support
Coordination
Agent
Bottom
POFF(f)
Load 1
…
Load i
…
Load 3
Load 2
UFLS
Range of operation
Market
platform
Clearing
results
Fa
Secondary
Substation
Process autonomously in real
the loads he controls.
, the CEMS leads first on the
measure the power consumption of the loads
in charge in real-time of driving t
with a frequency threshold received
coordination platform.
Fig 2. Large scale architecture
Fig 3. CEMS architectures
ordination platform function
oordination platform
ather from all of the CEMS the close to real
data of the power amount
ather the end-users load shedding acceptance
of both marginal activation cost and frequency
range of contribution.
the load shedding order of each
portfolio, based on this acceptance
UFLS relays
Primary
Substation
-to-peer
Bottom-up
FCR
operation Fb
Lyon, 15-
Process autonomously in real-time the frequency
s first on the
the power consumption of the loads
thanks to its communication channel. The microcontroller
of driving the relay position,
received meanwhile
. Large scale architecture
. CEMS architectures
ordination platform functions
oordination platform carries out
ather from all of the CEMS the close to real
data of the power amount available for shedding
users load shedding acceptance
the load shedding order of each
portfolio, based on this acceptance criteria
Bulk
Business as
FCR supplier
f
-18 June 2015
Paper 1037
2
time the frequency
s first on the controller he
microcontroller
he relay position,
meanwhile from the
. Large scale architecture
carries out five major
ather from all of the CEMS the close to real-time
available for shedding.
users load shedding acceptance, in
the load shedding order of each load of the
criteria.
Bulk Generation
Business as usual
FCR supplier
Primary
Support
Coordination
Agent
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time the frequency
controller he
microcontroller
he relay position,
from the
major
time
, in
load of the
Coordination
Agent

CIRED 2015
Coordination Platform
Fig.
two functions that
major
detailed
Fig
INNOVATION ADVANCES
Robustness
The robustness of the innovation proposed comes from:
It can be noticed that the real
load shedding and reconnection
the CEMs.
periodic or event processes.
distribution of the real
CIRED 2015
4. Calculate the frequency threshold of
5. Broadcast the frequency
Fig. 4 presents a simplified flow
two functions that
major functions of the coordination p
detailed.
Figure 4: Flowchart and structure of the messages exchanged between a
INNOVATION ADVANCES
Robustness
• The architecture of system monitoring
coordination platform gathers the power
consumption of each load directly monitored by
each CEMS. The frequency monitoring is
performed
• The coordination of the
coordination platform decides by itself
time of the frequency behavior of all of the loads of
its portfolio.
• The distribution of the decision process
CEMS decides
on-site system frequency monitoring,
comply with the frequency behavior
decided upstream by the coordination platform.
• The replicability of the solution
{coordination platform + coordinated CEMSs} is
replicable
enables to constitute
pools of reasonnable size whose failure does not
induce a danger for the system stability.
the CEMs. The coordination platform performs only
distribution of the real
Coordination
Platform
Define load
shedding priority
Build Droop Curve
of Fig. 5: Assign
Frequency
Threshold fth
Load
Activation
criteria
Algo.
Fig.6
23
the frequency threshold of
Broadcast the frequency
presents a simplified flow
two functions that belongs
functions of the coordination p
chart and structure of the messages exchanged between a
coordination platform and a CEMS
INNOVATION ADVANCES
The architecture of system monitoring
performed only by the CEMSs
The coordination of the
its portfolio.
The distribution of the decision process
CEMS decides finally autonomously
ite system frequency monitoring,
replicability of the solution
replicable autonomously the one from another.
enables to constitute
of reasonnable size whose failure does not
The coordination platform performs only
distribution of the real-time processes
Coordination
Platform
Ask for a frequency
Threshold fthi(t),
Provide Load
Consumption Pi(t)
Define load -
shedding priority
Build Droop Curve
Assign
Frequency
thi(t)
Assign frequency
Threshold fthi(t),
Periodic Process
Msg
Msg
the frequency threshold of each load.
Broadcast the frequency threshold to each C
Coordination Platform – CEMSs Interactions
presents a simplified flowchart that includes the
belongs to the CEMS and
functions of the coordination platform
INNOVATION ADVANCES
The architecture of system monitoring
only by the CEMSs.
The coordination of the solution behavior
The distribution of the decision process
finally autonomously
shedding and reconnection of the loads
ite system frequency monitoring,
replicability of the solution
onomously the one from another.
enables to constitute at the system scale, several
It can be noticed that the real-time processes
load shedding and reconnection – are performed o
periodic or event processes. As detailed abo
time processes among the agents
CEMS i
i=
Monitor f
t-
Update fth
Continuous Real Time process
F(t
Yes
each load.
threshold to each CEMS.
Interactions
chart that includes the
to the CEMS and the five
latform previously
The architecture of system monitoring: the
each CEMS. The frequency monitoring is then
solution behavior: the
coordination platform decides by itself before real
The distribution of the decision process: Each
finally autonomously of
of the loads, thanks to an
ite system frequency monitoring, in order to
comply with the frequency behavior previously
replicability of the solution: Each set of
onomously the one from another.
at the system scale, several
time processes – mainly the
are performed only by
As detailed above,
among the agents
t=t+dt
CEMS i
=1...N
Monitor f(t)
dt<1s
t0>∆t
∆t~15min
Continuous Real Time process
t) < fthi
Open Relay
Close Relay
Yes
No
chart that includes the
the five
previously
: the
then
: the
ore real-
: Each
of the
, thanks to an
in order to
previously
: Each set of
onomously the one from another. It
at the system scale, several
mainly the
nly by
ve, this
among the agents
is a key factor of robustness of the solution. Neither the
communication delay nor even a minutes
communication links can st
distributed frequency
CEMSs interpret the shedding and reconnection order
only from an on
Intelligence
The intelligence of the
combined algorithm
definition and frequency thresholds
algorithm is
to clear a market composed of several purchase and sale
bids of frequency
each bid
cost, which depends on
of power, the purchasing bids are defined by power
frequency characteristic, while the selling b
commonly a power amount
in all
For clearing easiness, the whole purch
characteristics are
power
Fa]
The sale of each DER bid to match the demand, i.e. the
assignment of a frequency threshold
performed per
faj], with fa
starting from the range the closest to the normal
frequency.
For each range
defined in the whole interval
order, up to reach the demand of the interval.
price can be either a bid price or a spot price.
algorithm is able to handle both capacity and energy
pric
shedding
considered as input for the clearing.
The calculation of the frequency threshold of each DER
assigned for operation within
equa
For simplification issue, the equation (1) assumes a
power
each range
depending on the
adapted to comply as well with non
even within
of the equation (1). The key idea plotted in
Open Relay
Close Relay
distributed frequency
only from an on-
Intelligence
The intelligence of the
combined algorithm
algorithm is run by the coordination platform
bids of frequency
ach bid is defined by a function of marginal shedding
cost, which depends on
commonly a power amount
in all-or-nothing
characteristics are
power-frequency characteristic
Fa], regardless their limit prices.
performed per J
], with fa1 = F
frequency.
For each range ∆
defined in the whole interval
price. In case of energy price,
shedding depending on the frequency threshold is
equation (1).
(1)
with
,
∆
power-frequency characteristic defined as linear within
each range ∆fj
depending on the
even within ∆fj.
distributed frequency-controlled reserves, since the
-site system frequency monitoring
The intelligence of the innovation comes then from
combined algorithm (Fig. 6
run by the coordination platform
bids of frequency-controlled reserves.
is defined by a function of marginal shedding
cost, which depends on the frequency
commonly a power amount per
nothing for simplicity of operation.
characteristics are first aggregated under a resultant
frequency characteristic
, regardless their limit prices.
J adjacent sub-
= Fa and fbJ =Fb
For each range ∆fj, the DER
defined in the whole interval ∆
e. In case of energy price,
depending on the frequency threshold is

; ,
∑ !"
#$
" 1

, &
frequency characteristic defined as linear within
. The slope can however be different
depending on the range ∆fj. This equation could be easily
. Fig. 5 presents schematically the effect
Lyon, 15-
communication links can stop the supply of these
controlled reserves, since the
site system frequency monitoring
innovation comes then from
. 6) of load-shedding order
definition and frequency thresholds computation
run by the coordination platform
controlled reserves. In term of price,
frequency thres
per DER which is activated
for simplicity of operation.
aggregated under a resultant
frequency characteristic, defined in a range [Fb ;
, regardless their limit prices.
assignment of a frequency threshold to each DE
-frequency ranges
=Fb. The ranges
he DER whose price functions are
defined in the whole interval ∆fj, are selected at the merit
e. In case of energy price, a probability of load
assigned for operation within an interval ∆
' (
∑)
*+,
∑
#$
*+,
& - . /-
. 0
& 0 0 - -0
The slope can however be different
This equation could be easily
adapted to comply as well with non-linear characteristic
presents schematically the effect
-18 June 2015
Paper 1037
3
communication delay nor even a minutes-long loss of
op the supply of these
site system frequency monitoring.
innovation comes then from
shedding order
computation. This
run by the coordination platform. It enables
In term of price,
threshold. In term
frequency characteristic, while the selling bids are
which is activated
for simplicity of operation.
For clearing easiness, the whole purchasing
, defined in a range [Fb ;
to each DER, is then
frequency ranges ∆fj = [fbj
. The ranges are scanned
starting from the range the closest to the normal system
whose price functions are
selected at the merit
order, up to reach the demand of the interval. The trading
price can be either a bid price or a spot price. The
a probability of load
interval ∆fj follows the
1*,
1*,
/- - ∆
0
0 - -0
linear characteristic
of the equation (1). The key idea plotted in Fig. 5 is to
18 June 2015
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3/5
long loss of
op the supply of these
innovation comes then from a
shedding order
. This
enables
In term of price,
. In term
of power, the purchasing bids are defined by power-
ids are
which is activated
asing
, defined in a range [Fb ;
R, is then
= [fbj ;
are scanned
system
whose price functions are
selected at the merit
The trading
The
a probability of load-
follows the
linear characteristic
to

CIRED 2015
extend each piled block of dispatchable power am
frequency axis up to cross the targeted power
characteristic, presented as
The DER offers not purchased within
sale in the range
can face the competition from DER that used not to be
defined in
Since the resultant demand is usually a linear function
while the resultant offer is composed of piled blocks, the
algorithm considers tolerance l
both curves stays close enough at the clearing output.
The aggregat
to
system scale demand.
The algorithm integrates finally a l
process to cancel the
trading price higher than an upper limit predefined by the
purchaser
accept the purchase of
exactl
final bid partially cut
CIRED 2015
characteristic, presented as
Figure
sale in the range
defined in ∆fj.
The aggregation
to make this discontinuity of offers negligible face to the
process to cancel the
purchaser. According to the same logic, a purchaser can
accept the purchase of
exactly equal to his initial purchase bid, or
final bid partially cut
Load-
shedding
order
23
characteristic, presented as linear in the present example.
Figure 5: Targeted step
sale in the range ∆fj+1, if they are still defined, where they
.
ion of small size offers
make this discontinuity of offers negligible face to the
process to cancel the potential
. According to the same logic, a purchaser can
accept the purchase of power
y equal to his initial purchase bid, or
final bid partially cut during
Figure
POFF (f)
faj
Load 1
…
Load i
…
Load 3
Load 2
i=1…Kj
Pofftotj
fth
linear in the present example.
: Targeted step-by-step droop curve
The DER offers not purchased within ∆f
if they are still defined, where they
algorithm considers tolerance limits, to guarantee that
of small size offers is however supposed
The algorithm integrates finally a loop of bids validation
potential purchase of reserves at a
power-frequency characteristic
y equal to his initial purchase bid, or
during the market clearing
gure 6: Frequency
∑ !2
3$
245

fbj
thj
fth3
fth2
fth1
extend each piled block of dispatchable power among the
frequency axis up to cross the targeted power-frequency
step droop curve
∆fj are put back for
imits, to guarantee that
is however supposed
oop of bids validation
purchase of reserves at a
y equal to his initial purchase bid, or accept as well
clearing.
Frequency market c
Slope of the
power-frequency
characteristic
targeted
f
j
ong the
frequency
are put back for
imits, to guarantee that
is however supposed
oop of bids validation
purchase of reserves at a
accept as well
PERSPECTIVES
As much of Demand Response solutions, the success of
the present concept
upstream by the Utilities and downstream by the
owners.
Utility acceptance
Firstly, the solution will have to convince the network
operators of its
contribution in real
disturbance.
The first ste
solution design which is compliant with FCR
requirements, defined in
Load
network stability studies
the benefit on stability
instance
islanded power
unique
on the model of Kuching Island power system [
reversibility of the solution proposed enables to smooth
the opposite imbalance that occurs
large
system without the availability of enough reversible
reserve [
Real
a 4kVA off
droop curve supplied, compared with the curve targeted
and then the time response of the five CEMS designed
just for these tests [
market clearing and threshold
PERSPECTIVES
the present concept
owners.
Utility acceptance
erators of its
contribution in real
disturbance.
The first step toward system stability
requirements, defined in
Load-Frequency Control and Reserves [
network stability studies
the benefit on stability
instance the interest of the solution
landed power
unique interconnection.
large tripping of UFLS relays
reserve [4].
Real-time physical
a 4kVA off-grid system to check first the accuracy of the
oop curve supplied, compared with the curve targeted
just for these tests [
threshold assignment algorithm
PERSPECTIVES
the present concept is conditioned by its adoption
Utility acceptance
benefit on system stability, its effective
contribution in real-time and its robustness face to any
toward system stability
requirements, defined in the ENTSO
Frequency Control and Reserves [
network stability studies have then been performed to test
the benefit on stability. The first studies
the interest of the solution
system, following the
interconnection. These tests have been performed
tripping of UFLS relays
physical tests have
grid system to check first the accuracy of the
just for these tests [5].
assignment algorithm
Lyon, 15-
conditioned by its adoption
system stability, its effective
time and its robustness face to any
toward system stability is
the ENTSO-E Network Code on
Frequency Control and Reserves [
have then been performed to test
first studies demonstra
the interest of the solution to secure
following the tripping of its
These tests have been performed
the opposite imbalance that occurs in K
tripping of UFLS relays, and which is fatal for the
s have been performed
assignment algorithm
-18 June 2015
Paper 1037
4
upstream by the Utilities and downstream by the DER
is ensured by a
E Network Code on
Frequency Control and Reserves [2]. Dynamic
demonstrate for
ecure an almost
tripping of its
on the model of Kuching Island power system [3]. The
in Kuching after a
, and which is fatal for the
been performed as well on
18 June 2015
Paper 1037
4/5
DER
by a
E Network Code on
Dynamic
for
an almost
tripping of its
he
after a
, and which is fatal for the
as well on

CIRED 2015
Finally,
already been challenged
robustness
deployment of a cloud
interconnected
Electric
Malpensa Airport
demonstration
DER owner acceptance
On the DER side, a limited disturbance of business as
usual DER owner activity will constitute a key factor of
success.
identi
The
targeting
domestic side, existing energy boxes like Wiser [
would become easily compliant with the present solution,
by controlling the tripping of boiler or electric heaters.
On the tertiary
controllers like
logic controller from Schneider Electric for HVAC and
pumping solutions
down flexibility required. The M171
CEMS script
installation.
compliant as well.
The
lead to each CEMS at the expen
platform: each of them requests upstream by themselves
for a frequency threshold update, that requires only the
knowledge by the CEMS of building network’s proxi,
and no port opening to become accessible from outside.
The
finally of the threshold assigned to each
from the nominal frequency it is, the less
shed
49.9Hz
ENTSO
number of events fall to 7.8 at 49.85Hz and 0.7 at 49.9Hz
(data from may 2005
frequency threshold assignment algorithm
limit
enables to consider DER owner contribution wishes, that
CIRED 2015
Finally, the robustness face to any
already been challenged
robustness would then
deployment of a cloud
interconnected
Electric headquarter,
Malpensa Airport
demonstration
success. The three main kinds of disturbances have been
identified:
1. The complexity of t
existing facility
2. The cyber
connect the DER to a communication channel
3. The number and the length of DER shedding events.
The complexity of the CEMS integration
targeting specific loads,
On the tertiary
controllers like
pumping solutions
CEMS script
installation. Some other domestic and tertiary could be
compliant as well.
The cyber-security issues
The question
shedding occurs
49.9Hz is on average
ENTSO-E Northern Europe synchronous area, the
(data from may 2005
limit a frequency range of operation
23
robustness face to any
already been challenged in the previous paragraph
would then be challenged in 2015 by the
deployment of a cloud-oriented demonstrator, controlling
interconnected DER. These DER are
headquarter, Grenoble INP buildings
Malpensa Airport and ICCS
demonstration field tests.
The three main kinds of disturbances have been
complexity of the CEMS
existing facility.
cyber-security issues inherent to the need to
The number and the length of DER shedding events.
complexity of the CEMS integration
specific loads, as
On the tertiary side, the association of variable speed
controllers like the Altivar
pumping solutions is willing
CEMS script and connects
Some other domestic and tertiary could be
compliant as well.
security issues are
question of shedding event
ding occurs. While the frequency threshold of
on average reached up to 339 times per day,
E Northern Europe synchronous area, the
(data from may 2005 to april 2006,
frequency range of operation
robustness face to any ICT
in the previous paragraph
be challenged in 2015 by the
oriented demonstrator, controlling
. These DER are located in
Grenoble INP buildings
ICCS facilities (Greece
he CEMS integration
security issues inherent to the need to
complexity of the CEMS integration
as described in
the association of variable speed
[7] with an M171 [
is willing to provide easily
down flexibility required. The M171 embed
cts to existing
are partly solved
lead to each CEMS at the expense of the coordination
shedding event occurrence
While the frequency threshold of
reached up to 339 times per day,
april 2006, [9]). The
frequency range of operation
ICT disturbance
in the previous paragraph. Such
located in Schneider
Grenoble INP buildings, Milano
Greece) as Dream
integration on an
connect the DER to a communication channel.
complexity of the CEMS integration is addressed
described in Fig. 3. On the
M171 [8], the last
easily the up and
embeds directly
existing sensors of the
solved by giving the
se of the coordination
occurrence depends
finally of the threshold assigned to each DER: the further
from the nominal frequency it is, the less frequency
reached up to 339 times per day,
. The ability of the
frequency threshold assignment algorithm (Fig. 6)
frequency range of operation for each DER
has
. Such
Schneider
Milano
Dream1
on an
is addressed by
. On the
domestic side, existing energy boxes like Wiser [6]
], the last
the up and
the
of the
by giving the
se of the coordination
depends
DER: the further
frequency
reached up to 339 times per day, in
ability of the
) to
each DER
is willing to reduce its adoption relectance.
events last few seconds only, that is not willing to disturb
the DER processes (at 49.
with an average duration of 1.5s [
CONCLUSION
The present concept has been developed with the
objective to propose one solution to the appearing issue
of lack of frequency
locations
convince Utilities
through
business models for the whole power system chain
will
to 2016.
Acknowledgments
The development of this concept has been sponsored by
Schneider Electric, Energy BU,
the European Commission within the framework of
Dream
n°
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
the DER processes (at 49.
CONCLUSION
of lack of frequency
locations, including
convince Utilities
through new demonstration
will be Schneider Electric and Grenoble INP
to 2016.
Acknowledgments
Dream FP7 European project
n° 609359.
REFERENCES
ENTSO-E, 2004, “
Committee on the 28 September 2003 Blackout in Italy
ENTSO-E, "Network Code on Load
Reserves" ENTSO
AISBL, Brussels, Belgium, Dec
Denis Lee Hau Aik,
model incorporating load shedding: analytic modeling and
applications," Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.21,
no.2, pp.709,717, May 2
G. Lebel, D. Wang, R. Caire, N. Hadjsaid, S
Glatigny, "Distributed
Frequency-controlled reserves supply",
Eindhoven IEEE
G. Lebel, K. Kuypers, R. Caire, N. Hadjsaid, S. Bediou, and A.
Glatigny, "Domestic Demand Response for Primary Control
Support", CIGRE International Colloquium on Lightning and
Power System, Lyon 2014. Student Poster Session.
Schneider Electric, 2014, "
for the home, Bring the essenc
Electric, Paris, France
Schneider Electric, 2011, "Altivar 212 Variable Speed Drive
3-phase asynchronous motors from 0.75 to 75 kW
Schneider Electric, Paris, France
Schneider Electric, 2014, "Modicon
Controller, Hardware User M
France
Zhao Xu; Ostergaard, J.; Togeby, M.; Isleifsson, F.R., "Evaluating
frequency quality of Nordic system using PMU data,"
Energy Society General Meeting
Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008 IEEE
pp.1,5, 20-24 July 2008
the DER processes (at 49.8Hz, 95% last less than 27s,
CONCLUSION
of lack of frequency-controlled reserves in some
, including microgrid
convince Utilities and DER owners
demonstration
Schneider Electric and Grenoble INP
Acknowledgments
FP7 European project
REFERENCES
, 2004, “FINAL REPORT of the Investigation
E, "Network Code on Load
Reserves" ENTSO-E Definitions and Acronyms", ENTSO
AISBL, Brussels, Belgium, Dec
Lee Hau Aik, A general
no.2, pp.709,717, May 2006.
Glatigny, "Distributed and Coordinated Demand Response for
controlled reserves supply",
Eindhoven IEEE, in press (abstract
Schneider Electric, 2014, "Wiser: energy management solutions
for the home, Bring the essenc
Electric, Paris, France
phase asynchronous motors from 0.75 to 75 kW
Schneider Electric, 2014, "Modicon
Controller, Hardware User M
Society General Meeting
24 July 2008
Lyon, 15-
8Hz, 95% last less than 27s,
with an average duration of 1.5s [9]).
controlled reserves in some
microgrid. Next step is now to
and DER owners of its robustness,
demonstrations and to define suitable
Schneider Electric and Grenoble INP
Schneider Electric, Energy BU, Utility Innovation and
FP7 European project [2], under grant agreement
FINAL REPORT of the Investigation
E, "Network Code on Load-Frequency Control and
E Definitions and Acronyms", ENTSO
AISBL, Brussels, Belgium, Dec 2012.
A general-order system frequency response
and Coordinated Demand Response for
controlled reserves supply", PowerTech 2015 IEEE
abstract waiting for approval).
Wiser: energy management solutions
for the home, Bring the essence of energy efficiency
phase asynchronous motors from 0.75 to 75 kW
Schneider Electric, 2014, "Modicon M171 Performance Logic
Controller, Hardware User Manual", Schneider Electric, Paris,
Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of
-18 June 2015
Paper 1037
5
is willing to reduce its adoption relectance. Moreover the
Next step is now to
of its robustness,
and to define suitable
business models for the whole power system chain. That
Schneider Electric and Grenoble INP priority up
Utility Innovation and
, under grant agreement
Committee on the 28 September 2003 Blackout in Italy”
Frequency Control and
E Definitions and Acronyms", ENTSO-
order system frequency response
G. Lebel, D. Wang, R. Caire, N. Hadjsaid, S. Bediou and A.
PowerTech 2015 IEEE
waiting for approval).
e of energy efficiency", Schneider
Schneider Electric, 2011, "Altivar 212 Variable Speed Drive for
phase asynchronous motors from 0.75 to 75 kW, Catalogue
Performance Logic
anual", Schneider Electric, Paris,
frequency quality of Nordic system using PMU data," Power and
Conversion and Delivery of
Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008 IEEE , vol., no.,
18 June 2015
Paper 1037
5/5
Moreover the
Next step is now to
of its robustness,
and to define suitable
hat
priority up
Utility Innovation and
, under grant agreement
Frequency Control and
-E
order system frequency response
. Bediou and A.
PowerTech 2015 IEEE
", Schneider
for
, Catalogue",
Performance Logic
anual", Schneider Electric, Paris,
Power and
Conversion and Delivery of
, vol., no.,

Cired 2015 full paper: DISTRIBUTED AND COORDINATED DEMAND RESPONSE FOR THE SUPPLY OF FREQUENCY CONTAINMENT RESERVE (FCR)

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Cired 2015 full paper: DISTRIBUTED AND COORDINATED DEMAND RESPONSE FOR THE SUPPLY OF FREQUENCY CONTAINMENT RESERVE (FCR)