The world grain price is increasing day by day and the industry is facing several challenges to produce good quality animal products with reasonable price for consumers. Similarly, the poultry industry in Bangladesh is also fighting with high grain prices to maintain its production with marginal profit. Small and medium poultry farm owners are mainly affected and losing their capital investment in this sector.

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May | June 2013
Feed focus - POULTRY
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3. DDGS:cheap and nutritious
food for poultry
by Hossan MD Salim PhD,
Upazila livestock officer,
DLS, Bangladesh and
University of Manitoba,
Canada
T
he world grain price is increasing day
bydayandtheindustryisfacingseveral
challenges to produce good quality
animal products with a reasonable price for
consumers. Similarly, the poultry industry
in Bangladesh is also fighting with high
grain prices to maintain its production with
marginal profit. Small and medium poultry
farm owners are mainly affected and losing
their capital investment in this sector.
The increased cost and the limited supply
of conventional grains have made it necessary
to focus research and extend efforts towards
the potential utilization of energy and proteins
from several grain by-products which are
cheaper with high nutritive values. Corn dis-
tillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) can
play a vital role in this high grain price situation
to formulate the least cost diets for poultry.
DDGS is a co-product of ethanol production
plants that use corn for manufacturing.
During the yeast fermentation in ethanol
plants, corn is ground, mixed with water,
cooked and the liquefied starch from this
process is hydrolyzed and fermented to
produce ethanol and CO2. As a result, the
non-fermentable components of this process
which are rich in essential nutrients such as
protein, fat, fibre, vitamins and minerals are
recovered in a highly concentrated form as
distillers dried grains with solubles.
Although distillers dried grains have been
used by the poultry industry for some time,
recently a renaissance in the use of DDGS has
been observed in the USA and also around the
world. This is due to the rapid escalation in its
production as well as its improved quality when
derived from the new generation ethanol plants.
Therefore, in the light of the large production of
corn DDGS entering the USA, and other over-
seas markets, the aim of this topic is to provide
a compendium of information to the people
involved with the industry regarding nutritional
value of corn DDGS for poultry.
Nutrient contents and availability
of DDGS for poultry
Corn DDGS contain all the nutrients from
grain in a concentrated form except for the
majority of the starch, which has been utilized
in the fermentation process. Therefore, it can
be a rich source of crude protein (CP), amino
acids, P and other nutrients in poultry diets.
Reliable values for the nutrient content of
feed constituents are essential to create more
precise diet formulations for poultry.
Metabolizable energy content
Several studies provide estimates of the
metabolizable energy (ME) content of DDGS
for poultry. Lumpkins et al. (2004) reported
that the TMEn content of a single DDGS
sample was 2,905 kcal/kg. In a later study, the
same group determined the TMEn content
of 17 different DDGS samples representing
products from six different ethanol plants.
They determined that the TMEn contents
ranged from 2,490 to 3,190 kcal/kg with a
mean value of 2,820 kcal/kg and an associated
coefficient of variation of 6.4% (Batal and
Dale, 2006).
Fastinger et al. (2006) concluded that the
TMEn content of DDGS averaged 2,871 kcal/
kg and had considerable variation among the
samples. Furthermore, a large variation in TMEn
values of DDGS were also reported by Parsons
et al. (2006), who determined the mean TMEn
value of 20 DDGS at 2,863 kcal/kg ± 224 kcal/kg.
It was hypothesized that energy in corn DDGS
would not vary if samples were derived from
ethanol plants using similar production technolo-
gies and corn that is grown in a proximate geo-
graphical location. Therefore, nutritionists should
be cautious of the fiber content and sources of
data for DDGS ME values, as well as energy vari-
ability when formulating diets for poultry.
Amino acid content
Dale and Batal (2005) reported that CP
content of corn DDGS can vary from 24
percent to 29 percent. In our laboratory we
assessed CP content on 395 corn DDGS
samples imported to Korea from the USA,
and the average CP content was 27.15%
(23.87-30.41) with 3.72% coefficient of vari-
ation. Batal and Dale (2006) found that CP
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5. content of DDGS ranged between 23 per-
cent and 32 percent. Spiehs et al. (2002) have
evaluated nutrient level of DDGS originating
from ten new ethanol plants in Minnesota and
South Dakota, and also found that the CP
accounted for 30.2%, and lysine and methio-
nine for 0.85% and 0.55%, respectively. The
high variability among DDGS sources was
found mainly for the two limiting amino acids
for poultry, lysine and methionine.
Reese and Lewis (1989) showed that corn
produced in Nebraska in 1988 varied in CP
from 7.8 to 10%, and 0.22 to 0.32% in lysine
content. Differences in production technology
provide almost as much variation within one
source of corn as there is between different
plants. Parsons et al. (1983) conducted five
trials that aimed to evaluate the protein qual-
ity of DDGS and concluded that when DDGS
is fed to growing chicks as the sole source of
dietary protein, tryptophan closely followed
by arginine are the second and third limiting
amino acids respectively, after lysine. Although
DDGS was limiting in tryptophan and arginine
it was found that the overall protein quality of
DDGS could be improved greatly by lysine
supplementation for growing chicks.
Mineral composition
A laboratory analysis of corn DDGS from the
US showed that DDGS can be a good source of
P (0.76 %), Zn (57.26 ppm), K (0.91 ppm), and
other minerals. Phosphorus content in DDGS
has been reported at 0.72% and varies widely
from 0.48 to 0.91%. Similarly, Spiehs et al. (2002)
reported the P variation in DDGS ranged from
0.59 to 0.95 %. This large difference in P content
derives partially from its variation in corn grain and
amount of starch residue in DDGS.
However, the technological process of
ethanol production can also significantly con-
tribute to its content and variation. It has
been suggested that the total P content may
be even higher than 0.72% in some sources
of DDGS if produced in new ethanol plants.
Moreover, the rate of addition of solubles to
the wet grains prior to drying affects the P
content, because the solubles contain more
than three times as much P as do the wet
grains.
Pigment content
Corn grain contains about 20 ppm of
xanthophylls and it is expected that corn
DDGS may by a good source of xantho-
phylls pigment, due to the concentration of
the pigment during the production process.
However, the actual xanthophylls content
may be lower in DDGS because of heat
destruction during drying. Roberson et al.
(2005) analysed two DDGS samples and
observed 29.75 ppm of xanthophylls in
one of the samples, but only 3.48 ppm in
another, dark colored sample
which was considered to be
heat damaged.
By analysing 16 samples
of DDGS deriving from
US in our laboratory, we
showed that the average
concentration of
carotene and xan-
thophylls was 8.58
and 36.72 ppm,
respectively. Since
the typical corn
and soybean-based
commercial poultry
diet does not sup-
ply the necessary
amount and type
of xanthophylls to
produce the deep
yellow color in
the egg yolk and
skin, DDGS can be
a good source of
these pigments as
long as they have
not been over-
heated during the
production process.
Other
nutrients
DDGS is not
only a good source
of energy, amino
acids and minerals
but also, can be a
rich source of water
soluble vitamins and
other nutrients that
are present in the
corn used for the
ethanol produc-
tion. D’Ercole et al.
(1939) reported
that DDGS is a
good source of ribo-
flavin and thiamine.
DDGS also contain
some biologically
active substances
such as nucleotides,
mannan oligosach-
arides, β-1, 3 or 1,
6 glucan, inositol,
glutamine and nucle-
ic acids, which have
a beneficial effect on
immune responses
and the health of
animals. Therefore,
to reduce the feed
cost and to make
a balanced diet for
poultry, DDGS
would be a viable
alternative energy
grain source for
the feed industry in
Bangladesh.
This article was originally published on
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy may - June 2013 | 27
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POULTRY

6. Amino acid
sparing for efficiency
and the environment
by Murray Hyden
CBiol, MSB director of
biosecurity, Anpario plc,
United Kingdom
A
nimals do not have a crude protein
requirement, they have a require-
ment for amino acids and it is
the responsibility of the nutritionist to
get the ratios correct. Amino acids from
feed are the building blocks of proteins
and there are twenty-two of them
used in the building of animal protein.
Although poultry can synthesise some,
there are some serious ‘essential’ amino
acids that can become limiting.
Supplementation with these ‘essential’
amino acids is now common place and
incorrect supplementation will result in
either a shortfall of one, or a surplus of sev-
eral. This problem has become more acute
since the reduction of animal protein in diets
and a reliance on soya and other vegetable
protein sources with a poorer match to
animal amino acid requirements.
While soya is a good source of protein
when combined with corn, this combina-
tion is limiting in the essential amino acids
such as lysine, methionine, threonine and
tryptophan. However, there is often a lack of
data on the precise amino acid composition
of the raw materials being used.
It is unrealistic to analyse every batch of
raw material. Yet raw material amino acid
content is a big issue this year, especially
with wheat and soya, due to variations in
weather, location, variety and fertiliser use.
We can only use the algorithms we have and
try to ensure that the amino acid profiles of
complete feeds are optimised.
Indeed, it is often better to reduce
protein levels and increase fibre levels if in
doubt. Dr Peter Scott, senior research fellow
at the University of Melbourne, Australia,
calls for more attention on nutrition and gut
health, such as fibre levels in feed. “It’s there
in black and white: If you maintain adequate
fibre levels in your feed, you’ll achieve better
coccidiosis control and by default, better
necrotic enteritis control,” he argues.
If a correct balance of amino acids is not
achieved there will be performance implica-
tions. Simply adding more supplementary
amino acids can lead to other problems, as
surplus amino acids in the gut are a threat to
health and the environment.
Non-nutritional problems
associated with amino acids
Surplus amino acids can result in two
different problems:
1. When energy levels are limiting,
bacterial growth in the hindgut by
commensal microflora will stop
allowing proteolitic pathogens such as
Clostridium to flourish.
Clostridia exist in all chickens. The
growth of Clostridia is however only a
problem following coccidial or bacterial
infection where blood and damaged
tissue prevail in the intestine.
The faster growth rates in modern
poultry may exaccerbate the problem
further because the rate of proteolyis
in the stomach may be insufficient to
release all the amino acids from the
proteins resulting in more protein in the
hindgut.
2. If proteins are not deaminated in the
gut then they are excreted and will
contribute to the ‘greenhouse gas’ load
associated with livestock production.
The problem of hindgut deamination is
the release of ammonia or nitrous oxide
(N2
O) in the faeces with the the FAO
stating that atmospheric emissions of
ammonia (NH3
), nitrous oxide (N2
O)
and methane (CH4
) associated with
animal waste are a worldwide problem
and may contribute to a detrimental
impact on the environment. High
Adding one tonne of lysine allows a reduction in soya and slightly increase in
maize without affecting the nutritional balance.
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy28 | may - June 2013

7. ammonia levels in poultry housing also
directly impacts performance.
Saving the environment
Both these problems could be resolved by
careful adjustment of the amino acid balance.
Such attention to detail would have consider-
able cost benefits by reducing land usage
requirements. Ajinomoto, the Japanese food
and chemical corporation, has determined
that correct supplementation of lysine to
maize/soya based rations could mean that for
every tonne of lysine used there could be a
saving of 12 hectares of land that could be
rechanneled to alternative production.
Other protein sources are also being
used such as rapeseed and rapeseed meal,
sunflower meal, cottonseed meal and more
exotic ingredients such as palm kernel meal
and copra meal. Each of these protein
sources has a different amino acid profile,
different digestibility and would require dif-
ferent supplementation.
Amino acids such as methionine, lysine
and threonine are among the most expen-
sive nutrients in the feed ration and wasting
them has economic costs and biological
consequences.
Also remember that young animals
metabolise amino acids at higher efficiency
than adults. Males utilise amino acids more
efficiently than females and extraneous die-
tary factors such as fibre and phytase induce
digestive stress, hampering protein utilisation.
The effect of weather
When all these points are taken into
consideration there are other factors that
impact on performance. Adverse weather
conditions both pre and post-harvest result
in higher than normal levels of mycotoxins.
Mould activity during storage depletes
amino acids in both raw materials and
finished feeds. In artificially moistened feeds
between 1-3 percent lysine and 19-26 per-
cent methionine could be lost to fungal activ-
ity alone (Dr Olayinka Akine 2012). Indeed,
Kiotechagil Mycostat can effectively stop
mould growth in raw materials and feeds.
In storage, moulds like Aspergillus pro-
duce mycotoxins that alter amino acid uti-
lisation at the intestinal and cellular level,
especially the sulphur containing amino acids.
Birds fed 2-4 ppm Aflatoxin or Ochratoxin
A had a 51-133 percent reduction in pro-
tein efficiency but when both toxins were
present at 1-4 ppm, protein efficiency was
depressed by 79-127 percent. These effects
are due to suppression of enzymatic activity,
disruption to intestinal transport, attenuation
of cellular protein synthesis and modification
to gut functionalities.
Amino acids, including tryptophan and
arginine, are required to feed into the
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8. immune system and mycotoxins will disturb
their metabolism where they help generate
cytokines. An increase in cytokine production
can unbalance amino acids levels in the gut.
The use of an effective and broad spec-
trum toxin binder like Kiotechagil Neutox
to absorb mycotoxins without hindering gut
performance is essential. Mineral binders
with high cation exchange capacities (CEC)
will trap cations and disrupt mineral nutri-
tion, or reduce phytase activity in formulated
feeds. Selection of the correct toxin binder
will benefit amino acid utilisation.
Unbalanced rations
Surplus amino acids in the hind gut, espe-
cially in an energy limited diet, can result in a
Clostridial infection because this proteolytic
organism, unlike the commensal microflora,
is capable of obtaining energy from deamina-
tion of amino acids, peptides and proteins.
The use of highly buffered feed or stress
conditions can lead to a reduced produc-
tion of acid in the proventriculus. Reduced
acid production will result
in less pepsin activity, lead-
ing to protein escape to
the hind gut. Clostridia can
utilise unused protein in the
hind gut in the absence of
fermentable carbohydrate
by deamination leading to
necrotic enteritis.
Balancing the gut
microflora can help
There are several aspects
of digestive function to con-
sider that can help resolve
the effects of dysbiosis but it
is obvious that a multifunc-
tional approach is essential.
Direct incorporation of
acids in the ration and into
the foregut will help over-
come the effects of highly
buffered feeds, but that is
not enough. This will be
especially important when
the feed is highly buffered,
typically with something
like calcium carbonate as
used in poultry breeder and
layer diets. The added cal-
cium carbonate neutralises
stomach acid, increasing the
risk of pathogens passing
through proventriculus.
By reducing free acid in
the proventriculus the con-
version of pepsinogen to
pepsin will be reduced. This
will result in reduced pro-
tein digestion in the stom-
ach and a greater reliance
of the proteolytic trypsin
found in the duodenum and
the peptidases. However
pepsin works best at the
N-terminal of aromatic
amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyro-
sine. It will not cleave at bonds containing
valine, alanine or glycine. Pepsin digests 10
- 15% of dietary protein before it is inacti-
vated in the small intestine. Whilst trypsin
predominantly cleaves peptide chains at the
carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine and
arginine, except when either is followed
by proline. Therefore the loss of activity of
pepsin cannot be fully compensated for by
other proteolytic enzymes further down
the gut.
By adding an acidified carrier matrix it is
possible to overcome some of the buffering
power of the feed, however this will require
free acid and not a salt such as the calcium
and sodium salts of organic acids, as they
have no net acid contribution.
Even with pure acids it is not possible to
provide sufficient acid to directly alter feed
pH and you can work this out easily because
we know that 1 mole calcium carbonate will
require 1 mole of acid to neutralise it.
- Add calcium carbonate (limestone) at
40 kg/t.
- Molecular weight of calcium carbonate
(CaCO3
) = 100.09
- 1 mole = 100.09 g so 40 kg = 399.64
moles.
- If we then use formic acid to neutralise
this
- Molecular weight of formic acid
(HCOOH) = 46.03
- 1 mole = 46.03 g therefore to supply
399.64 moles you would need:
- 399.64 x 46.03 = 18395 g or 18.395
kg/t of 100% formic acid
It is clear that we must rely on a com-
bination of natural acid secretions in the
stomach and a fully supportive feed acidifier,
like Kiotechagil Salkil, to boost the bacterial
contribution from carbohydrate fermenta-
tion in the gut.
Natural fermentation in the
intestine is vital
Gastric bacterial fermentation contributes
significantly to maintaining a low gastric pH.
This can be supported by the use Salkil
to provide suitable ‘platforms’ for bacterial
colonisation allowing acidophilic species to
predominate in the gut.
In older animals lactic acid represents
only 50 percent of the total organic acid
content in the gut. The remaining acids will
be produced by cellulolytic species such
as Butyrivibrio and Roseburia that ferment
cellulose to acetic and butyric acids provided
the environment remains acidic.
Butyric acid is a vital component of the
hindgut. It is a colonocyte nutrient that will
assist in villus development in young animals
and will help regrowth after disease.
This is especially important after coccidia
or enteric pathogens such as Salmonella or
Escherichia that damage the gut lining, erode
villi and result in bleeding from the intestinal
wall.
Blood in the intestine from pathogen
attack is the perfect nutrient for proteolytic
species like Clostridia.
For the gut to recover faster it requires
a readily available energy source, butyric
acid, produced by cellulose digestion in the
hindgut. Butyric acid has been reported
to increase the density and length of villi,
enlarging the adsorption surface of the intes-
tine (Galfi and Bokori 1990). The bacteria
responsible for butyric acid production in the
gut, Butyrivibrio and Roseburia for example,
have narrow ranges of pH tolerance and if
their activity decreases, so does the butyric
acid production in the gut.
Adding a protected butyric acid source is
an effective means of helping villus structure
to recover, whilst supporting the acidophilic
microflora such as the cellulose digesters
and members of the Lactobacillaceae family
(Galfi 1990).
Feeding the commensals
Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), such as
inulin, have a direct effect on the gut
microflora. Inulin is a complex sugar. Most
Effect of pH on the specific growth rate of B.
fibrisolvens Ce51 at 38.5°C with glucose as the
substrate. (O) chemostat culture. (●) batch culture
Lactic acid bacteria colonising the acidified
silica platform in Kiotechagil Salkil
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy30 | may - June 2013
FEATURE

9. gut bacteria preferentially metabolise simple
sugars allowing the inulin to reach the hind-
gut. Inulin in the hind gut allows bacteria,
typically fibre digesters like Butyrivibrio and
Roseburia, as well as the bacteriocin pro-
ducing Bifidobacteria, to grow and exclude
Clostridia. The inclusion of a FOS in a ration
formulation will therefore have a direct
effect on the microbial colonisation of the
hind gut.
By restricting Clostridial activity with
butyric acid and by providing the commensal
microflora with a valuable energy source
that is unavailable to Clostridia, any surplus
amino acids can be incorporated into the
microbial biomass in the gut rather wasteful
deamination.
Products like Kiotechagil Prefect are
designed to optimise gut performance to
help prevent the effects of amino acid imbal-
ance. Prefect supplies:
1. Organic acids to maintain acidity in
the proventriculus thereby maximising
protein utilisation in the foregut.
2. Fructo-oligosaccharides (inulin) to inhibit
clostridia and other enteropathogens
whilst promoting a strong cellulolytic gut
microflora to maintain healthy butyric
acid levels.
3. Additional butyric acid to provide an
instant energy source for villi mucosa
to help overcome irritation and
necrosis resulting from Clostridial or
coccidial attack.
4. A unique carrier that
promotes colonisation
by lactic acid bacteria to
establish the necessary
healthy gut microflora
to achieve genetic
potential.
References
The XXIII Worlds Poultry
Congress offered new insights
for managing necrotic
enteritis and coccidiosis. www.
thepoultrysite.com
Ammonia Emissions from Animal
Waste FAO 2012
Lysine and other amino acids
for feed: production and
contribution to protein utilisation
in animal feeding – Yasuhiko
Toride in Protein Sources for
the animal feed industry FAO
document repository.
Dr Olayinka Akine All About Feed.
net Vol 20 No7 2012 p18 - 20
Galfi P and Bokori J Acta
Vet Hung 1990: 38(1-
2):3-17
About the author
Murray Hyden trained at
Imperial College London in
Food and Dairy Microbiology
and Industrial Microbiology.
He worked for ICI Plc,
Agricultural Division as a Research
Microbiologist for 16 years spe-
cialising in ruminant nutrition and
poultry health. During his time
there he worked on the interac-
tions of intestinal microflora in
relation to the diet specification.
In 1985 he joined Agil Ltd, a privately owned British com-
pany manufacturing and distributing feed additive products to
several European countries. Murray has been involved in all
stages of product development and has overseen the launch of
the entire range of feed additives since 1987. His microbiological
approach to find alternatives to antibiotics in animal feeding has
lead to the launch of a unique range of products that are now
used around the world.
In 2004 Murray was promoted to managing director of Agil
and then Kiotechagil after an acquisition.
He has presented his work at international conferences in
countries such as Sweden, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, France,
Philippines, Thailand, Japan, China and Australia.
He has helped in the development of biosecurity control
programmes for poultry and pig breeding companies around
the world.
Following more recent acquisitions by the company, Murray
has returned to his primary interest and is now director of
biosecurity for Anpario Group.
More inforMation:
Website: www.anpario.com
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy may - June 2013 | 31
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Importantly, we listen to what they say and deliver
software that reflects both feedback and needs.
Several user group meetings are scheduled over the
coming months with full details available online.
Looking for feed formulation
software? Look no further.
Come and have a look at
what we’ve got. You won’t
be disappointed!
POULTRY

10. www.gfmt.co.uk
LINKS
• See the full issue
• Visit the GFMT website
• Contact the GFMT Team
• Subscribe to GFMT
A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891
INCORPORATING PORTS, DISTRIBUTION AND FORMULATION
In this issue:
• Additives
for flour
standardisation
Part II:
Additives other than
enzymes
• High efficiency
elevator
buckets:
modern vs
traditional
design
• Feed focus
Poultry
• Assessing
nutritional value
with NIR
May-June2013
• ‘Kill step’
validation of
low-moisture
extrusion
• Adding value to
feed milling
with profit-oriented feed
formulation
• Pest control
across the supply
chain
first published in 1891
This digital Re-print is part of the May | June 2013 edition of Grain & Feed
Milling Technology magazine.
Content from the magazine is available to view free-of-charge, both as a full
online magazine on our website, and as an archive of individual features on
the docstoc website.
Please click here to view our other publications on www.docstoc.com.
To purchase a paper copy of the magazine, or to subscribe to the paper edi-
tion please contact our Circulation and Subscriptions Manager on the link
adove.
INFORMATION FOR ADVERTISERS - CLICK HERE
Article reprints
All Grain & Feed Milling Tecchnology feature articles can be re-printed as a 4 or 8 page booklets (these
have been used as point of sale materials, promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc).
If you are interested in getting this article re-printed please contact the GFMT team for more informa-
tion on - Tel: +44 1242 267707 - Email: jamest@gfmt.co.uk or visit www.gfmt.co.uk/reprints