1. Aplikasi Teori/Model Konsepsual
Keperawatan dalam Pelayanan
Kesehatan
Achir Yani S. Hamid, D.N.Sc

2. Kerjakan dalam 10 menit
 Ambil selembar kertas
 Tulis pengalaman pribadi anda yang paling
berkesan yang telah meningkatkan
pengetahuan anda tentang keperawatan
 Bisa pengalaman ketika praktik di tempat
kerja, mendidik atau meneliti
 Apa makna dari pengalaman tersebut bagi
kehidupan personal dan professional anda

3. Epistemology
 Epistemology: the study of what human beings
know; how they come to know what they think
they know and what the criteria are for
evaluating knowledge claims
 Nursing epistemology: the study of knowledge
shared among the members of the discipline,
the patterns of knowing and knowledge that
developed from them an the criteria for
accepting knowledge claims

4. Types of knowledge specific to
nursing as a discipline
 Clinical knowledge
 Conceptual knowledge
 Empirical knowledge

5. Pattern s of Knowing
 Empirics, the science of nursing
 Aesthetics, the art of nursing
 The component of a personal
knowledge in nursing
 Ethics, the component of moral
knowledge in nursing

6. Ontology of nursing
 Its locus in person as caring in
community with others and with
universe

7. Epistemological and ontological questions
related to patterns of knowing and ways of being
Concept Epistemology Ontology
Empirical
Esthetic
How do I come to know the
knowable?
How do I come to know the
artistry?
How do I find meaning in
what I know?
What does my perceptual
sensibility to art reveal to
me?
Personal knowledge
Ethical
How do I come to know who I
am?
How do I come to know what I
morally ought to do?
Who I am?
Who ought I to be
morally?

8. Pattern of Knowing
Pattern Description Mode of Inquiry Examples of
Evodence
Empirics Publicly verifiable, factual descriptions,
explanations, or predictions based on
subjective or objective group data; the
science of nursing
Empirical research Scientific data
Ethics Descriptions of moral obligations,
moral and nonmoral values, and
desired ends; the ethics of nursing
Identification, analysis, and
clarification of beliefs and
values; dialogue about and
justification of beliefs and
values
Standards of
practice, codes
of ethics,
philosophies of
nurisng
Personal Expression of the quality and
authenticity of the interpersonal
process between each nurse and each
patient; the interpersonal relationships
of nursing
Opening, centering,
thinking, listening and
reflecting
Autobiographical
stories
Aesthetics Expressions of the nurse’s perception
of what is significant in an individual
patient’s behavior; the art and act of
nursing
Envisioning possibilities,
rehearsing nursing art and
acts
Aesthetic
criticism and
works of art

9. Pengakuan terhadap esensi
sbg keyakinan :
 Pandangan utuh tentang manusia
 Komitmen terhadap caring sbg suatu
ungkapan rasa kemanusian
 Perspektfi tentang pendidikan yg
mengakui kesatuan antara mind-body-
spirit dan pengakuan

10. Keperawatan
 Disiplin Ilmiah
 Disiplin Ilmiah merupakan body of knowledge
terdiri lebihd dari satu paradigma untuk
menuntun pencaritahuan ilmiah guna
memahami fenomena
 Paradigma adalah cara pandang dunia tentang
suatu fenomena yang menjadi fokus (concern)
dari suatu disiplin
 Pengembangan paradigma diperlukan untuk
memperkokoh suatu disiplin, dan tiap paradigma
akan menhasilkan beberapa teori

11. Sains Keperawatan
 Science = to know
 The theoretical explanation of the
subject of inquiry and the
methodological process of attaining
knowledge in a discipline, thus science
is both product and process

12. Research
 Research is how we create science
 The formal process of seeking
knowledge and understanding through
use of rigorous methodologies
 A systematic investigation designed to
develop or contribute to generalize
knowledge

13.  Falsafah Ilmu
 Falsafah keperawatan dan perannya
dalam pengembangan ilmu keperawatan
 Keperawatan sebagai profesi/disiplin
FALSAFAH KEPERAWATAN

14. Teori:
 Serangkaian hubungan antar konsep yang
menguraikan & meramalkan fenomena disiplin,
mencakup:
 Asumsi: pernyataan mengenai fenomena
sentral suatu disiplin yang mewakili keyakinan
pakar teori.
 Konsep: ide abstrak tertulis pada tingkat teoritis
yang merupakan fondasi bangunan suatu teori.
 Prinsip: pernyataan yang menghubungkan >2
konsep tertulis pada tingkat teoritis.
 Proposisi: pernyataan yang menghubungkan >
2 konsep dari prinsip, sehingga dapat menjadi
pedoman untuk riset dan praktik

15. Ilmu:
 Kumpulan pengetahuan yang padat & proses
mengetahui melalui penyelidikan sistematis &
terkendali: metode ilmiah.
 Proses perbaikan diri berkesinambungan
yang melibatkan perkembangan teori & uji
empiris
 Bertujuan: mengamati, mengklarifikasi &
menyelidiki hubungan yang memberikan
pengertian tentang fenomena

16. Falsafah
Pengetahuan
Proses pikir
abstrak
Introspekesi
Intuisi
Pembenaran
(reasoning)
Uji Realitas
(Penelitian)
Dunia Empiris
Praktik Keperawatan
Abstrak
Konkrit
Ilmu Teori

17. Model Konseptual Pemberian
Asuhan Keperawatan
 Dikembangkan atas pandangan/
pengetahuan teoritik para pakar
keperawatan tentang keperawatan
yang bertolak dari paradigma
keperawatan
•Praktik
•Pendidikan
•Riset

18. Beberapa Model Konseptual:
 Complementary-supplementary Model
(Henderson)
 Self Care Model (Orem)
 Interpersonal Process Model (Peplau)
 Health Care System Model (Neuman)
 Adaptation Model (Roy)

19. Paradigma
Keperawatan
Henderson
PeplauB.Neuman
Orem
•Konsep sentral
•Tujuh elemen utama
•Proses keperawatan
•Konsep sentral
•Tujuh elemen utama
•Proses keperawatan
•Konsep sentral
•Tujuh elemen utama
•Proses keperawatan
Model Konseptual

20. Model Konseptual dan Praktik Keperawatan
Fokus pada hubungan
Ners Klien
•Deskripsi konsep sentral
•Tujuh elemen utama
•Proses keperawatan

21. Model Konseptual dan Praktik Keperawatan
Paradigma Kep
Hubungan dg
konsep utama atau
deskripsi konsep
sentral/paradigma
keperawatan
Intervensi Kep
7 elemen utama
Asuhan kep.:
Tujuan askep,
klien, peran ners,
masalah kep,
fokus intervensi,
cara intervensi,
konsekuensi
tindakan
Proses Kep.
Hubungan dg
penerapan
metode/proses
Kep sbg metode
ilmiah menyelesai
kan masalah kep,
yg dihadapi kien

22. Model Konseptual & Praktik
Keperawatan
 Deskripsi konsep sentral: manusia,
masyarakat/lingkungan, sehat dan
keperawatan
 Tujuh elemen utama: tujuan askep, klien,
peran ners, masalah keperawatan, fokus
intervensi, cara /metode intervensi,
konsekuensi intervensi
 Proses keperawatan: pengkajian, diagnosis
keperawatan, perencanaan tindakan,
melaksanakan intervernsi kep, dan evaluasi
hasil tindakan.

23. Model Pemberian Askep
(Nursing Delivery Models)
fungsional
tim
kasus/total care
primer

24.  When a new discovery is reported to
the scientific world, they say first, “it is
probably not true.” When the truth of
the proposition has been demonstrated
beyond question, they say, “it may be
true, but it is not important. “when
sufficient time has elapsed to fully
evidence its importance they say,
“Surely it is important, but it is no longer
new.” (Montaigne in Parse, 1987)