The document summarizes key points regarding responding to the challenge of climate change from an international perspective. It discusses the scientific evidence of climate change, politics of climate change negotiations, and outlines a way forward of taking decisive action to transition to low-carbon societies in order to avoid disastrous consequences of climate change.

1. Responding to the Challenge of Climate Change From an international perspective 24 December, 2010 Hironori Hamanaka Professor, Keio University Graduate School of Media and Governance Chair, Board of Directors Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Asia Pacific Initiative (API) Climate, Energy and Food Security

3. Increasingly frequent extreme weather events Flooding in southern Pakistan ( picture taken in 5 August 2010), source ： AFP Heat wave and forest fire in Russia, source ： National Geographic News, 12 August 2010

4. １９７８ １９９８ Retreating Himalayan Glaciers Source: Nagoya University

6. Source: Martin Manning, “Climate Change 2007: Observations and Drivers of Climate Change” Warming of the climate system is unequivocal.

7. Global and continental temperature change Models using only natural forcings Models using both natural and anthropogenic forcings Observations Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, Summary for Policy Makers, 2007 Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20 th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic GHG concentrations.

8. Global anthropogenic GHG emissions Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, Summary for Policy Makers, 2007

10. Emission allowances in 2020/2050 for various GHG concentration levels (relative to 1990 emissions) Source: IPCC AR4 WGIII Report, Chapter 13, p776.

18. Staying under the 2℃ threshold will require a very stringent goal, and the longer the delay in implementation, the steeper the trajectory required … Source: Global Environment Outlook GEO4 environment for development, UNEP, 2007 And yet, there are large differences in per capita emissions among regions and countries …

19. Halving global GHG emissions and ensuring carbon space for development 途上国

20. Is it possible for developing countries to take pathways towards low-carbon leapfrog-development? Source: Dr. Shuzo Nishioka, Dr. Mikiko Kainuma, NIES, 2008 It is important to avoid the risk of locking in more CO 2 -intensive energy technologies , and to capture an opportunity to leapfrog towards a low-carbon economy

25. Mitigation targets/ actions submitted by Parties Country Mitigation targets / actions Japan 25% reduction from 1990 level EU 20% reduction from 1990 level US 17% reduction from 2005 level China 40-45% reduction of CO 2 /GDP from 2005 level Korea 30% reduction from BAU level Indonesia 26% reduction from BAU level India 20-25% reduction of CO 2 /GDP from 2005 level Brazil 36.1-38.9% reduction from BAU level

30. Global ecological overshoot depleting the very resources on which human life and biodiversity depend… “ Today humanity uses the equivalent of 1.3 planets to provide the resources we use and absorb our waste” Source: World Footprint Do we fit on the planet?, Global Footprint Network, http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/

31. Ecological Footprint Quiz Source: http://myfootprint.org/en/

33. Where is your family’s carbon emissions ranked? Source: http://www.uchi-eco.com/index.php?mode=uchieco Your family Average Carbon emissions Your family is ranked at Among 100 families. Power rates Gas rates Your family Average

34. Carbon emissions at home: from what sources and how much amount? If you choose “modest eco-action”, you need to reduce your CO 2 emissions by 17%. Use of hot water Use of motor vehicle Other sources

35. Actions for reducing CO 2 emissions Choose your actions for CO 2 reduction CO2 reduction Energy cost reduction Target Target achieved! Purchase efficient hot water supply system Reduce the use of motor vehicle by half

36. Thank you very much Hironori Hamanaka Professor, Keio University Graduate School of Media and Governance Chair of the Board of Directors Institute for Global Environmental Strategies [email_address]