A photocopier (also called copier or copy machine, and formerly Xerox machine, the generic trademark) is a machine that makes copies of documents and other visual images onto paper or plastic film quickly and cheaply. Most modern photocopiers use a technology called xerography, a dry process that uses electrostatic charges on a light-sensitive photoreceptor to first attract and then transfer toner particles (a powder) onto paper in the form of an image. The toner is then fused onto the paper using heat, pressure, or a combination of both. Copiers can also use other technologies, such as inkjet, but xerography is standard for office copying. Commercial xerographic office photocopying was introduced by Xerox in 1959,[1] and it gradually replaced copies made by Verifax, Photostat, carbon paper, mimeograph machines, and other duplicating machines. Photocopying is widely used in the business, education, and government sectors. While there have been predictions that photocopiers will eventually become obsolete as information workers increase their use of digital document creation, storage and distribution, and rely less on distributing actual pieces of paper, as of 2015, photocopiers continue to be widely used. During the 1980s, a convergence began in some high-end machines towards what came to be called a multi-function printer: a device that combined the roles of a photocopier, a fax machine, a scanner, and a computer network-connected printer. Low-end machines that can copy and print in color have increasingly dominated the home-office market as their prices fell steadily during the 1990s. High-end color photocopiers capable of handling heavy duty cycles and large-format printing remain a costly option found primarily in print and design shops.

1. GROUP 13
INVENTION OF
PHOTOCOPYING (XEROX)

2. GROUP MEMBERS:
201903100210122
ZUBER SHAIKH
201903100210100
ZEEL DHOLAKIA
201903100210099
PRINCE VASOYA
201903100210102
URVI TRIVEDI DHAVAL PATEL
201903100210039
UKA TARSADIA UNIVERSITY

3. CONTENTS…
 Introduction
 Inventor’s history
 A problem and a
solution
 Further progress
 Five step process
 Bibliography
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4. INTRODUCTION
- A photocopier is a machine that
makes copies of documents and
other visual images onto paper
or plastic film quickly and
cheaply.
- Photocopying is widely used in
business, education and
government sectors.
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5. INVENTION AND HISTORY

6. INVENTOR’S HISTORY
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 INVENTOR- Chester Carlson
 Fascinated by Chemistry and printing at an
early age.
 As a teenager, worked for a local printer and
was able to publish a magazine for young
chemists.
 Went to college at California Institute of
Technology (Caltech) - degree in Physics.
 Soon after, moved to New York where genesis
of photocopier was born.

7. A PROBLEM AND A
SOLUTION.
While working in New York in a patent department, Carlson
found that he was wasting lots of time and money on
creating carbon copies of documents. He longed for a
better way. For months, Carlson conducted research and
experiments to create a new device that could copy
documents with the push of a single button.
The Principle behind the invention Carlson created was
called ELECTROGRAPHY/XEROGRAPHY.
With this principle, he used static electricity via a
handkerchief, light and dry powder to make the first copy
on October 22,1938
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8. FURTHER PROGRESS…
-Even with Carlson and Xerox’s
photocopier success, they kept
striving to refine their product.
In 1970, Xerox released a
photocopier that could print on
both sides of a sheet of paper,
thus saving resources. In the
70’s also saw the dawn of
colour copiers and automatic
feeders, which allowed users to
place a stack of papers in the
photocopier for processing
instead of placing each sheet
one at a time.
-Xerox grew to be one of
the pillars of the copier
industry, but Carlson’s
efforts did not go
unheralded. He became a
multimillionaire and
received numerous awards
for his work, including
inventor of the year in
1964 and the Horatio Alger
award in 1966.
Today photocopiers and
related technology have
become commonplace.
Still, Carlson lit the match
that sparked an entire
industry and convenience
for people everywhere
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9. CHARGE
Charged in
dark by
applying high
DC voltage
1
EXPOSE
Image is
exposed on
photoreceptor
with scanned
modulated
laser
2
DEVELOP
Charged
Toner(pigmente
d powder)
superimpositio
n produces full
color
documents.
3
TRANSFER
Image
transferred
from
photoreceptor
onto paper by
interaction of
toner with a
charged
polarity
opposite to it.
4
FUSE AND
CLEAN
Toner
comprising the
image melted
and bonded to
paper. Residual
toner must be
removed
before next
cycle.
5
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FIVE STEP PROCESS…

10. 3/15/2022 10
To counter the risk of people using color copiers to create counterfeit copies of paper
currency, some countries have incorporated anti-counterfeiting technologies into their
currency. These include watermarks, microprinting, holograms, tiny security strips made of
plastic (or other material), and ink that appears to change color as the currency is viewed at
an angle. Some photocopying machines contain special software that can prevent copying
currency that contains a special pattern.
Color copying also raises concerns regarding the copying and/or forging of other documents
as well, such as driver's licenses and university degrees and transcripts. Some driver's
licenses are made with embedded holograms so that a police officer can detect a fake copy.
Some university and college transcripts have special anti-copying watermarks in the
background. If a copy is made, the watermarks will become highly visible, which allows the
recipient to determine that they have a copy rather than a genuine original transcript.
COUNTERFEITING

11. HEALTH ISSUES
- Exposure to ultraviolet light is a
concern. In the early days of
photocopiers, the sensitizing light
source was filtered green to match the
optimal sensitivity of the
photoconductive surface. This filtering
conveniently removed all ultraviolet.
Currently, a variety of light sources are
used. As glass transmits ultraviolet rays
between 325 and 400 nanometers.
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12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• en.m.wikipedia.org
• officespacecopier.com
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13. THANK YOU