Dr. Awais e Siraj, Managing Director Genzee Solutions is one of the authors

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Constraints of Management Dynamics of Higher
Education in Pakistan GJMBR-A Classification (FOR)
740300
Hafiz Ghufran Ali Khan1, Dr Awais e Siraj2, Aneela Sultana3
Abstract-Teaching and learning have been at the heart of by students in their educational career at higher level.
education since the inception of mankind in this world. Higher
education is meant to develop the ability of a student to think II. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
clearly, logically and honestly and to promote clear and critical
thinking skills in student; the teacher himself/herself needs to This research study is significant in many dimensions.
be very much clear in his /her capabilities, duties and Primarily in this study the constraints of management
responsibilities. This study contributes towards the dynamics of Higher Education in Pakistan is being
understanding of the major constraints of management identified so that every literate Person can be aware of the
dynamics of higher education in Pakistan. The major issue and HEC could become able to strive in their own
constraints are Financial, socio-cultural, technological, capacity to resolve them. Secondly this study will help the
availability of skilled man power, quality and are of HEC to minimize its management concerns and then it will
infrastructure, which were taken as independent variables to
directly impact the student performance and a particular
be tested against the dependent variable of management of
higher education in Pakistan and student willingness and increase to the quality of education.The level and quality of
interest taken as moderating variable. Higher Education Higher Education in Pakistan started experiencing change
Commission of Pakistan is putting serious efforts to overcome when Higher Education Commission replaced the
these main constraints to promote higher education in University Grants Commission in 2002. Pakistan is a very
Pakistan. Three different public universities namely Quaid-I- large country with very diversified population which carries
Azim University, International Islamic University and Federal diverse ethnic and linguistics features. Some of its problems
Urdu University of Science and Technology based in Islamabad are related to regional poverty, few from external pressures and
were studied to collect in depth knowledge in the form of some are from attitudinal factors and they all are required
primary data about different constraints of higher education
to be identified and addressed. This research study provides
faced by students and a sample of 500 students were studied
out of a total population of 9000 students studying at higher us with an overview of the overall situation of different
levels (Masters, M.Phil and Ph.D). Enough of the already constraints of management dynamics of higher education
available relevant literature was studied and Interpretation of in Pakistan. Some people might argue that the HEC has
the data gave us the findings that concrete measures must be not had enough time for its programs to take root. There is
formulated and implemented by Higher Education some truth in this way of thinking, but an equally forceful
Commission of Pakistan to minimize the deteriorating impact opposing argument is that the working of the HEC should be
of these constraints for the management of higher education in brought out in to the light as quickly and as frequently
Pakistan and strategic plans must be introduced in higher as possible, so that false turnings leading to irremediable
education similar to that of corporate world.
educational or developmental must not practiced. This
I. INTRODUCTION research study also focuses on identifying the factors which
serves as constraints of the management dynamics of higher
T ertiary education represents the “Higher Education” and
in Pakistan this education is provided at three level-
degree colleges operates at provincial and at federal level.
education causing very low rate of success in Pakistan.
III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Generally they are affiliated with the universities in public 1) The major objective includes
sector for award of degrees. Secondly, institutes, who has
degree awarding status but their span of academic activity in The exploration of the constraints of management dynamics
terms of number of disciplines taught, is limited, and finally of higher education in Pakistan.
at university level. For the present study I concentrated on 2) The specific objectives are as follow
three public sector universities based in Islamabad.In the
present research the unit of study is “management 1) To find out the effect of social problems of students
dynamics” and “students” getting education under the HEC as a constraint to the level of higher education in
recommended universities. The study is based on the Pakistan.
concept of major constraints of management dynamics faced 2) To find out the effect of financial problems of
___________________________ students and quality of education as a constraint to
About1-Faculty of Management Sciences International Islamic University the level of higher education in Pakistan.
Islamabad, Pakistan hghufran@yahoo.com
About2- Department of Management Sciences Bahria University Islamabad
Pakistan awsiraj@hotmail.com
About3- Department of Anthropology Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad
Pakistan aneelapr@yahoo.com

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3) Theoretical framework life experience in earning education in different universities
Dependent variable of this research study is given below: under the umbrella of the higher education of Pakistan, and
an attempt is made to ascertain the effect of these potential
• Constraints of management dynamics of higher
independent variables on the chosen dependent variable
education
such as constraints of management dynamics of higher
The following factors are taken as independent variables of
education in Pakistan.
the study.
V. POPULATION
• Socio cultural Problems
• Financial management problems The population of the present study is all the students of
• Willingness and interest of students has been taken three universities who are at the masters, M.phil and Ph D
as the moderating variable. level. And the sampled population is the students of masters,
M.phil and Ph D level education in Quad-i-Azam
IV. METHODOLOGY University, Islamabad, Islamic International University,
Islamabad and the Federal Urdu university ( Islamabad
The present study is based on grouping subjects which campus). The total size of the population in these three
already tend to have something happened to them as part of universities is 19000.
1) Sample
The sample of the present study is 500 which are about 2% of the population size.
Level of QAU IIU FUU (Isb) Total
studies Pop. Sample Pop. Sample Pop. Sample Pop. size Sample
size size Size size size size size
Masters 2100 103 4400 216 1800 88 8300 407
M. Phil 400 19 600 29 300 15 1300 63
PhD 200 10 400 20 - - 600 30
Total 2700 132 5400 265 2100 103 10200 500
Where
QAU = Quad i Azam university
IIU = Islamic International university
FUU = Federal Urdu University
allotted numerical value as 1, 2, 3, and so on and every
component of question was coded alphabetically.In the
VI. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION present study, first the data is arranged in groups and
The data collocation method used in the present study is classes. Then coded material was transferred on a graph
interview schedule.It is the combination of interview sheet and afterwards with its help simple and contingency
techniques and questionnaire method. A questionnaire was tables are made, for each characteristic of the unit of study.
constructed and the respondents were face-to- face VII. ANALYSIS
interviewed. The questionnaire is formulated in English. 5%
of the questionnaires were rechecked to ensure the validity As this is a descriptive research, that is we have to describe
and reliability of the data. After the collection of data the the indicators of the study so the data has been analyzed by
questions were edited and discrepancies were revalidated constructing tables and chart to study the nature of data. In
and rectified in an organized way.In the present research this present study our main task was to elicit all those factors
twenty-five respondents were interviewed randomly selected which creates hurdles towards higher education, those vari-
out of the universe to check the validity. As a result some ables are like personal and social development, quality as-
changes were made in the interview schedule. Similarly the surance, teaching and learning, administrative problem/
language of the questions was further simplified and research facilities, human and material resources, and
necessary corrections were made to finalize the interview financial problems. For that purpose research had been ori-
schedule. Almost all questions were close-ended, that is, ginated from primary level onward and then data was tested
options were given after every question. This method is through statistical tools. Further more all the responses of
convenient and swift for respondents to answer, answer of variables have been described through tables and charts.
different respondents are easier to compare, answer are
easier to be coded and statistical analysis, and the responses VIII. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS
can clarify that questions are short, clear, and direct. After Poor economic condition of the people of Pakistan is a
the data was collected, each interview schedule was given a constraint to promote higher education.
serial number and the each question and questions in the
interview schedule were allotted a symbols which is know
as a code numbers. In the present study every question was

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Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 1.00
114 22.7 22.7 22.7
2.00
274 54.7 54.7 77.3
3.00
100 20.0 20.0 97.3
4.00 2 2.7 2.7 100.0
5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Total 500 100.0 100.0
Poor economic condition of the people of Pakistan is a constraint to promote higher education
Response
1) Interpretation
According to calculations, 22.7% strongly agreed and 54.7% 2.70% respondents disagreed. Consequently, we may
respondents agreed with the statement that poor economic conclude that poor economic condition of the people of
condition of the people of Pakistan is a constraint to Pakistan is a constraint to promote higher
promote higher education. 20.0% had shown neutrality, education.Socio/cultural values of different regions of
Pakistan work as a constraint.
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
74 14.7 14.9 14.9
Valid 1.00
2.00 14 2.7 2.7 17.6
3.00 153 30.7 31.1 48.6
4.00 146 29.3 29.7 78.4
5.00 106 21.3 21.6 100.0
Total 492 98.7 100.0
Missing System 7 1.3
Total 500 100.0
Socio/cultural values of different regions of Pakistan work as a constraint

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Response
2) Interpretation
According to calculations, 14.7% strongly agreed and 2.7% Financial problems faced by students and their parents work
respondents showed agreement with the statement that as the major constraint in attaining higher education,
Socio/cultural values of different regions of Pakistan work majority of respondents agreed with this concept. Social
as a constraint.30.0% had shown neutrality, 29.30% and cultural values of the people of certain regions of
respondents disagreed and 21.3% had strongly disagreed. Pakistan don’t allow co-education at higher level which is a
Consequently, we may conclude that Socio/cultural values constraint to higher education management in
of different regions of Pakistan work as a constraint. Pakistan.Social problems faced by the teachers adversely
affect their teaching abilities, students also agree that lack of
IX. CONCLUSION library and laboratory facilities may also lead to ineffective
This section focused on major conclusions which are given teaching.
below:
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