DogNostics Career College.Module # 202 Canine and Feline Health & Handling

DogNostics Career College
Module # 202 Canine and
Feline Health and
Handling

Copyright DogNostics 2012

2

Your
DogNostics
Webinar
Presenter
today is
Niki Tudge

A little about me:
Business Degrees, Oxford University England.



Six Sigma Certified Black Belt



CPDT-KA



NADOI- Certified



AABP – Professional Dog Trainer



AABP – Professional Dog Behavior Consultant



AKC ―Canine Good Citizen‖ Trainer and Evaluator



Dip, ABT. Diploma. Animal Behavior Technology



Dip, CBST. Diploma Canine Behavior Science and Technology



American Kennel Club ―Canine Good Citizen‖™ Evaluator



Pet Care Services Association CPCT CAPCT






The International Training Board, Certified People Trainer. TS1,
TS2 &TS3

The Goals For Today's Webinar
 Provide a basic understanding of common infectious







diseases of dogs and cats
Outline Recommended vaccine protocols from the
American Animal Hospital Association and American
Association of Feline Practitioners
Provide an understanding of potential risks associated
with unnecessary vaccination from Dr. Jean Dodds
Provide a basic understanding of external and internal
parasites
Provide a basic understanding of Heartworm infection,
disease, diagnosis, and treatment


The Webinar Scope
What is included

What is not included

 Common canine diseases
 Recommended canine

 Emergency and First










vaccination protocols
Heartworm testing, infection,
and disease
Common feline diseases
Recommended feline vaccination
protocols
Potential vaccine risks
Common Parasites
Animal restraint
Administering medications
Zoonotic diseases


Aid Procedures
 Infection Control
Protocols

Key Canine and Feline Diseases


Canine And Feline Diseases
 Rabies
 Very serious, fatal virus
 Can affect any warm blooded animal
 Transmission:




Contact with an infected animals saliva
 Bite wounds
 Contact with mucus membranes

Neurotropic



Invades and destroys the central nervous system.
Moves nerve by nerve to the brain

No treatment
 Zoonotic



Canine Diseases
 CanineDistemper Contagious, often fatal, multisystemic viral disease.




Secondary Mycoplasma

Clinical signs:
 Affect

the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous
systems



Transmission:
 Airborne
 Body

secretions


Canine Diseases

 Canine Distemper:
 Fatal to 75% of dogs infected
 Especially

juvenile and geriatric

May suffer permanent damage to vision or nervous system
 Puppies can have severely mottled teeth due to
abnormalities of the developing enamel
 Virus will shed for up to 3 months



Canine Diseases
 Parvovirus




Gastrointestinal viral disease in dogs
Contributions to severity:





Clinical signs:




Age, vaccination status, and breed predisposition
Most common in puppies less than 20 weeks of age with
inadequate or incomplete vaccination– a puppy is not fully
protected until the full vaccination series is complete at 14-16
weeks of age.
Bloody diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, depression, and anorexia.

Transmission:


EASILY transmitted via fomites!





Environmental contamination with fecal material
Food/water bowls, bedding, toys, shoes, clothing, hair

Direct contact


Canine Diseases
 Parvo Virus

The virus is shed in large quantities in the feces
for up to 14 days post infection.
 Disinfection:


Very stable in the environment
 Very resistant to most disinfectants
 Can persist in organic material in the environment for
over one year
 A 10 % bleach solution, Trifectant




New strain within last 5 years possibly more
virulent and endemic


Canine Diseases
 Coronavirus

Virus of small intestine
 Puppies under six weeks of age
 Clinical Signs:







Treatment




Affect surface (epithelial) cells of villi
Mild to moderately severe diarrhea, lethargy, and
anorexia in infected puppies.
Supportive care with IV fluids for dehydration

Transmission:


Shed in stool


Canine Diseases
 Leptospirosis




Gram negative spirochete bacteria
Over 250 different serovars (subtypes)
Increased prevalence since 1983




Clinical Signs:





Kidney failure
Inflammation:
 liver, blood vessels causing hemorrhage, muscle tissue, eyes
causing blindness, and Central nervous system

Transmission:






Increasing contact between dogs and wildlife

Urine of wildlife or other infected animal
Standing water

Zoonotic


Canine Diseases
 Lyme Disease



Borreliosis
Tick-borne bacterial disease



lone star and
brown dog ticks



Bacterium is transferred to the blood of the host animal during bite



Clinical signs:



joint pain and lameness, lethargy, loss of appetite, depression, and fever.
Treatment:




Long term antibiotics and supportive care


Canine Diseases
 Canine upper respiratory Complex
 Kennel Cough


Infection of the cells lining the interior of the trachea and bronchi



Symptoms:






A harsh, dry cough often followed by gagging white foam
Develop within one week of exposure
Basic form not accompanied by fever

Transmission:





Highly contagious
Airborn, Nose-nose contact
High concentration, stress


Canine Diseases
 Kennel Cough
 Bacterial and Viral Component
Bordetella bronchiseptica- Bacterial component
 Small Gram-negative rod shaped bacterium
 Adenovirus type 2 – viral component
 Related to Hepatitis virus
 Causes Respiratory and Enteric diseases
 Fever
 Parinfluenza- Viral component
 One of the most common pathogens
 Influenza- Viral Component
 Relatively new



Key Feline Diseases


Feline Diseases
 Feline Distemper or Panleukopenia



“All white blood cells are abnormally low”
Severely depresses all white blood cell production
Parvo



Clinical Signs:










Bloody, liquid stool, high fever, depression, anorexia, and vomiting
Secondary bacteria can greatly alter symptoms

Virus can live up to one year outside of host


Feline Diseases
 Upper Respiratory Complex
 Rhinotracheitis



Also known as feline herpes virus
Clinical Signs:







Inflammation of the conjunctiva
Discharge from the eyes and nose.

Highly contagious

Calicivirus




Clinical Signs:

ulcers and blisters in the mouth and tongue
Widespread and highly contagious


Feline Diseases
Immunosuppressive Viral Diseases


Feline Leukemia Virus
(FeLV)



Retrovirus










Cannot live more than a few hours
outside the body

Clinal Signs:




Often upper-respiratory
Varies with systemic Infection




Feline immunodeficiency
virus (FIV)
Similar to human acquired
immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS)
Cannot be passed to humans
Clinical Signs:


Transmission:





Saliva and respiratory secretions
Repeated Contact
Moist environment
Saliva Blood contact




Chronic nonresponding infections,
respiratory problems, anorexia,
persistent diarrhea, and severe oral
infections

Transmission


Saliva Blood contact

Vaccines and Antibodies: The Goal


The Myth of the Booster Shot
This is not what happens….

Level
Of
Immunity

Many people believe that a booster vaccine will heighten the level of protective
antibodies - Untrue
Antibodies from the previous vaccine will block efficacy of the next
vaccine if given prematurely.

Maternal Antibodies: Fact


Recommended Vaccination
Protocols
RECOMMENDED BY:
THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL
ASSOCIATION (AAHA)
THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION (AVMA)
THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF FELINE
PRACTITIONERS (AAFP)


Recommended Vaccination Protocols


Canine Core Vaccines
Core Vaccines

Non- Core Vaccines

 Rabies

 Bordetella

 Distemper

 Leptospirosis

 Parvo

 Canine Influenza

 Adenovirus Type 2

 Corona
 Lyme

 Giardia
 No longer available

Canine Vaccine Protocol
 Rabies








Killed vaccine
First administered at 12-16 weeks old.
First annual booster required
There is a 3 year vaccine, but each county has
different regulations..
Check first!
Administered Sub Q in Right Rear leg to monitor for
reactions.


 DA2PP or similar

Protects against canine distemper, adenovirus type 2, parinfluenza, and
parvovirus.
 Multvalient combination
 Monovalient Series
 First vaccine recommended at 6-8 weeks of age and readministered
every 14-21 days until 16 weeks old for puppies.
 First Annual Booster required
 Booster every 3 years
 Administered SQ in Right Front
leg to monitor reactions
o Distemper will immediately provide protection
o Parvo does not protect for 48-72 hrs post
vaccination but shed in the stool 3-14 days post vaccination



 Bordatella or Kennel Cough
 2 types:


Live version
 Given intranasally
 No booster necessary
 Also includes interferon
 Impaires growth of other viral infections
 Provides cross protection for Adenovirus type 2 ,
Influenza







parinfluenza, Canine

Killed version
Injectable
Booster required 14-21 days after first administration
General recommendation is annually, however some kennels require
vaccination every six months.


 Leptospirosis
 At risk dogs only–







Standing water
Wildlife

Some combination vaccines
have lepto included.
Vaccine should be boostered
14-21 days after first
administration, then annually
thereafter.


Recommended Feline Vaccination
Protocols


Feline Core Vaccines
Core

Non-Core

 Rabies

 Feline Leukemia

 Panleukopenia

 Rhinotracheitis (herpes)

 FIV
 False + Test

 Calicivirus

 Feline Bordetella
 Chlamydophila felis

(chlamydia)


Feline Vaccine Protocol
 Rabies
 Increased sensitivity to adjuvant








Three year rabies not available
specifically for cats
Purvax

First vaccine administered at
12-16 weeks of age,
Annually after
Administered SQ as low as
possible in right rear leg in
case of Fibro sarcoma or
other reaction




FVRCP or similar
 Protects against Feline Viral
Rhinotracheitis, (RVF),
Calicivirus (C), Panleukemia
(P), and sometimes feline
chlamydia (-C).







Multvalient combo
Monovalient series

In kittens vaccine should be
given 6-8 weeks of age
Boosters required every 14-21
days until 16 weeks old
Annual booster or 3 yrs
thereafter

Feline Vaccine Protocol
 Feline Leukemia
 Testing is recommended before
administering vaccine.
 First administration no sooner than
12 weeks of age
 Booster required 14-21 days later
 Recommended annually for at risk
cats who may come in contact with
any other cat
 Recommended for ALL kittens


Vaccines: Viewpoints may be
Changing

COURTESY OF
DR. JEAN DODDS, DVM


Potential Vaccination Risks
 Autoimmune Diseases
 Develops in genetically susceptible individuals





Sum of genetic and environmental factors that override normal
mechanics of self tolerance




% of population can be genetically predisposed
3-5 genes involved

Essentially body attacks itself

Can impact any major body system


 What triggers predisposed animals to have an

immune mediated response:







Virus (vaccine)
Change in Sex Hormones in Intact animals
Thyroid hormone
Adrenal Hormone
Stress
Poor Nutrition


 Vaccinosis
 Adverse reaction to vaccine
 May be serious, chronically debilitating, or fatal
 Combination Vaccines:
Adenovirus combined with Parvo and Distemper
 Immunosuppressant in young puppies up to 10 days
 Modified Live Distemper
 Post vaccine encephalitis in young puppies
 Can cause blindness, death
 Will affect 1:500,000 puppies



Factors contributing to vaccinosis

 Dogs:
 Repeated exposure
 Young age
 Small breed size
 Neutering
 Multiple vaccines/visit


 Cats
 Small breed size
 Neutering
 Multiple vaccines/visit

Special Considerations
 Non- Responders
 Animal can never develop immunity
Modified Live Parvo
 1:1000 dogs will never develop immunity
 Black Labs, Akitas
 Distemper virus
 1:5000 will be non-responder
 Adenovirus
 None
 Cats
 Unknown



Special Considerations
 Measure Benefit : Risk ratio
 Never vaccinate 30 days before estrus, in estrus, during
pregnancy, or lactation
 Never vaccinate an animal who is febrile or ADR
 Vaccinate the geriatric with caution
 Avoid unnecessary vaccination
Check with local health department to assess which non-core
vaccines are absolutely necessary
 Many vaccines have been approved for 3 year booster
 Give puppy boosters 3-4 weeks apart for max. effect
 If adult dog will be less than 12lbs puppies can safely be vaccinated
with half dose




Do Not revaccinate if history of previous adverse reaction


Alternatives to Vaccination
 Check Titers
 Blood test that checks for total antibody production from
vaccination and natural exposure
 Determines if animal is protected
 Determines if animal is non-responder
 Determine if vaccine is effective in immunizing animals
 Recommended every 3 years


Alternatives to Vaccination
Available Titers:

 Dogs:
 Distemper (routine)
 Parvo (routine)
 Adenovirus 2 (hepatitis)
 Leptospirosis
 Lyme Disease
 Corona (not recommended)
 Rabies Virus (at request
ony- non-export)

 Cats:
 Panleukopenia Virus
(common)
 Herpies Virus (Rhino)
 Calicivirus
 Rabies (non-export)

Parasites


Intestinal Parasites
 Hookworms:
 Commonly found in dogs and cats
 Clinical Signs:
Coughing
 Anemia
 Blood in stool
 Vomiting
Transmission:







Ingest eggs from contaminated environment
Skin penetration- most common






Larvae penetrate the skin, make their way to the
circulatory system going ultimately to the lungs
where they are coughed up, ingested, and enter
the small intestine to mature
Mature worm attaches to intestinal wall and
thrives on host blood.

Canine version has also developed modes of
transplacental and transmammary infection.

 Roundworms:



Commonly found in dogs and cats
Clinical Signs:










Distended abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea

Transmission:
Eggs ingested directly from contaminated
environment and hatch in small intestine
Larva penetrate mucosa, migrate through
liver and heart to the lungs where they are
coughed up and swallowed to mature in
small intestine.
Some mature larvae return to the lumen to
thrive on the hosts nutrients, but most leave
the circulation and are stored in somatic
organs until pregnancy.
At 42-56 days of gestation larva cross the
placenta, migrate to fetal lungs and remain
there until birth to repeat the cycle

 Tapeworm:


 Whipworm:







Uncommon in cats
Infective larvae develop within the egg
Once ingested the larvae are released into
the intestine migrate to cecum and attach

Female worms lay about 2,000 eggs per
day which are passed in feces. Eggs are
very resistant to harsh conditions and
can persist in the environment for
several years.


 Coccidia:
 Protozoan parasite very
common in shelter puppies
 Causes severe intestinal
infection in dogs and cats
 Can result in death due to
dehydration and protein loss



 Giardia
 Protozoan Parasite
 Consists of 2 forms
Trophozoite
 Cyst (infective stage)




Attach to small intestine
epithelium


External Parasites
Mites

 Demodex
 Hereditary, not infectious
 Naturally lives in hair follicle
 Immunosupression


 Sarcoptic
 Infectious
 Zoonotic

 Fleas
Attaches to skin

and feeds on host
blood
Can cause

anemia
If you do not see

the flea you will
see the flea dirt
(excrement)

External Parasites




Ticks



external
parasites that
feed on the
blood of the host



Can Transmit
disease including
Lyme,
Anaplasmosis,
Ehrlichiosis,
Rocky mountain
spotted fever,
Babesiosis



Neurotoxin in
saliva can cause
temporary
paralysis


External Parasites

External Parasites
 Ear Mites
 Infests the ear canal of small animals
 Clinical signs:
Extreme pruritis (itchy)
 Black exudate (discharge)
 Inflammation, redness, and swelling of ear canal




Transmission:


Easily transmitted through passive contact with other animals


Heartworms:
Disease, Testing and Treatment


Heartworms: Life Cycle
 Canine:
 Mosquito bites heartworm
positive dog with circulating
microfilaria.
 Larva advance in life stage
INSIDE mosquito.
 Larva are then injected into
another dog where they
migrate through the tissues
to the pulmonary artery in
Cats are “Dead End” hosts
the heart.

Heartworms: Development
 Heartworm positive does

not mean HW Disease!
 Progressed Stage
 Heart cannot circulate
fluids efficiently due to
arterial congestion.

Heartworms: Testing
 Snap Tests
 Antigen test
 Only the female heartworm
has the antigen.
 Positive is positive!
Strong or Weak is irrelevant
 Blood Smear
 Circulating microfilaria

Heartworms: Treatment
 Two options:
1) Adulticidal Ivermectin therapy.
Administer heartgard once weekly or every two
weeks
 Could require up to 36 months
 Lower risk of complications
 Dissolves protective coating and destroys tissue
 Down side: heart damage
2) Immiticide
• Arsenic based compound
• Series of scheduled injections to completely
eradicate adult heartworms in a short period of
time.


Treatment Complications: Immiticide
 PTE or Pulmonary Thromboembolism
 A clot may be thrown to one or both lungs




Elevated blood pressure due to exercise

Dyspnea or shortness of breath due to
severe inflammation

 Muscle soreness at injection site.
 This treatment must be injected in the
muscle along the spine because it is the
largest muscle in the body.
 If injected too close to the spinal cord
inflammation could cause a temporary
state of paralysis

Heartworms: Wolbachia
 Dirofilarial Wolbachia




Rickettsial bacteria that lives within heartworms.
Released upon death of the adult heartworm
Spreads to the lungs resulting in severe
inflammation and coughing or dyspnea

 Doxycycline


Prevents the spread of the bacteria and
resulting inflammation.

Heartworms: Prevention
 The best treatment is

prevention

Administer year round in
warmer climates
 Because different
preventatives kill at
different points of the
heartworm lifecycle, not
all are safe without prior
testing


Module # 202
Part Two
CANINE AND FELINE HEALTH
AND HANDLING


Potential health concerns while
caring for someone else’s pet


Feline
Odontoclastic
Resorptive
Lesions
(FORL)

Feline
Stomatitis

Dentistry - What to watch out for


Skeletal - What to watch out for
 Potential problems:


Large Breeds:
Joint dysplasia
 Elbow or hip
 Long bone does not fully
enter joint socket
 Pre-mature arthritis




Small Breeds


Luxating Patella
 Trochlear groove is too shallow
 Allows patella to ―pop out‖
 Over time tendon becomes
strained


Skeletal- What to watch out for


Skeletal - What to watch out for
 Arthritis


Obesity


Dermatology - What to watch out for


Dermatology
 Hypersensitivity disorders
 Abnormally severe inflammatory responses mediated by the
immune system
 Caused by Antigens
 Some reactions can happen within minutes of exposure
 Can be exposed via
direct contact
 inhalation
 ingestion
 insect bites/stings
 Injection




Flea and food allergy most common


Dermatology
 Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD)
 Most common skin disease of dogs and cats
 Antigen (allergen)




Specific proteins found in saliva of flea

Clinical signs
Self inflicted trauma
 Secondary bacterial infection


 Food Allergy Dermatitis
 Repeated exposure to food or food additive
 Non-seasonal itchiness
 Self trauma
 Secondary bacterial infection

Dermatology
 Bacterial Skin infections
 Overgrowth of naturally occurring bacteria
 Potential causes:
Poor nutrition
 Lack of immunocompetence
 Hypersensitivity
 Self Trauma




Pyoderma
Pus in the skin
 May involve the follicle



Dermatology
 Bacterial Skin infections
 Skin Fold dermatitis
Dogs with excessive skin folds
 Areas are dark/ chronically moist
 Make perfect medium for growing bacteria
 Facial folds of brachycephalic breeds
 Corkscrew tail folds
 Large lip flaps
 Other body folds



Dermatology
 Yeast Skin infections (Malasseziasis)
 Yeast normally found in low numbers around the mouth, anus,
and skin folds
 Disease occurs:
Hypersensitivity
 Continuous overgrowth



Dermatology
 Fungal Skin diseases (ringworm)


Dermatology
1.

Acral Lick Granuloma, Also called acral lick
dermatitis, this is a frustrating skin condition
caused by compulsive, relentless licking of a single
area - most often on the front of the lower leg.


The Skin – What to watch for
1.

Hot Spots, also called Focal traumatic pyoderma,
are small areas that appear red, irritated, and
inflamed. They are most commonly found on the
tail head


 Alopecia- Hair loss


 Seborrhea- Dull dry and lusterless with excessive

scaling and oily/greasy patches occompanied by a
foul odor.


 Nodules- masses caused by inflammation or

neoplasia(cancer)


1.

Dry Flaky Skin can be an indication of many things,
allergies, mange and other disorders


The Skin - Things to watch for
1.

Changes in skin color can indicate chronicity or
other problem


1.

Immune Disorders - in rare cases, skin lesions or
infections that won’t heal can indicate an immune
disorder


Anal Sacs – What to watch for
 Reservoir for secretions

produced by anal glands
 ―If it’s not broke, don’t fix it‖
 Impaction


Scooting, licking or biting
around the rear end.

 See a Vet!
 Manual expression is risky


 Refer You Clients to a Veterinarian if you notice any

skin problems or suspect the anal glands need cleaning


Zoonotic Diseases
THERE ARE MANY
DISEASES AND
PARASITES THAT
CAN BE SPREAD
FROM THE FAMILY
PET TO HUMANS.


Zoonotic diseases
 Rabies can be

transmitted in saliva
either by direct contact
or residue left on surface
 Leptospirosis can be
transmitted by any
contact with urine from
an infected animal.
 Lyme disease can be
transmitted to humans
from ticks.

Zoonotic diseases
 Parasites
 Hookworms




Roundworms




Creeping eruptions

Ocular migrans

You cannot get parasites from
your dog’s saliva—strictly from
feces or contaminated soil.


Zoonotic Diseases
 Giardia
 Giardia lamblia is the
most commonly diagnosed
intestinal parasite in public
health laboratories in the
United States, and is
diagnosed by finding cysts
or trophozoites in the feces
of humans or animals.


Zoonotic Diseases

 Coccidia
 Transmitted similar to
Giardia via contaminated
food or water


Zoonotic Diseases
 Pasteurella


Carried in dog/cat mouths



Results in cellulitis
progression to septicemia possible
Septic Arthritis may develop if
bitten on a knuckle of the hand
50% of infections of the hand result
in permanent damage
Get to a Dr. ASAP!









Zoonotic Diseases
 Bartonella or ―Cat Scratch Fever‖
 May result from a scratch
 Results in ―flu‖ like symptoms with
enlarged lymph nodes
 Usually self-limiting


Animal Handling


Handling & Dog and Cat for Medical Aid
 Much of animal restraint is choosing the

appropriate method based upon the different
behaviors and anatomies of different animals.
 Restraint may be as simple as holding the animal
while you give it some medications.
 You may also need to restrain an animal while you
muzzle it or administer first aid in an emergency.
 There are two kinds of animal restraint, manual
restraint and chemical restraint.


Animal Handling
 One of the safest ways to pick up a

grown cat or a kitten, is to
approach the animal from the
side. Take one hand and isolate
the scapula (see video). Then
place your other hand palm down,
along the back around the neck
and shoulder area.
 This way you can quickly scruff if
necessary.
 Hold the whole cat close to your
body. This gives the cat support
and provides security.
 To carry, place hindquarters
under arm and isolate the scapula
while Placing other hand on back
of neck.


Video 1

Removing a Cat From Cage
 If in an enclosed area:
 Open the door and allow the cat a few
minutes to walk out on their own
 If not in an enclosed space or if

the cat will not come out:


It is best to take the crate apart and
slowly remove the top while gently
grabbing the scruff. Move Slow!

Restraining a Cat using Gloves


Catching A Cat
 An escaped cat can be a formidable opponent. Cats

can squeeze into small spaces and may attack when
approached.
 You’ll usually need a net or blanket to retrieve a cat
from its hiding place.
 Live traps can also be used to catch cats
 NEVER put a slip leash on a cat!


Animal Handling
 To pick up a dog, put one arm in

front of the of the animals chest
and the other either behind the
rear legs, at the level of the
stifles or under the abdomen and
lift in a "scooping" motion. May
require more than one person if
it’s a large dog.
 To restrain place arms in
―forklift‖ position with one arm
under the neck and along
abdomen in front of rear legs.


Removing A Dog From A Cage
 Partially open the cage door and put a slip leash

around the dog’s neck. The leash prevents the dog
from escaping once the cage door is fully opened
and it also permits some control should the dog
become aggressive.
 To slide a slip leash over the dog’s neck without
fully opening the cage door, wait at the front of the
cage and let the dog approach you.
 Slowly place the slip leash around the neck while
the dog is waiting to be let out. If the dog is small
but aggressive, place a blanket or towel around it
before lifting.

The Muzzle
 A muzzle is a form of restraint, some dogs will need

to wear a muzzle if they are having their nails
trimmed, for safety during some behavior change
programs, or in an emergency situation.


Administering Medications


Administering Medications- Cats
Tablets








Many cats respond better to minimal restraint .
hold the cat's head in the palm of your hand and
gently tilt the cat's head back. Most cats
reflexively relax their jaw and the mouth will
open slightly.
In the opposite hand hold the pill between the
thumb and index finger.
With your middle or ring finger, gentle lever the
jaw open and then place the tablet onto the back
of the tongue. Push the tablet over the back of
the tongue with a finger.
Quickly close the mouth. Blowing on the nose
may induce swallowing.


Administering Medications- Cats
LIQUIDS
 Hold the cat's head this time holding both
top and bottom jaw.
 Using an eye dropper or syringe slowly
place the medication into your cat's mouth.
The tip of the dropper can be inserted just
behind the canine (fang or eye) tooth
where the jaw does not completely close.
 Unless the dose is small give the
medication slowly allowing your cat to
swallow and to lick the medication from its
mouth before giving more.


Administering Medications- Dogs
 Liquids
 If a large dog, put them into a sit. You may
need to stand behind them to prohibit
backing up.
 Place on hand along the upper muzzle to
limit movement of the head and lift the
upper lip- be sure to keep your fingers clear
of the teeth.
 Place the syringe just behind the canines
and slowly administer the medication.
 Be sure that the dog is swallowing as you
administer to prevent accidental aspiration
or waste of the medication.

Administering Medications- Dogs
 Tablets
 Use easiest methods first! Try
inserting the tablet into pill pockets,
peanut butter or cream cheese.
 If necessary to manually administer:








Place on hand along the upper muzzle to
limit movement of the head and lift the
upper lip- be sure to keep your fingers clear
of the teeth.
Have the pill between your thumb and
forefinger of the other hand and use the
middle finger against the incisors to open
the bottom jaw.
Toss the pill in the back of the throat and
quickly close the mouth and blow into the
nose to induce swallowing- DO NOT place
your hand into the dog’s mouth.
When the dog licks it’s nose you know the
pill has been swallowed.

Administering Medications- Aural
 The ear canal:
 Very different in dogs than humans
 Travels down the head (vertical
canal) and then in to the ear drum
(horizontal canal)
 Medication:


Apply a few drops into the ear and
massage the ear canal to distribute

Administering Medications- Aural
 Ears may need to be flushed prior to medicating
 While holding up on the pinna or ear flap, apply the
flush solution into the ear canal
 One

of the best solutions is actually homemade- 50% white
vinegar, 50% water, and one cap full of alcohol



Gently massage the ear canal to break up and flush out
any debris
 You



should hear a ―squishing‖ sound

Using a cotton ball, remove debris from the pinna


DO NOT USE Q-TIPS!!!

Administering medications: Ocular
 With the dog in a sitting position,






stand behind them
With one hand, hold the eye open
while holding the head against
you to restrict movement
Apply either sterile saline eye
flush or medication
Use cotton ball to swab excess
discharge
Be careful not to touch the surface
of the eye with applicator

Administering medications:
Sub Q injections/fluids
 ONLY if directed by a Veterinarian!
 May be required to administer Insulin to a

diabetic animal or Sub Q fluids
 See video for single injections
 To administer SQ fluids:









Needle will be attached to a line
The bag has measurements marked- each number
represents 100 mls- note the amount in the bag before
you start
Insert needle under the skin in the same method as
injection
Open the valve and check the drip chamber to be sure
the fluids are running
Watch the level in the bag to administer the proper
amount
Turn off the valve and remove the needle
May need to hold pressure on the site for a few seconds
as the fluid may seep back out.

Fluid bag with
measurements

Needle

Drip
Chamber

Valves

Fluid
Valve

Administering Sub Q Injections

Video 2

The Nail Anatomy


The Correct Tools
 Cut at a right angle to the nail
 You will need scissor type cutters for long nails

that curve


Trimming Nails & Nail Safety
 Light colored nails are easier to trim as you can see

the nail quick
 Cut the nail to within 2 mm of the quick


Nail Trimming – Dark Nails
 Cut dark colored nails a little

amount at a time. You cannot see
the quick – TAKE CARE
 As you cut off small pieces of the
nail, look at the cut edge of the
nail. The light tissue (1) is the
curved bottom part of the nail.
The mottled light and dark tissue
(2) is the top part of the nail.


Nail Trimming – Dark Nails
 As you cut the nail deeper, you will see a

homogeneous gray to pink oval (3) starting to appear
at the top of the cut surface of the nail. Stop cutting
the nail at this point as additional cutting will cut
into the quick


Nail Trimming – Long Nails
 Trim a little bit at a time
 On the first cut you cannot cut

too short as the quick is long
 As you trim nails, over a period
of time the quick recedes
 This allows you each time to cut
the nails a little bit shorter
 You will need to communicate
this to clients who’s dogs have
very long nails as they may
expect a shorter result when
finished

Metric Abbreviations


Conversion chart

 1 cup= 8 fl. ounces= 237ml
 1 tablespoon= 15ml= 3 teaspoons
 1 teaspoon= 5ml
 1 ounce= 30ml
 Note: 1cc is the same as 1ml


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DogNostics Career College.Module # 202 Canine and Feline Health & Handling

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