Roadmap to the Future Roads

1© Ricardo Inc. 2015May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain © Ricardo Inc. 2015
Roadmap to autonomous driving
AV Levels and Their Impact on Powertrains of the Future
Ali Maleki
VicePresident, BusinessDevelopment
ConnectedandAutonomous Vehicles
May 21,2015

2© Ricardo Inc. 2015May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Agenda
• Integration into more powerful controllers
• New software-based model
• Today’s Levels of Automation
• SAE / NHTSA Levels Definitions
• Drive Cycle Complexity
• Requisite Technologies
• Roadmap Timeline Models
• Conventional Vehicles Timeline
• Shared Mobility, (Personal-Public
Transportation) Timeline
• Combined effects
Autonomous Driving
Overview
Autonomous Driving
Roadmaps
Powertrain Controls and
Electronics
for Autonomous Vehicle
Roadmaps

100 YEARS OF INNOVATION
Ricardo is a global leader in consulting, design and engineering for a broad range of
products in multiple industries. Ricardo is one of the world's most highly respected
and experienced engine, transmission, driveline, hybrid-electric, connected and
autonomous systems engineering teams.

Background Terminology*
• Dynamic driving task:
– Operational: Steering, braking,
accelerating, monitoring the
vehicle and roadway
– Tactical: Responding to events,
determining when to change
lanes, turn, use signals, etc.
• Driving mode: driving scenario
characterizing the dynamic driving
task requirements; e.g.,
expressway merging, high speed
cruising, low speed traffic jam,
closed-campus operations, etc.
• Request to intervene: notification
by the automated driving system to
a human driver that s/he should
promptly begin or resume
performance of the dynamic
driving task
* SAE J3016

• Adaptive Cruise
Control
• Collision Warning
System
• Lane Departure
Warning
• Lane Keeping Assist
• Blind Spot Monitor
• Park Assist
• Navigation Systems
• Traffic Sign
Recognition
• Adaptive High Beams
• Hill climb assist
Current Vehicle ‘Smart’ Systems
Today’s levels of Automation
• Automatic Transmission
• Cruise Control
• Passive Safety Systems
• ABS + Stability Systems
• Electric Power Steering
• Electronic Throttle Control
• Electronic Engine Controls
Manual Driving Assisted

NHSTA Driving Automation Definitions
• The driver is in complete and sole control of the primary vehicle controls – brake,
steering, throttle, and motive power – at all times
• One or more specific control functions; e.g. electronic stability control or pre-
charged brakes
• Two or more functions designed to work in unison; e.g. Adaptive Cruise Control in
combination with Lane Centering
• Driver able to cede full control of all safety-critical functions under certain traffic or
environmental conditions, where changes in those conditions require transition back
to driver control
No-Automation
(Level 0)
Function-
specific Automation
(Level 1)
Combined Function
Automation
(Level 2):
• All driving functions performed by system. The driver only provides destination or
navigation input
Limited Self-Driving
Automation
(Level 3)
Full Self-Driving
Automation
(Level 4)

SAE J3016 (Jan 2014) Driving Automation Definitions
Human
driver
monitors the
driving
environment
Automated
driving
system
(“system”)
monitors the
driving
environment

NHTSA and SAE Levels of Automation
SAE
Level 5
Level 1 Level 3 Level 4Level 2
ACC
ESC
ACC
LKA
Self
Location
IMG AI
DLNN
V2X
NHTSA Level 4
Function-specific
Automation
Combined Function
Automation
Limited Self-Driving
Automation
Driver Assistance Partial Automation Conditional Automation
Full Self-Driving Automation Full Automation
High Automation

Autonomous Driving Algorithms
95% of driving tasks may be codified
w/ conventional algorithms (filter,
control loops, DSP techniques)
based on standard programming
languages…
…the 5% exceptions need
heuristic algorithms

Dynamic Driving Complexity and Mode
Semi-Automated Fully-AutomatedHighly Automated
ACC / LKA
ETC, EBS, EPS
ADAS
Traffic Jam Assist
Lane change
Backup aide
Intersection Assist
Pedestrian, side object
Traffic sign detection
V2X
Highs-peed Freeway UrbanLow-speed Freeway
2010 20252015 2020
Dynamic Driving Complexity and ModeLow High
L4L2 L3
Codified/Scripted Deep Learning Machines, AI

Content
Long Range Forward Looking Radar (LFLR)
ECU
LRFLR
• Range: 150-250 Meters
• Frequency 76-77 GHz

Content
Short Range Side Radar
ECU
SRSR
SRSR
• Frequency 24 GHz

Content
360° Camera view
GPU / ASIC
RCAM
LCAM
FCAM
BCAM

Content
360° LIDAR View
ECU
RLIDR
LLIDR
FLIDR
BLIDR
• IR Laser (905 nm)

Content
Inertial Motion Unit (Rate and Acceleration Sensors)
ECU
IMU
• Rate Sensors: Yaw, Roll, Pitch
• Accelerometers: x, y, z
• Interface: Analog, Digital

Content
Connected Car: V2V / V2I + Cloud Data Aggregation
Motion Controller
DSRC
LTE

Content
Sensor Fusion
GPU / DSP
LRFLR
CAM
LIDR
V2X
SRSR

Content
Self Localization
ECU
IMU
Sensor Fusion
GPS

Motion Control
Content
Motion Control:
Performing Operational and Tactical Dynamic Tasks
Sensor Fusion Self Localization
Situational Assessment
Path planning
Lane change, speed, turn
Perception
Actuation

t0 t2 t4t1 t3
Model to Build the Technology Rollout Roadmap Timeline
Components
Technology Bits
Subsystem
System
Components
Technology Bits
Subsystem
Components
Technology Bits
Components Technology Bits
Subsystem
System
Subsystem

Level 3 Driving (Conditional-automation) Roadmap
Radar, Lidar
SiGe, GaAs
ACC
Level 2
AD
Digital
Camera
ASIC /
FPGA
LDW
MEMS IMU
2000 2020 20402010
GPU
V2X
2030
Level 3
AD
LKA
EPS
Hi-Res
Maps
ASIL C & D
Controllers
DSRC
Hi-Res
Radars/Lidars
Level 4
AD
3G/4G

0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Conventional Automated Vehicles’ Adoption Roadmap
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 …
ConventionalVehicles
High-End
Mid-Class
Low-End
L2
L2
L2
L3
L3
L3
L4
L4
L4
L2 L3 L4L1

Shared-Mobility / Public-Personal Transportation Roadmap
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 …
SharedMobility
Vehicles
Limited
Driving
Modes
All-Modes L4L3
L3 L4
Par
kin
g/C
har
gin
g
I
n
d
u
s
t
Ma
teri
als
Rec
ycl
e
Long
Dista
nce
Trans
port
U
r
b
a
n
H
Re
mo
te
Ch
arg
ing
S
o
l
a
r
Pl
a
t
o
o
ni
n
g
C
l
o
u
d
P
r
o
c
e
s
Com
mute
r
Rapi
d
Trans
it
High
Speed
Interci
ty
Transit
U
r
b
a
n
I
n
n
e
r
C
i
t
y
B
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
I
n
t
e
r
c
i
t
y

Shared Mobility AV Disruption
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
L2
L3
L4
L4L3
Conventional Vehicles
Shared Mobility Vehicles
Low-End
High-End
2010 2020 2030 2040
Mid-Class
L1
Fewer & fewer total number of vehicles.

Performance in the Context of Fully Automated Vehicles
The “Ultimate Passenger Experience” becomes
the key attribute
If “the Ultimate Driving Machine” is self-driven
Standardization and commoditization of
Powertrains’ performance such tip-in response,
acceleration and ride and handling
Differentiation on
Fuel efficiency, reliability and functional safety, HMI, connectivity, ride and comfort,
NVH, Integration with wearables
Driver health monitoring, mobile office features

Library of smart sensors/actuators/local Controllers
Scalable, Standardized and Modular Architectures
Highly-integrated
electronics
Integrated
PCM
Integrated
VCM
High-speed redundant network

Today: Numerous Controllers, Grouped on Subnets
Brakes
Steering eMotors
BMS
Inverters
ECM
TCM
HVAC
ESC
Adaptive
Lighting
Seats
Mirrors
Driver
Controls
Instruments
Multimedia
Telematic Navigation
RESS
ABS
LKA
ACC
Park
Assist
LDW
Emergency
Braking
Traffic Jam
Assist
Highway
Autopilot
Blindspot
Rear
Camera
Radars
Lidars
Front
Camera
Side
Cameras
DSRC
IMU
ADAS Sensors
Airbags
Impact
Sensors
Occupant
Classification
Seat Belts
Passive
Safety Systems

Body Infotainment
ControllerIntegrated Vehicle
Control Module (iVCU)
Integrated Powertrian
Control Module (iPCM)
Today: Numerous Controllers, Grouped on Subnets
Brakes
Steering eMotors
BMS
Inverters
ECM
TCM
HVAC
ESC
Adaptive
Lighting
Seats
Mirrors
Driver
Controls
Instruments
Multimedia
Telematic Navigation
RESS
ABS
LKA
ACC
Park
Assist
LDW
Emergency
Braking
Traffic Jam
Assist
Highway
Autopilot
Blindspot
Rear
Camera
Radars
Lidars
Front
Camera
Side
Cameras
DSRC
IMU
ADAS Sensors
Airbags
Impact
Sensors
Occupant
Classification
Seat Belts
Passive
Safety Systems

Application Framework
iVCU BOM
Software Plug-in Environment
HVAC Controls
Transmission
Control
Starter/
Alternator
Control Unit
Electronic Throttle
Control
Energy Storage
Management
Electric Power
Steering
ABS / Stability
Control
Body Controls
Package Config
OTA Mgmt
Parameter Mgmt
Safety & Security
Mgmt
Logging,
Diagnostics,
Prognostics
OS, BSP, Drivers
ASIL D Hardware
• Provide environment to drop in ‘apps’ for various vehicle functions
• Isolate the overall package management functional safety from individual apps

Other Hot Topics
The Locomotive Act of 1865
(Red Flag Act)
Self-propelled vehicles shall be accompanied by a crew of three; and if the
vehicle is attached to two or more vehicles an additional person is to
accompany the vehicles, and a man with a red flag walking at least 60 yards
ahead of each vehicle, who is also required assist with the passage of horses
and carriages. The vehicle is required to stop at the signal of the flagbearer
Speed limit shall be 4 mph (2 mph in towns)
We have been there before and we will resolve this
• Legal, warranty and insurance
• Roadway infrastructure needs

Other Hot Topics
We have managed safety and security critical systems to a high degree
of success
• Safety and security

• Transition from manual to autonomous vehicles
Other Hot Topics
We have done this before too.

• Transitionary period from manual to autonomous vehicles
• Energy storage and refueling / recharging
Other Hot Topics
Opportunities to develop infrastructure to provide robotic refueling /
plugging or inductive charging

• Transitionary period from manual to autonomous vehicles
• Energy storage and refueling / recharging
• Robot takeover
Other Hot Topics
“I don't think we have to worry about autonomous cars,
because that's sort of a narrow form of AI, and not
something I think is very difficult to do actually—to do
autonomous driving to the degree that's much safer
than a person is much easier than people think.”
Elon Musk at the GTC March 2015

Conclusion
• Mega-cities population growth
• Increased need for on-demand mobility
• Millennials and post-millennials are not that into cars lol yolo
• Increased demand for safety and energy efficiency
• AV will have a significant positive impact on the lives of the elderly and
disabled
• Gain in individual productivity while not driving
• Technology readiness
• U.S. auto sales may drop about 40 percent in the next 25 years
• The low and mid range conventional vehicles may disappear
• The largest contribution to the value chain will come from advanced
electronics and algorithms
Why AVs are coming
Sea change in our industry

Roadmap to the Future Roads

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