Seperate and easy descrition of all parainfluenza virus.

1. Paramyxovirus
Dr Kamlesh Patel
MBBS MD DCP
Asst Prof, Microbiology
www.jaailab.com

2. Paramyxovus
• Enveloped virus
• ss RNA (-), Negative sense
• Single piece genome
• Spherical
• Large in size (100- 300 nm): Sometimes giant (800 nm)
• Some members show Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase
activity (but HA and NA both present on single spike).
• Antigenic variations are less (Gene Recombination is rare)

3. Paramyxovus:
Genus
• Total 6 Genus:
Genus Species Origin
Respirovirus Human parainfluenza virus (type 1 and 3)
Newcastle disease virus
Human
Animal
Rubulavirus Human parainfluenza virus (type 2, 4a, 4b)
Mumps virus
Human
Human
Morbillivirus Measales virus Human
Henipavirus Nipah Virus Animal
Pneumovirus Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Human
Metapneumovirus Human

4. Paramyxovus:
Morphology
• Spherical particles
• Helical symmetry
• RNA genome (- ss RNA), Single pieces.
• Envelope:
– Inner protein layer ‘M’ protein (matrix)- Virus coded
– Outer lipids (Host cell membrane)
• Peplomers:
– HN Glycoprotein spikes: Possess both HA (Haemagglutinin) and NA
(Neuraminidase) activity.
– F Glycoprotein: Causes fusion of cell membrane and responsible for
Syncytial formation.

6. Paramyxovirus
Differences between common viruses
Virus HA NA Hemolysins Surface
glycoprotein
Parainfluenza virus + + Absent Absent
Mumps virus + + Absent Absent
Measales Virus + Absent + Absent
RSV Absent Absent Absent +

7. Parainfluenza virus
• Enveloped.
• ss RNA (Negative sense)
• All human virus
• HN spikes: Possess activity of both HA and NA.
• 5 Serotypes:
• Respivirus Genus
• Parainfluenza type1
• Parainfluenza type 3
• Rubulavirus Genus
• Parainfluenza 2
• Parainfluenza 4a
• Parainfluenza 4b

8. Parainfluenza virus:
Pathogenesis
• Mode of spread: Droplet
• Incubation period: 2- 6 days
• Entry: Respiratory tract
• Attached with respiratory epithelium.
• Laryngobronchitis or Croup
• Symptoms: fever, chills, sore throat, cough, respiratory obstruction.
• Complications:
– Respiratory obstruction or Pneumonia.

9. Parainfluenza virus:
Lab diagnosis
Sample collection:
– Mouth washings
– Throat swab
– Serum
– BAL
Diagnosis:
1. Microscopy:
Demonstration of viral antigens: Direct Immunofluorescence (IFA).
Rapid method.
2. Isolation (cultivation) of Viral particles: (Mostly for research purpose)
Useful in first 2 to 3 days of infection
i. Tissue culture: Primary human or monkey kidney cell.
ii. Animal inoculation : Guinea pig

10. Parainfluenza virus:
Lab diagnosis
3. Serology:
CFT (Complement fixation test)
ELISA
4. Molecular testing: RNA amplification followed by RT PCR ???

11. Mumps Virus
• Enveloped.
• ss RNA (Negative sense)
• Human is only natural host.
• HN spikes: Possess both HA and NA activity.
• Lifelong immunity after single infection

12. Mumps virus:
Pathogenesis
• Mode of spread: Direct contact with aerosols or infected saliva.
• Incubation period: 16- 18 days
• Entry: Respiratory tract, after multiplying locally spread to salivary gland,
Ovaries, Pancrease, Testes, Kidney and Brain through blood stream.
• Characterstrict feature: Non-suppurative inflammation of Parotid gland (in
95% cases).
• Complications:
– Meningitis and Meningoencephalitis.
– Orchitis (Common in postpubertal male)
– Oophoritis
– Pancreatitis
– Nephritis

13. Mumps virus:
Lab diagnosis
Mostly clinical diagnosis, but sometimes lab diagnosis requires:
Sample collection:
– Saliva
– Throat swab
– Aspirate from lesion.
– Serum
– CSF
Diagnosis:
1. Microscopy:
Demonstration of viral antigens: Direct Immunofluorescence (IFA).
Rapid method.
2. Isolation (cultivation) of Viral particles: (Mostly for research purpose)
Useful in first 2 to 3 days of infection
i. Tissue culture: HEp 2 cell culture, Primary human or monkey kidney cell.
ii. Animal inoculation : Guinea pig

14. Mumps virus:
Lab diagnosis
3. Serology:
CFT (Complement fixation test)
ELISA
4. Molecular testing: RNA amplification followed by RT PCR ???
Prophylaxis:
• Live attenuated vaccine available.
• Administer as MMR with Measales and Rubella.
• C/I: Pregnancy, Immunodeficiency or hypersensitivity.

15. Measales Virus
• Genus Morbillivirus.
• Enveloped.
• ss RNA (Negative sense)
• Human is only natural host.
• Highly infectious childhood infection.
• HN spikes: Possess only HA activity.
• NA activity absent.
• Lifelong immunity after single infection

16. Measales virus:
Pathogenesis
• Mode of spread: Direct contact with respiratory secretions.
• Incubation period: 10- 12 days
• Entry: Respiratory tract, after multiplying locally spread to RE system through
blood stream. (Primary Viremia)
• After multiplying in RE system it spread to epithelial surfaces like skin,
respiratory epithelium or Conjunctiva through blood again. (Secondary
Viremia)
• Symptoms: Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, skin rashes, Koplik’s spot on buccal
mucosa (character strict feature)
• Rashes are due to type 4 hypersensitivity, faded after 10- 14 days.
• Complications:
– Otiti media and Brochopneumonia.
– Giant cell pneumonia.
– Post measales encephalitis and Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
(SSPE)

17. Measales virus:
Lab diagnosis
Mostly clinical diagnosis, but sometimes lab diagnosis requires:
Sample collection:
– Saliva
– Throat washings
– Nasopharyngeal swab.
– Serum
– CSF
Diagnosis:
1. Microscopy:
– Demonstration of viral antigens: Direct Immunofluorescence (IFA).
– Giemsa stain to see giant body of virus.
2. Isolation (cultivation) of Viral particles: (Mostly for research purpose)
Useful in first 2 to 3 days of infection
i. Tissue culture: Primary human or monkey kidney cell look for the
Cytopathic changes.

18. Measales virus:
Lab diagnosis
3. Serology:
CFT (Complement fixation test)
ELISA (IgM antibody): In SSPE: Measales antibody titre is important.
4. Molecular testing: RNA amplification followed by RT PCR ???
Prophylaxis:
• Live attenuated vaccine available.
• Administer as MMR with Mumps and Rubella.
• Complication: SSPE.

19. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
• Pleomorphic virus.
• Enveloped.
• ss RNA (Negative sense)
• Human is only natural host.
• HN spikes: Absent.
• F spike is more active (hence name Syscytial virus)

20. Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV):
Pathogenesis
• Mode of spread: Direct contact with contaminated hand and surfaces.
• Incubation period: 4- 6 days
• Symptoms:
– Common col and rhinitis.
– Bornchiolitis and Pnueumonitis.

21. Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV):
Lab diagnosis
Mostly clinical diagnosis, but sometimes lab diagnosis requires:
Sample collection:
– Saliva
– Nasopharyngeal aspirates.
– Serum
Diagnosis:
1. Microscopy:
– Demonstration of viral antigens: Direct Immunofluorescence (IFA).
2. Isolation (cultivation) of Viral particles: (Mostly for research purpose)
Useful in first 2 to 3 days of infection
i. Tissue culture: Hep 2 or HeLa cell culture.

22. Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV):
Lab diagnosis
3. Serology:
CFT (Complement fixation test)
ELISA (IgM antibody): In SSPE: Measales antibody titre is important.
4. Molecular testing: RNA amplification followed by RT PCR ???

23. Thank you