Seminar report of 3D Holographic Projection Technology (Hologram).

A Seminar Report on
3D HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION TECHNOLOGY
by
Safwan sadi (1609721085)
Submitted to the department of
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
In the partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of
Bachelor of technology
In
EEE
Under the guidance of
Mr. Amit Rai
Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University
April, 2020

3D HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION TECHNOLOGY by – Safwan sadi
Dept. of EEE Galgotias college of engineering &technology
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Project report entitled ”3D HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
TECHNOLOGY” which is submitted by SAFWAN SADI in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of degree B. Tech. in Department of ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow,
is a record of the candidate own work carried out by him under our supervision. The matter
embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.
.
Seminar coordinator: Head of department:
Mr. Amit Rai Dr. A Ambikapathy

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have immense pleasure to present this seminar report on “3D Holographic Projection
Technology” a topic of my personal interest. Firstly, I thank ‘God’, the almighty for giving me
such a great opportunity to present this seminar.
I express my sincere gratitude A. Ambikapathy (HOD of Electronics and Communication) for
her support.
I sincerely express my thanks to Mr. Amit Rai for the approval and guidance given.
Lastly, I sincerely express my gratitude to other teachers and my dear friends for their valuable
co-operation and help.
Safwan sadi

ABSTRACT
This seminar examines the new technology of Holographic Projections. It highlights the
importance and need of this technology and how it represents the new wave in the future of
technology and communications, the different application of the technology, the fields of life it
will dramatically affect including business, education, telecommunication and healthcare. The
paper also discusses the future of holographic technology and how it will prevail in the coming
years highlighting how it will also affect and reshape many other fields of life, technologies
and businesses.
Holography is a diffraction-based coherent imaging technique in which a complex
three-dimensional object can be reproduced from a flat, two-dimensional screen with a
complex transparency representing amplitude and phase values. It is commonly agreed that
real-time holography is the ne plus ultra art and science of visualizing fast temporally changing
3-D scenes. The integration of the real-time or electro-holographic principle into display
technology is one of the most promising but also challenging developments for the future
consumer display and TV market. Only holography allows the reconstruction of natural-
looking 3-D scenes, and therefore provides observers with a completely comfortable viewing
experience. But to date several challenges have prevented the technology from becoming
commercialized. But those obstacles are now starting to be overcome. Recently, we have
developed a novel approach to real-time display holography by combining an overlapping sub-
hologram technique with a tracked viewing-window technology.

CONTENTS
Page no.
01. INTRODUCTION 06-08
02. WHY HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 08-11
03. 3D HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY 11-12
3.A THE HOLOGRAM 12-14
04. THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF HOLOGRAPHY 14-26
05. LASER DIODE HOLOGRAPHY 26-26
06. HOLOGRAM AND TYPES 26-26
6.A. THE REFLECTION HOLOGRAM 27-31
6.B. TRANSMISSION HOLOGRAM 32-35
6.C. COMPUTER GENERATED HOLOGRAM 35-36
07. HYBRID HOLOGRAMS 36-38
08. ADVANCE HOLOGRAPHY 38-40
09. WORKING OF HOLOGRAM 41-43
10. ADVANTAGES OF HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY 43-44
11. APPLICATIONS 44-46
12. FUTURE SCOPE 46-48
13. CONCLUSION 48-49
14. REFERENCES 49-50

01. INTRODUCTION.
Holography is a 3D display technology first invented in 1947 and depends on
special optical setups to build images floating in mid-air relying on special light reflections.
The word, hologram is composed of the Greek terms, "holos" for "whole view"; and gram
meaning "written". A hologram is a three-dimensional record of the positive interference of
laser light waves. A technical term for holography is wave front reconstruction. Dennis Gabor,
the Hungarian physicist working on advancement research for electron micro-scopes,
discovered the basic technology of holography in 1947. However, the technique was not fully
utilized until the 1960s, when laser technology was perfected. 3D Holographic Technology
(3DHT) created in 1962 by scientists in both the United States and the Soviet Union. However,
3DHT has advanced notably since the 1980s owing to low-cost solid-state lasers that became
easily accessible for consumers in devices such as DVD players. The way 3DHT operates is
by creating the illusion of three-dimensional imagery. Holography, means of creating a unique
photographic image without the use of a lens. The photographic recording of the image is called
a hologram, which appears to be an unrecognizable pattern of stripes and whorls but which
when illuminated by coherent light, as by a laser beam organizes the light into a three-
dimensional representation of the original object.
In this regard, holography is an optical reality not an optical illusion. The
word hologram can be used to designate almost any object that reflects light in some special
way. This includes the seal of quality on an expensive product and even the ribbon or
watermark on currency bills. What differentiates holograms from other 3D renderings or photos
is that the image seen by the observer depends on his/her position relative to the hologram.
This enables the creation of 3D images that appear to be popping out of a 2D plane or simply
hovering in mid-air. Several methods are currently used to achieve this effect; the most notable
are discussed in the following sections.
Physicist Dennis Gabor conceived the theory of holography in 1947 whilst
attempting to enhance the image quality of an electron microscope. He perceived that the co-
presence of a coherent reference wave with scattered light from a 3D object allows for the
registering of an interference pattern or in other words an image replica of the prime 3D object
floating in air. This technique is called electron holography. However, optical holography did
not witness significant advances until the invention of the laser in 1960 which allowed for the
accurate recording of 3D objects (holography.ru). Thereon, static holograms were popularized

in the 1980s and 1990s while dynamic holography was still to be developed. In 2003,
researchers at the University of Texas proposed the prospect of dynamic holographic
representations by processing the hologram of an object in 3D space after which the 2D digital
hologram is copied onto a digital micro-mirror device (DMD) illuminated with a consistent
light. From that point on, various techniques of digital holography have been created.
Successful holographic visualization depends on the realization of two basic depth cues:
physical and psychological. The physical cue is achieved by several factors including
binocularity, accommodation, convergence and motion parallax. The binocularity is based on
the natural mechanism of the act of seeing in 3D, where each eye sees a single view of the
object before being processed by the brain as a 3D view. Accommodation refers to the viewer
choosing what to see by naturally controlling the eye lens. Convergence acts against the
difference in viewing direction of each eye when the viewer is focusing on one point.
Fig. 01. First Holographic representation in 1860.

Motion parallax depicts the movement of seen objects where a closer object appears to move
faster than a farther one. Psychologically, other depth cues are important to satisfy a real like
3D visualization including texture, shading, linear perspective, knowledge, and occlusion.
Texture targets the details of an object surface, and produces a feeling about the object distance
and its 3D shape. The shading of an object helps the brain understand the shape and orientation
of the object. Linear perspective is achieved wherever a viewer in an outer field sees two
parallel lines as converging and intersecting at the horizon. Knowledge or memory provides
the viewer with psychological hints to identify a certain object. Occlusion where an object
partially blocking another object is understood to be closer from the viewer. These depth cues
are important to produce realistic 3D visualizations and are not always achieved in current 3D
visualization technologies. The following sections present most notable 3D visualization
techniques currently used to create holograms including optical holographic prints, computer
generated holograms and volumetric display technologies. There are several types of
holographic displays depending on the techniques and technology used to create them. The
following paragraphs present different types of currently available holographic projections and
volumetric display tools that can be possible candidates for future uses in the construction
industry. Conventional techniques used to create optical holograms target the creation of
holographic prints that can be reconstructed using light beams; a process that usually follows
two main steps: (1) creating the hologram and (2) reconstructing it. The first step is to create
the hologram on a special optical film that records the interferences and diffractions of light
rays reflected by the surface of the corresponding object.
02. IMPORTANCE AND NEED OF HOLOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION.
A concurrent continuing need for such practical auto stereoscopic 3D displays
that accommodate multiple viewers independently and simultaneously. A particular advantage
would be afforded if the need could be fulfilled to provide such simultaneous viewing in which
each viewer could be presented with a uniquely customized auto stereoscopic 3D image that
could be entirely different from that being viewed simultaneously by any of the other viewers
present, all within the same viewing environment, and all with complete freedom of movement

therein. Yet another urgent need is for an unobtrusive 3D viewing device that combines
feedback for optimizing the viewing experience in combination with provisions for 3D user
input, thus enabling viewing and manipulation of virtual 3D objects in 3D space without the
need for special viewing goggles or headgear. In view of the ever-increasing commercial
competitive pressures, increasing consumer expectations, and diminishing opportunities for
meaningful product differentiation in the marketplace, it is increasingly critical that answers be
found to these problems. Moreover, the ever-increasing need to save costs, improve
efficiencies, improve performance, and meet such competitive pressures adds even greater
urgency to the critical necessity that answers be found to these problems.
The interest in 3D viewing is not new. The public has embraced this experience
since at least the days of stereoscopes, at the turn of the last century. New excitement, interest,
and enthusiasm then came with the 3D movie craze in the middle of the last century, followed
by the fascinations of holography, and most recently the advent of virtual reality. Recent
developments in computers and computer graphics have made spatial 3D images more practical
and accessible. The computational power now exists, for example, for desktop workstations to
generate stereoscopic image pairs quickly enough for interactive display. At the high end of
the computational power spectrum, the same technological advances that permit intricate object
databases to be interactively manipulated and animated now permit large amounts of image
data to be rendered for high quality 3D displays.
Until currently, holographic data disks and holos technology drives were just a
matter of research. They were too costly and clumsy to use to be consumer marketly feasible.
However, recent improvements in the availability and cost reduction of lasers, digital cameras,
and optical encoding substances are helping to turn the long-expected potential of holographic
data storage into a commercial reality. The first holographic information disks were marketed
consumer marketly in the past year. Thus far, these holographic disks are still very costly and
only Holographic Read Only Memory (HoloROM) is out. Nonetheless, rewritable holographic
disks should come out in the next couple years. Further, manufacturing costs will decrease as
product volume grows. This is the same configuration of improved product advancement and
affordability that happened after CDs and DVDs were first launched.
Modern three-dimensional (”3D”) display technologies are increasingly popular and practical
not only in computer graphics, but in other diverse environments and technologies as well.
Growing examples include medical diagnostics, flight simulation, air traffic control, battlefield

simulation, weather diagnostics, entertainment, advertising, education, animation, virtual
reality, robotics, biomechanical studies, scientific visualization, and so forth. The increasing
interest and popularity are due to many factors. In our daily lives, we are surrounded by
synthetic computer graphic images both in print and on television. People can nowadays even
generate similar images on personal computers at home. We also regularly see holograms on
credit cards and lenticular displays on cereal boxes.
There is also a growing appreciation that two-dimensional projections of 3D
scenes, traditionally referred to as “3D computer graphics”, can be insufficient for inspection,
navigation, and comprehension of some types of multivariate data. Without the benefit of 3D
rendering, even high-quality images that have excellent perspective depictions still appear
unrealistic and flat. For such application environments, the human depth cues of stereopsis,
motion parallax, and (perhaps to a lesser extent) ocular accommodation are increasingly
recognized as significant and important for facilitating image understanding and realism. In
other aspects of 3D display technologies, such as the hardware needed for viewing, the broad
field of virtual reality has driven the computer and optics industries to produce better
stereoscopic helmet mounted and boom-mounted displays, as well as the associated hardware
and software to render scenes at rates and qualities needed to produce the illusion of reality.
However, most voyages into virtual reality are currently solitary and encumbered ones: users
often wear helmets, special glasses, or other devices that present the 3D world only to each of
them individually. A common form of such stereoscopic displays uses shuttered or passively
polarized eyewear, in which the observer wears eyewear that blocks one of two displayed
images, exclusively one each for each eye. Examples include passively polarized glasses, and
rapidly alternating shuttered glasses.
While these approaches have been generally successful, they have not met with widespread
acceptance because observers generally do not like to wear equipment over their eyes. In
addition, such approaches are impractical, and essentially unworkable, for projecting a 3D
image to one or more casual passer-by, to a group of collaborators, or to an entire audience
such as when individuated projections are desired. Even when identical projections are
presented, such situations have required different and relatively underdeveloped technologies,
such as conventional autostereoscopic displays. Thus, a need still remains for highly effective,
practical, efficient, uncomplicated, and inexpensive autostereoscopic 3D displays that allow
the observer complete and unencumbered freedom of movement. Additionally, a need
continues to exist for practical autostereoscopic 3D displays that provide a true parallax

experience in both the vertical as well as the horizontal movement directions. [2] A concurrent
continuing need is for such practical autostereoscopic 3D displays that can also accommodate
multiple viewers independently and simultaneously. A particular advantage would be afforded
if the need could be fulfilled to provide such simultaneous viewing in which each viewer could
be presented with a uniquely customized autostereoscopic 3D image that could be entirely
different from that being viewed simultaneously by any of the other viewers present, all within
the same viewing environment, and all with complete freedom of movement therein. Yet
another urgent need is for an unobtrusive 3D viewing device that combines feedback for
optimizing the viewing experience in combination with provisions for 3D user input, thus
enabling viewing and manipulation of virtual 3D objects in 3D space without the need for
special viewing goggles or headgear. In view of the ever-increasing commercial competitive
pressures, increasing consumer expectations, and diminishing opportunities for meaningful
product differentiation in the marketplace, it is increasingly critical that answers.
03. 3D HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
TECHNOLOGY.
Holography is a diffraction-based coherent imaging technique in which a
complex three-dimensional object can be reproduced from a flat, two-dimensional screen with
a complex transparency representing amplitude and phase values. It is commonly agreed that
real-time holography is the ne plus ultra art and science of visualizing fast temporally changing
3-D scenes. The integration of the real-time or electro-holographic principle into display
technology is one of the most promising but also challenging developments for the future
consumer display and TV market. Only holography allows the reconstruction of natural-
looking 3-D scenes, and therefore provides observers with a completely comfortable viewing
experience.
A holoprojector will use holographic technology to project large-scale, high-
resolution images onto a variety of different surfaces, at different focal distances, from a
relatively small-scale projection device. To understand the technology used in holographic
projection, we must understand the term ‘Hologram’, and the process of making and projecting
holograms. Holography is a technique that allows the light scattered from an object to be
recorded and later reconstructed. The technique to optically store, retrieve, and process

information. The holograms preserve the 3-D information of a heliographed subject, which
helps to project 3D images.
Fig. 02. Basic of 3D Holographic projection.
3.A). HOLOGRAM.
A hologram is a physical component or device that stores information about the holographic
image. For example, a hologram can be a grating recorded on a piece of film. It is especially
useful to be able to record a full image of an object in a short exposure if the object or space
changes in time. Holos means “whole” and graphene means “writing”. Holography is a
technique that is used to display objects or scenes in three dimensions. These 3D images are
called holograms. A photographic record produced by illuminating the object with coherent
light (as from a laser) and, without using lenses, exposing a film to light reflected from this
object and to a direct beam of coherent light. When interference patterns on the film are
illuminated by the coherent light a three-dimensional image is produced. A hologram can be

made by shining parts of the light beam directly into the recording medium, and the other parts
onto the object in such a way that some of the scattered light fall onto the recording medium.
Fig. 03. Typical recorded Hologram on 2D surface.
A physical recording of an interference pattern which uses diffraction to reproduce a three-
dimensional light field, resulting in an image which retains the depth, parallax, and other
properties of the original scene. Holography is the science and practice of making holograms.
A hologram is a photographic recording of a light field, rather than an image formed by a lens.
The holographic medium, i.e., the object produced by a holographic process (which itself may
be referred to as a hologram) is usually unintelligible when viewed under diffuse ambient light.
It is an encoding of the light field as an interference pattern of variations in the opacity, density,
or surface profile of the photographic medium. When suitably lit, the interference pattern
diffracts the light into an accurate reproduction of the original light field, and the objects that
were in it exhibit visual depth cues such as parallax and perspective that change realistically
with the relative position of the observer. That is, the view of the image from different angles
represents the subject viewed from similar angles. In this sense, holograms do not simply
produce the illusion of depth but are truly three-dimensional images.
Holograms are bright, usually reflective, patterns or images that are used as decorative
packaging and/or as security devices. In packaging, the brightness and changing colours is
particularly eye-catching and many products have benefited from increased sales after

including holographic designs into their product packaging. The security holograms are very
popular although for high security applications are no longer regarded as very secure. This is
because replication, copying, and manufacturing is now so easy and readily available.
Hologram is a term that is often used to cover almost any reflective device that provides colour.
Hence simple gratings through to kilograms and pixel grams are all lumped together under the
generic title holograms or optical variable devices (OVDs) even though technically they are
note hologram.
A real hologram is a two-dimensional surface that contains three-dimensional information.
When light reflects off the hologram, the angle from which you view the surface determines
whether you will perceive the information as 2-D or 3-D. When Craig Hogan, Uchiage
astrophysicist and director of Fermilab’s Centre for Particle Astrophysics, describes the
universe as “holographic,” he is referring to the way space-time is theorized to contain
information, with 2-D sheets coding what we perceive as 3-D reality. Hogan’s Holometer
experiment at Fermilab, which sparked the media buzz, probes the holographic, information-
storing nature of the universe.
4. THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF HOLOGRAPHY
4. A). The Physical Model
To make holography accessible to a general audience with widely varied backgrounds, a
physical model is useful. Just as chemists use sticks and balls to help them visualize the
structure of molecules, our model will allow us to visualize, and thus “understand,” the physical
characteristics of holograms without using advanced mathematics.
4.B). Two-Source Interference
In two dimensions (the plane of this paper), the pattern of waves from a stationary source
generating waves at constant frequency (and wavelength) is a set of concentric circles (Basic
Geometrical Optics, as an example of water waves). The distance between any two adjacent
circles is one wavelength. Each circle represents the crest of a wave. Halfway between any two

waves is the trough. The pattern shown in Figure 4. (a). represents a snapshot of such a wave
pattern.
To simulate the interference pattern caused by two-point sources emitting waves at the same
frequency and amplitude, let’s make a transparent photocopy of the set of concentric circles
shown in Figure 04. (a). Then let’s place the copy on top of Figure 04, move it around, and
observe the results. A typical pattern is shown in Figure 04. (b).
Figure 04. (a) A two-dimensional “snapshot” of wave fronts from a constant-frequency point source at the
centre. The radial distance from one line to the next is one wavelength.

Fig. 04. (b). The two-dimensional interference pattern caused by two-point sources of waves of constant
frequency. Each set of waves is moving away from its source at the same constant speed. Nevertheless, the overall
interference pattern remains constant in time. The two-point sources creating this pattern can be seen near the
centre, along a horizontal direction, about four centimetres apart.
The bright (white) areas represent constructive interference because the crests from both
sources—as well as the troughs from both sources—coincide, causing the waves to go up and
down with twice the amplitude of each wave alone. The dark (black) areas represent destructive
interference because the crest of one wave encounters the trough of the other wave, thus causing
a cancellation of wave amplitude at that point. For water waves, the centre of each dark area
represents perfect and permanent calm in spite of the fact that waves from the two sources are
passing through the dark area at all times. For sound waves, the same areas would represent
regions of absolute silence.
A Trace of the Maxima from Two Point Sources
Figure 04. (c). represents a trace of the constructive interference maxima—the white regions—
observed in Figure 04 (b). Here, S and S¢ denote the locations of the centres of the two sources.
At precisely the midpoint between S and S¢ is a straight line OO¢. At any point along this line,
waves arriving from the two synchronized sources meet exactly in phase (or have zero phase

difference), since they have travelled the same distance. This is called the zeroth order of
constructive interference. For all points on the first curved line PP¢ (a hyperbola) at the right
of the zeroth-order line, waves from S¢ travel a distance exactly one wavelength more than
waves from S. Thus, this line represents the location of the first order of constructive
interference. Similarly, the first curved line at the left of the zeroth order is also a first-order
constructive interference pattern.
Fig. 04. (c). A computer trace of the locations of interference maxima on a plane containing the two-point
sources S and Sc.

Thus, the tenth curves at the left and right of the zeroth order are tenth orders of constructive
interference. Any point on these curves has a difference in distance from S and S¢ equal to 10
lambdas. Exactly halfway between consecutive orders of interference maxima are hyperbolas
(not drawn in Figure 04.c.), which represent the minima, where the wave amplitude is always
zero in spite of the fact that waves from two sources of disturbance are continuously passing
through. In other words, waves meeting at any point along any line in Figure 04. (c) are in
phase. And waves meeting at any point along lines halfway between the constructive
interference lines are out of phase and result in zero amplitude.
Now, suppose we imagine the interference pattern from S and S¢ as it exists in space, that is,
in three dimensions. Figure 04. (c) represents a cross section of this three-dimensional
interference pattern. If the pattern were to spin around the x-axis, one would observe a set of
hyperboloidal surfaces. The zeroth order (m = 0) is a flat plane, and all other orders (m = 1
and higher) are smooth surfaces of varying curvatures. On the x-y and x-z planes are
interference patterns like those shown in Figure 04 (c), a set of hyperbolas. On the y-z plane,
as shown in Figure 04 (d), the pattern is a set of concentric circles.
Figure 04. (d). A three-dimensional interference pattern of waves from two-point sources S and S'. The
constructive interference order numbers, m, are indicated for the first several maxima.

Using the transparency of circles of Figure 04. (a), that we made earlier, and placing it again
on top of the original set (Figure 04. a), we can demonstrate how uniquely different interference
patterns are formed—corresponding to each unique location of S versus S¢. Observing the
pattern along the axial direction (line through S and S¢) reveals the concept of Michelson
interferometry. Far above and below S and S¢, Young’s double-slit interference pattern is
recreated. Changing the distance between S and S¢ shows how the pattern changes
correspondingly. For example, as the separation between S and S¢ increases, the interference
fringes become denser, i.e., more maxima and minima per unit distance. This is measured in
terms of spatial frequency, or cycles per millimetre. Conversely, as the distance between S and
S¢ decreases, the spatial frequency of the interference pattern decreases—less cycles per
millimetre.
The Physical Model
Some interesting characteristics of hyperboloids are represented in Figure 10-5. Think of the
separate hyperboloids as the three-dimensional surface traced out when Figure 10-3 is rotated
about an axis through the points SS¢. Imagine that all the hyperboloidal surfaces are mirrors.
Take the zeroth-order “mirror” OO¢, which perpendicularly bisects the line SS¢ joining the
two sources. In three dimensions, this is a flat mirror. Each ray from point S, striking the
hyperboloidal surface (mirrors) at m = 2, m = 1, m = 0, m = –1, and m = –2, as shown, reflects
from these surfaces (mirrors) in a direction such that the reflected ray appears to come from
point S¢. Two such rays from S are shown in Figure 10-5, one up and to the left (labelled a),
the other down and to the left (labelled b). The reflected rays are labelled a0, a1, a2, a–1, a–2,
and b2 and b1, in accordance with the appropriate ray from S and the hyperboloid from which
they reflect. Thus, S¢ is the virtual image of S, for any and all of the surfaces. The reverse is
true for light from S¢ incident on the surfaces, for which S would then be the virtual image.

Fig. 04. (e). Light from S is reflected by any part of any hyperboloidal surface (mirror) in a direction such that it
appears to be originating from S¢.
With this physical model in mind, we are now ready to explain all the important characteristics
of holograms recorded in a medium such as photographic emulsion that has a thickness of about
6 to 7 micrometres (µm).

Application of the model
Creating the virtual image
Figure 04. (f), shows the optical case of two-beam interference in three-
dimensional space. Assume that the light from the two sources (S and S¢) is directed at a
recording medium such as a silver halide photographic emulsion (“holoplate”) at a position as
shown. The flat rectangle in the figure represents the top edge of the holoplate. Since the typical
thickness of these emulsions is in the vicinity of 6 or 7 µm and the wavelength of laser light
used to record holograms is 0.633 µm (HeNe laser), this thickness is approximately 10
lambdas. The interference pattern recorded inside the emulsion represents sections of
hyperboloidal surfaces of many different orders of m. These are, of course, sections of the
hyperboloidal surfaces that we have been describing. Observe carefully the orientation of the
“mirrors” formed inside the emulsion. The “mirrors” on the left side lean toward the right,
those on the right-side lean toward the left, and those in the centre are perpendicular to the
plane of the holograms. In precise terms, the plane of each “mirror” bisects the angle formed
between rays from S and S¢.
Figure 04. (f). Light from S interferes with light from S¢ and produces a three-dimensional interference pattern
inside a “thick” medium such as photographic emulsion (the “holoplate”).

The exposed and developed emulsion (holoplate) is called a hologram. Within the hologram,
the recorded silver surfaces are partially reflecting—as well as partially transmitting and
absorbing. If we replace the hologram in its original position during the recording, take away
S¢, and illuminate the hologram with S alone, as shown in Figure 04. (g), all the reflected rays
will appear to originate from S¢. An observer would see these reflected rays as if they all came
from S¢. In other words, the virtual image of S¢ has been created.
Figure 04. (g). When the developed emulsion (hologram) is illuminated by S alone, the virtual image of S¢ is
observed.
We can arbitrarily call the light from source S a reference beam and from source S¢ an object
beam. If more than one-point source is located in the vicinity of S¢, each source will form a
unique hyperboloid set with source S and the film will record all of them. When the processed
hologram is illuminated, with source S only, each set will reflect light in such a way as to
recreate the virtual image of all its object points. If we replace point source S¢ with a three-
dimensional scene (or object) illuminated by light having the same constant frequency as the
reference beam, each point on its surface (S1¢ and S2¢, for example) creates a unique

hyperboloid set of patterns with S inside the emulsion. Thus, we have a hologram of a three-
dimensional object (Figure 04. h). When the hologram is illuminated by S, each set of
hyperboloidal mirrors recreates a virtual image of each point (S1 ¢, S2 ¢, etc.), so that a
complete, three-dimensional virtual image of the object is reconstructed.
Figure 04. (h). A hologram of a three-dimensional object can be considered as a superposition of many
individual holograms of points on an object.
A general statement of the model can now be given as follows:
Imagine all hyperboloidal surfaces that represent the interference maxima due to
two interfering sources to be partially reflecting surfaces. When a hologram is made, the
volume throughout the emulsion records a sum of a multitude of hyperboloidal sets of partial
mirrors, each set being created by the interference between the reference beam (S) and light
from each point on the object (S1¢, S2¢, .... Sn¢). When the hologram is viewed by illuminating
it with S, each mirror set reflects light and forms a virtual image of each object point, thus
recreating the wave front of the original object.

Creating a Real Image
Take the hologram from Figure 10-7 and illuminate it in a “backward direction” by focusing a
beam of light back toward S (Figure 04. i). The reflected light from our hyperboloidal mirrors
will focus at S¢ so that, if a projection screen were present there, we would have a real image
of the original 3-D object. This can be done also with the hologram formed in Figure 10-8. The
real image in this case will appear on the screen as a two-dimensional image of our original
object. Depending on the location of the screen, different slices of this scene will come into
focus.
Fig. 04. (i). If a hologram is illuminated from the “front,” exactly backward toward S, the hologram will reflect
the light behind the hologram to form a real image of S¢on a screen.
Redundancy
If a transmission hologram is broken into pieces, each piece will give a complete perspective
of the original scene. This can be understood from Figure 04. (j), the holoplate were half or a
small fraction of its original size shown earlier in Figure 04. (h). Since every elementary
volume in the hologram was formed with light from a complete perspective of the scene, each
of these elementary volumes will produce a complete perspective. In other words, the size of

the holoplate used to make a hologram is independent of the size of the scene. A large hologram
can be considered as the sum of many smaller holograms.
Fig. 04. (j). Each piece of a hologram can recreate a complete view of the object. A large hologram can be
considered as a collection of many smaller holograms.
For the purpose of projecting a real image on a screen with a laser beam, it is desirable to select
only a narrow area by using an un diverged beam so that the area covered does not exceed a
few millimetres in diameter. In this case, the real image consists of rays at small angles relative
to one another. This increases the depth of field, allowing us to have a focused image over a
long distance along the beam paths that form the real image. Many laws of geometric optics
operate here, i.e., aperture, depth of field, and resolution.
Equipment and facilities for hologram
Holograms are made in darkened areas free from drafts, vibration, and noise.
Because of the relatively low sensitivity of the recording material, sufficient light is allowed
so that one can see comfortably after dark adaptation. To achieve this, use a 25-watt green light
bulb in a lamp. Place the lamp under the table, cover it with aluminium foil to adjust the light,
and direct it toward the floor. Do not allow direct light to shine on the holography system or
on the developing station. If the room has windows, cover them with black plastic sheets.

Enough light can leak through to allow minimum vision after dark adaptation. In case of doubt,
leave a holographic plate on a table and expose it to the ambient light for ten minutes. Develop
it. If it turns dark, there is too much light.
Flowing tap water is desirable but not necessary. A large tray of clean water can
be used to rinse the developed hologram. White trays are desirable because they allow continual
inspection. An alternative is to use glass trays resting on white paper.
05. Diode laser holography
Certain class IIIa diode lasers sold as “pointers” are found to have high-frequency stability and
thus long coherence length after an initial warm-up of a few minutes. With the collimating lens
removed, the laser light spreads directly from the laser with a highly eccentric elliptical profile.
Since the beam does not encounter other optical elements, it is completely “clean.” This allows
it to be used to make many types of holograms without additional optical components. These
experiments are to be performed on top of a sturdy lab table or kitchen counter or on the floor.
Support a thick 50-cm ´ 100-cm wooden board (or optical table) on top of four “lazy balls”
(rubber balls that don’t bounce). Put washers under each ball so that they will not roll.
06. TYPES OF HOLOGRAMS
A hologram is a recording in a two-or three-dimensional medium of the interference pattern
formed when a point source of light (the reference beam) of fixed wavelength encounters light
of the same fixed wavelength arriving from an object (the object beam). When the hologram is
illuminated by the reference beam alone, the diffraction pattern recreates the wave fronts of
light from the original object. Thus, the viewer sees an image indistinguishable from the
original object.
There are many types of holograms, and there are varying ways of classifying them. For our
purpose, we can divide them into three types: reflection hologram, transmission holograms and
computer-generated holograms.
6.A. The reflection hologram.

The reflection hologram, in which a truly three-dimensional image is seen near its surface, is
the most common type shown in galleries. The hologram is illuminated by a “spot” of white
incandescent light, held at a specific angle and distance and located on the viewer’s side of the
hologram. Thus, the image consists of light reflected by the hologram. Recently, these
holograms have been made and displayed in colour—their images optically indistinguishable
from the original objects. If a mirror is the object, the holographic image of the mirror reflects
white light. Normally, transmission holograms can only be reconstructed using a laser or quasi-
monochromatic source, but a particular type of transmission hologram, known as a rainbow
hologram, could be view with white light.
Regular holograms are therefore only capable of producing sharp images when viewed with a
monochromatic light. However, reflection holograms are those which is capable of being
viewed in a white light as well as in these types of white light hologram the object and reference
beams actually stands on the opposite side of the photographic film. As a result, the plane of
the film has the structure of the interference pattern lying perpendicular to it. You can have
twenty or more layers within the emulsion, if the thickness is around 15 mm and it will
ultimately result to a truly three-dimensional recorded pattern. This developed film is
illuminated with a white light beam which makes the hologram an automated selector of proper
wavelength and that too for each angle of incidence. This ultimately makes a hologram, which
you can view with white light from a point source.
Fig. 06 (a). Concept of direct beam reflection Hologram.

If recording material in hologram is placed such that reference beam and object beam approach
it from two opposite sides, then hologram formed is called Reflection Type hologram. The
interference fringes are usually parallel to the surfaces of recording medium. When such a
hologram reconstructed, then reference beam and object beam lie on the same side of hologram.
These reflection holograms are viewable in white light. Nevertheless, some spatial
coherence is needed. Use a spotlight or sunlight. Fluorescent light does not work well. The
optical system is simple. Spread the laser beam with a beam spreading lens. Place the object
behind the sensitive plate or film, which is transparent. Reflection hologram images are usually
much dimmer than off axis transmission images. The reason is that Bragg diffraction, which
enables white light viewing, returns only a small range of wavelengths to the viewer,
corresponding to a small fraction of the available light. The fringes that form the image of a
reflection hologram are spaced about half a wavelength apart, or about one third of a micron.
These fringes are closer together than the fringes in a transmission hologram. Closely spaced
fringes are demanding of recording medium quality and processing quality. If the developer is
old, reflection holograms will be murky but transmission holograms will likely be successful.
Closely spaced fringes entail a need for excellent stability of the optical system. The denisyuk
configuration provides a substantial measure of vibration immunity, but sufficient settling time
must be allowed for transient motion of film or object to stabilize. Best results are obtained
with developers that are prepared once for each use. Pre-mixed developer such as D19 will
work but the resulting hologram will not be as bright as with custom developer.
Fig. 06 (b). Illuminating reflection hologram

The reflection hologram, in which a truly three-dimensional image is seen near its surface, is
the most common type shown in galleries. The hologram is illuminated by a “spot” of white
incandescent light, held at a specific angle and distance and located on the viewer’s side of the
hologram. Thus, the image consists of light reflected by the hologram. Recently, these
holograms have been made and displayed in colour—their images optically indistinguishable
from the original objects. If a mirror is the object, the holographic image of the mirror reflects
white light; if a diamond is the object, the holographic image of the diamond is seen to
“sparkle.” Although mass-produced holograms such as the eagle on the VISA card are viewed
with reflected light, they are actually transmission holograms “marmorized” with a layer of
aluminium on the black.
Reflection hologram is the most common type of hologram, viewed with the
light source on the same side as the viewer. Such hologram features a truly three-dimensional
image near its surface. The reflection hologram is illuminated by a ray of white incandescent
light that are held at a specific angle and are located on the viewer’s side of the hologram. So,
finally the image, formed by this process consist of light reflected by the hologram. Different
holograms are differentiated by the way in which they are lighted or illuminated. The reasons
for using reflection holograms are as follows.
• The reflection hologram better known as monochromatic hologram features shorter
exposure time that leads to less stringent condition on the required mechanical
steadiness.
• Such holograms can be viewed easily with a point source of white light or the Sun,
which is not applicable with other holograms.
• These types of holograms are used widely as they are viewed with reflected light. The
colours of reflection hologram can be shifted by expanding the recording material.

Fig. 06 (c). Recording of reflex hologram.
6.A.1. Source of illumination of reflection hologram
The reflection hologram selects appropriate bands of wavelengths to reconstruct the image, if
the highly directed beam of white light illuminates it. Such hologram reflects light within a
narrow band of wavelength. In case of reflection hologram there are different film emulsions
that make images with different characteristics. Different film emulsions described below.
• Silver Halide – These glass plates are used to get the highest quality images. It is
considered as the most common emulsion of choice for most artists and holographers.
• Dichromate Gelatin – This is a type of chemical gelatin mix, where the images
formed using DCG have the least range of depth and are easily viewable at normal
room light without the help of any spot light.
• Photo polymer – Photo polymers with plastic backing are suitable for long
production runs. Although its image depth is less but they look brighter with a wider-
angle view.

Fig. 06 (d). Setup of reflection hologram
In making reflection holograms, the holographic plate is placed between the laser light and
the object in one of two basic ways. The order from right to left is: object > holographic plate
> laser. (a) From the top down at a 45-degree angle, with the holographic plate on top of flat
objects, such as coins in this case; or (b) From the side for larger, bulkier objects, such as a
chess piece shown.
Fig. 06 (e). Reflection Hologram setup.
After the hologram is dried, view it with a spot light such as a pen light, projector, or direct
sunlight. Optional: Spray paint the sticky side (emulsion side) with a flat (or “antique”) black
paint to provide a darker background and greatly improve the visibility of the image.

6.B. Transmission Hologram.
The typical transmission hologram is viewed with laser light, usually of the same type used to
make the recording. This light is directed from behind the hologram and the image is
transmitted to the observer’s side. The virtual image can be very sharp and deep. Furthermore,
if an un-diverged laser beam is directed backward (relative to the direction of the reference
beam) through the hologram, a real image can be projected onto a screen located at the original
position of the object. most common type of hologram, viewed with the light source on the
same side as the viewer. Such hologram features a truly three-dimensional image near its
surface. The reflection hologram is illuminated by a ray of white incandescent light that are
held at a specific angle and are located on the viewer’s side of the hologram. So, finally the
image, formed by this process consist of light reflected by the hologram.
A transmission hologram is one where the object and reference beams are incident on
recording medium from the same side. In practice, several more mirrors may be used to direct
the beams in required directions. Normally, transmission holograms can only be reconstructed
using a laser or quasi-monochromatic source, but a particular type of transmission hologram,
known as a rainbow hologram, could be view with white light. he typical transmission
hologram is viewed with laser light, usually of the same type used to make the recording. This
light is directed from behind the hologram and the image is transmitted to the observer’s side.
The virtual image can be very sharp and deep. For example, through a small hologram, a full-
size room with people in it can be seen as if the hologram were a window. Of course, making
holograms of people requires a much more powerful laser and significant safety precautions,
but you get the idea. Transmission holograms are like a window to another world.

Fig. 7 (a). Basic concept of Transmission Hologram.
Fig. 07 (b). Process engaged in recording transmission hologram.
2.b.1) There are some unique features of transmission holograms.
• Captures an image of a subject much bigger than the holographic plate or film sheet
that records the hologram. Reflection holograms cannot do this easily.
• Have an image can be projected onto a screen or other surface with a laser.

• Can be broken into small pieces whereby each piece still contains the entire image. Yes,
that's right. If you were to smash a hologram with a hammer and then shine a laser
through just one piece, the entire image can be still be projected and viewed.
• Can record more than one image on the same holographic plate of film sheet; in effect,
adding a "channel" for subsequent images. When viewing the finished hologram, you
can "tune" to different channels by rotating the hologram and see your different images.
In contrast, making transmission holograms requires the holographic plate to be placed behind
the object and laser, or to the side at 45- degree angle or so. The idea is that the laser light that
reflects off the object will interfere directly with the light coming from the laser in front of the
plate and then get recorded as such. This creates the "deep scene" hologram.
Fig. 07 (c). Setup of transmission hologram.
There are two recommended set ups for making transmission holograms with a single laser
beam (as opposed to split-beam using mirrors and lenses, etc.). The first is the "top-down"
version, which is useful for deep scenes of flat objects. One can achieve depth of over 6 inches
(15cm) with this method. The order from right to left is: holographic plate > object > laser.
Note how the bulkier object (the chess piece) is off to the side, so as to avoid casting
unnecessary shadows on to the plate.

Fig. 07 (d). Transmission hologram setup.
Fig. 07 (e). Final setup of transmission hologram.
6.C. Computer Generated Holograms
Computer Generated Holography (CGH) is the method of digitally generating
holographic interference patterns. A holographic image can be generated by digitally
computing a holographic interference pattern and printing it onto a mask or film for subsequent
illumination by suitable coherent light source. Alternatively, the holographic image can be
brought to life by a holographic 3D display (a display which operates on the basis of

interference of coherent light), bypassing the need of having to fabricate a "hardcopy" of the
holographic interference pattern each time. Consequently, in recent times the term "computer
generated holography" is increasingly being used to denote the whole process chain of
synthetically preparing holographic light wave fronts suitable for observation.
Fig. 08 (a). Recording of computer-generated holography.
Computer generated holograms have the advantage that the objects which one wants to show
do not have to possess any physical reality at all (completely synthetic hologram generation).
On the other hand, if holographic data of existing objects is generated optically, but digitally
recorded and processed, and brought to display subsequently, this is termed CGH as well.
07. Hybrid Hologram
Between the reflection and transmission types of holograms, many variations can be made.

7.A. Embossed holograms
To mass produce cheap holograms for security application such as the eagle on VISA cards, a
two-dimensional interference pattern is pressed onto thin plastic foils. The original hologram
is usually recorded on a photosensitive material called photoresist. When developed, the
hologram consists of grooves on the surface. A layer of nickel is deposited on this hologram
and then peeled off, resulting in a metallic “shim.” More secondary shims can be produced
from the first one. The shim is placed on a roller. Under high temperature and pressure, the
shim presses (embosses) the hologram onto a roll of composite material similar to Mylar.
7.B. Integral holograms: A transmission or reflection hologram can be made from a series
of photographs (usually transparencies) of an object—which can be a live person, an outdoor
scene, a computer graphic, or an X-ray picture. Usually, the object is “scanned” by a camera,
thus recording many discrete views. Each view is shown on an LCD screen illuminated with
laser light and is used as the object beam to record a hologram on a narrow vertical strip of
holographic plate (holoplate). The next view is similarly recorded on an adjacent strip, until all
the views are recorded. When viewing the finished composite hologram, the left and right eyes
see images from different narrow holograms; thus, a stereoscopic image is observed. Recently,
video cameras have been used for the original recording, which allows images to be
manipulated through the use of computer software.
7.C. Holographic interferometry
Microscopic changes on an object can be quantitatively measured by making two
exposures on a changing object. The two images interfere with each other and fringes can be
seen on the object that reveal the vector displacement. In real-time holographic interferometry,
the virtual image of the object is compared directly with the real object. Even invisible objects,
such as heat or shock waves, can be rendered visible. There are countless engineering
applications in this field of bolometry.

7.D Multichannel holograms
With changes in the angle of the viewing light on the same hologram, completely
different scenes can be observed. This concept has enormous potential for massive computer
memories.
08. Advance Holography
• The preceding technologies are fundamental. They use simple equipment to
demonstrate the major principles of holography. However, they have many limitations.
For example:
• The intensity ratio between the reference and object beam cannot be controlled. Thus,
the quality of the hologram cannot be optimized.
• The object is always illuminated with a single point source from a fixed direction,
thereby casting shadows that cannot be controlled.
• The location of the image is always behind the plate.
• A laser is needed to observe the image formed by transmission holograms.
To make holograms with none of the above restrictions, the following additional equipment is
needed:
• A higher-power laser that operates in a single transverse mode. It’s even better if it
operates in a single axial mode. A 10- to 30-milliwatt HeNe laser is recommended.
• A power meter with a sensitivity range of 1 microwatt to 1 watt.
• A large (4 feet ´ 8 feet is typical) isolation table with adjustable front-surface mirrors
(4); lens with the largest aperture and shortest positive focal length (1); variable beam
splitters (2); spatial filters with 10X objective and 25-micron pinholes (3); 4 ´ 5-inch
ground glass plate (1); plate holder (1); and hardware for supporting all the above
components.

8.A. Touchable Hologram
The importance of haptic interaction techniques gather much more attention with the progress
of the computer graphics, the physical simulation and the visual display technologies. There
have been a lot of interactive systems which aim to enable the users to handle 3D graphic
objects with their hands. If tactile feedback is provided to the user’s hands in 3D free space,
the usability of those systems will be considerably improved. One strategy to provide tactile
feedback in 3D free space is to attach tactile displays on the user’s hands. The method is based
on a nonlinear phenomenon of ultrasound; acoustic radiation pressure. When an object
interrupts the propagation of ultrasound, a pressure field is exerted on the surface of the object.
This pressure is called acoustic radiation pressure.
8.B. Tactile display with haptic feedback
“Airborne Ultrasound Tactile Display [Iwamoto et al. 2008]” is a tactile display which provides
tactile sensation onto the user’s hand. It utilizes the nonlinear phenomenon of ultrasound;
acoustic radiation pressure. When an object interrupts the propagation of ultra-sound, a
pressure field is exerted on the surface of the object.
8.C. User interfacing integrated displays
While camera-based and marker-less hand tracking systems are demonstrated these days, we
use Wiimote (Nintendo) which has an infrared (IR) camera for simplicity. A retro reflective
marker is attached on the tip of user’s middle finger. IR LEDs illuminate the marker and two
Wiimotes sense the 3D position of the finger. Owing to this hand-tracking system, the users
can handle the floating virtual image with their hands.
8.D. 360-degree 3D system
The system was made possible by projecting high-speed video on a spinning mirror. As the
spinning mirror changes direction, different perspectives of the projected image is shown. The

University of Southern California project is more realistic compared to other holographic
attempt because, nearly 5, 000 individual images are reflected every second.
8.E. Focused-image reflection hologram
Figure 09, shows a layout for making a reflection hologram in which the image appears in the
plane of the hologram. Here the large lens with a short focal length is used to image the object
onto the plane of the hologram. The object and the holoplate are located at a distance equal to
2f on the opposite sides of the lens. This allows the image to be the same size as the object.
Fig. 09. A configuration for making a focused image reflection hologram.

09. Working of Holographic Technology
A hologram can be made by shining parts of the light beam directly into the recording medium,
and the other parts onto the object in such a way that some of the scattered light fall onto the
recording medium.
Fig. 10. Recording of hologram from coherent beam of light.
9.A. Apparatus
• A more flexible arrangement for recording a hologram require the laser beam to be
aimed through a series of element that change it in different ways. The first element is
a beam splitter which divides the beam into two identical beams, each aimed to different
directions:
• One beam (known as the object beam) is spread using lenses and directed to the scene
using mirrors. Some of the light scattered from the scene then fall onto the recording
medium.

• The second beam (known as reference beam) is also spread through the use of lenses,
but is directed so that it does not come in contact with the scene, and instead travels
directly onto the recording medium
• Several different materials can be used as recording medium. One of the most common
is a film very similar to the photographic film (silver halide photographic emulsion),
but with the much higher concentration of light-reactive grain, making it capable of the
much higher resolution that a hologram requires. A layer of this recording medium (e.g.
- silver halide) attached to the transparent substrates, which are commonly glass.
Fig. 11. Reconstructing of Hologram.
9.B. Process
When the two laser beams reach the recording medium, their light waves interfere
and intersect with each other. It is this interference pattern that is imprinted on recording

medium. The pattern itself seemingly random, as it represents the way in which the scene’s
light interfered with original light source, but not with the original light source itself. The
interference pattern can be considered as an encoded version of the scene, requires a particular
key — the original light source — in order to view its contents. The missing key is provided
by shining a laser, identical to the one used to record the hologram, onto the developed films.
When this beam illuminates the hologram, it diffracted by the hologram's surface pattern. This
produces a light field which is identical to the one originally produced by the scene and
scattered onto the hologram.
10. ADVANTAGES OF HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
TECHNOLOGY
The interest in 3D viewing is not new. The public has embraced this
experience since at least the days of stereoscopes, at the turn of the last century. New
excitement, interest, and enthusiasm then came with the 3D movie craze in the middle of the
last century, followed by the fascinations of holography, and most recently the advent of virtual
reality. Recent developments in computers and computer graphics have made spatial 3D
images more practical and accessible. Modern three-dimensional (”3D”) display technologies
are increasingly popular and practical not only in computer graphics, but in other diverse
environments and technologies as well. A concurrent continuing need is for such practical
autostereoscopic 3D displays that can also accommodate multiple viewers independently and
simultaneously. A particular advantage would be afforded if the need could be fulfilled to
provide such simultaneous viewing in which each viewer could be presented with a uniquely
customized autostereoscopic 3D image that could be entirely different from that being viewed
simultaneously by any of the other viewers present, all within the same viewing environment,
and all with complete freedom of movement therein.
A high-resolution three-dimensional recording of an object. Another feature is that these are
glasses free 3D display. This 3D technology can accommodate multiple viewers independently
and simultaneously, which is an advantage no other 3D technology can show. The 3D

holographic technology does not need a projection screen. The projections are projected into
mid-air, so the limitations of screen are not applicable for 3D holographic display.
11. APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHIC TRCHNOLOGY
11.A Marketing with 3D holographic display
This world’s innovative technology can enable observers to see lifelike images
that float deep inside and project several feet in front of a display screen. Dimensional Studios,
a leader in 3D visual display solutions has recently introduced its unparalleled digital signage
in the UK. This world’s innovative technology can enable observers to see 3D holographic-
like images that float deep inside and project several feet in front of an LCD or plasma display
screen. Its aim is for advertising agencies and consumer products who wish to catch a huge
impact from this new break through media.
11.B. Holography in Entertainment Industry
When one thinks about holography in the entertainment industry, the movies
Star Trek and Star Wars come into mind. In these movies, people relate with holograms as
they would relate with real human. Although, what people see in these movies are not real
holograms, they depict what a real hologram looks like and future capabilities of holography.
In the musical industry, holography is being used for concerts. In this case, the musicians can
be far away in New York while performing in several cities around the world.
Today, three-dimensional television and cinemas are becoming common, and
there is more to come. 3D movies in home theatres require chunky glasses which may be
uncomfortable for some people to wear. Also, experts found that viewing 3D television over
a long period can cause headache and eye strain due to new sensory experience. Since

holography makes beamed image look like real, it should not have any future strain on the eyes
nor generate headache.
11.C Holography in education
Holography being in its infant stage has not being widely used in education.
However, application of holography in education is not new. Although, the distance of
transition was minimal, long distance projection is possible since the images are transmitted
over the internet. Holography differs from video conferencing because the teacher appears to
be in the classroom. While in video conferencing users can easily notice a screen and a camera.
11.D. Virtual Reality, Augmented reality and Telepresence
With the aid of a light pen, the Sketchpad draws vector lines on a computer screen.
The Sketchpad contributed to the field of Human Computer Interaction, and also introduced
the concept of Graphical User Interface. Virtual reality employs computer modelling and
simulation, which produces images to look similar to the real world. Telepresence differs from
virtual reality, because telepresence makes it possible for a person to be virtually present in
another physical location. Telepresence is applicable especially in circumstances where the
person involved cannot be physically present. The absence of a real person makes telepresence
an option in case of foreseen danger to the person’s life in the new environment. Telepresence
is similar to holography, because they both allow objects to be transported to a new destination
in 3D.
Augmented reality gives an adjusted real world, where images or text are displayed
upon real objects. Museums, artists and industries are popular users of augmented reality and
the usage is on the rise. Augmented reality is also becoming part of our everyday life which
includes mobile appliances, shopping malls, training, and education.
11.E. Projection displays
Future colour liquid crystal displays (LCD’s) will be brighter and whiter as a result
of holographic technology. Scientists at Polaroid Corp. have developed a holographic reflector

that will reflect ambient light to produce a whiter background. Holographic televisions may be
possible within a decade but at a high price. MIT researchers recently made a prototype that
does not need glasses, but true holographic commercial TV will take a year to appear. One day
all TVs could be holographic, but will take 8-10 years. In future, holographic displays will be
replacing all present displays in all sizes, from small phone screen to large projectors.
12. FUTURE OF HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
3D holographic projection technology clearly has a big future ahead. As this audio-
visual display continues to get high profile credibility, we are likely to see more companies
advertising their products or marketing their business in this way. Whether it be large scale,
big budget product launches or smaller retail POS systems, they are likely to become a common
feature in the advertising world.
3D holographic projection technology clearly has a big future ahead. The
holographic projectors that are under development will be much smaller and portable than
image projectors that rely on conventional, incoherent light beam. Ultimately, holographic
projector may become sufficiently small to be incorporated into future generation smartphones.
Holographic techniques are being used for three dimensional (3-D) rendering of medical
pictures such as MRI and CT pictures. Medical holo-technology imaging can enable doctors to
test the insertion of medical instrument into an artificially constructed, 3-dimensional version
of the surgical field before the operation. An array of micro-mirrors, whose movement are
controlled by computer, may be used to divide and focus the array of laser beams to make
moving, 3-dimensional holographic pictures of internal anatomic features.
In the areas of telecommunication and instruction, distance education and remote
conferencing technologies featuring 2-D screen pictures will evolve into 3-D, engaging
holographic projection systems. Holographic applied science is, even now, being used for
"Holo-Cells" (holographic cell phones that record and play 3-D, real time pictures of the
communicating parties that maybe viewed from different angles). The site three dimensional
medical imaging also provides information on these topics.
A holographic memory device that can store as much as five gigabytes could
replace flash memory for many usages. It would be a boon to handheld machines like PDAs

and smart phones. Next generation smart phones may use holotechnology applied science for
data storage and display projection. For memory, holographic information recording and
playback could significantly increase the memory capacity of phones. For display,
holotechnology projection can show images, unconstrained by the tiny size of a handheld
device. The idea of watching television on one's cell phone is in vogue now, but who wants to
watch TV on a 2" screen? If it were possible to project a large picture from a cell phone onto a
nearby wall, that would transform the use of cell phones for visual media. Also, storing data
three-dimensionally with holographic storage has interesting notes on this holotechnology
topic.
Holographic applied science can also create new methods for three- dimensional visual contact
from computing systems to human beings. This starts with screen displays with improved 3D
projection qualities and then improves to mid-air, three- dimensional computer projections that
do not require a screen. Similar holotech coverage at holographic technology and navigation
may be of interest. Design is central to applied science, new product development and model
building, building design and construction, pharmaceuticals, biologicals, and nano
pharmacology, biochemistry and modelling at the molecular scale, biomedical technology and
prostheses, the apparel industry, the fine arts, and other areas as well. Holodeck applied science
can help design for: manipulation of 3D models of molecules or biological structures;
assembling electronics; and other design-related tasks. Linked page 3D imaging using micro-
mirror arrays also deals with these technologies.
The quantity of realized and potential usages of holographic science in the area of
interpersonal interactions is also increasing quickly. A holographic camera (Holocams) records
and conveys radial three- dimensional real-time pictures from a central point using holographic
applied science. A holo viewer projects these images for viewing in another location. Holocams
and holographic viewers will probably be integrated into internet access, television, and cell
phones in the next ten years. New telecommunication networks built on holo technology
science may be developed with uses in both personal and business interactions. Holographic
science may also enhance the transferral speed and channel capacity for interactions systems
based on fibre optics. To continue on related topics, see also holographic communication
between humans and computers.
At the present time, DVDs and CDs are still the main formats for mobile
information storage media for music, video, and information. These traditional data storage

media store information as distinct bits on the surface of the recording medium and the medium
should be spun around to recover the information. The price of saving information is dropping
but the need, however, for long-term information storage has been increasing even more
promptly. Holotech information storage opens possibilities for saving information at much
higher densities than CDs and DVDs by storing information three- dimensionally throughout
the thickness of the recordable media. Visit also holographic data storage process.
It sounds a lot like a wacky dream, but don't be surprised if within our lifetime you find yourself
discarding your plasma and LCD sets in exchange for a holographic 3-D television that can put
Cristiano Ronaldo in your living room or bring you face-to-face with life-sized versions of your
gaming heroes. The reason for renewed optimism in three-dimensional technology is a
breakthrough in rewritable and erasable holographic systems made earlier this year by
researchers at the University of Arizona. Dr Nasser Peyghambarian, chair of photonics and
lasers at the university's Optical Sciences department, told CNN that scientists have broken a
barrier by making the first updatable three-dimensional displays with memory.
According to Peyghambarian, they could be constructed as a screen on the wall
(like flat panel displays) that shows 3-D images, with all the image writing lasers behind the
wall; or it could be like a horizontal panel on a table with holographic writing apparatus
underneath. So, if this project is realized, you really could have a football match on your coffee
table, or horror-movie villains jumping out of your wall. Peyghambarian is also optimistic that
the technology could reach the market within five to ten years. He said progress towards a final
product should be made much more quickly now that a rewriting method had been found.
However, it is fair to say not everyone is as positive about this prospect as Peyghambarian.
13. CONCLUSION
Holographic Technology has endless applications as far as the human mind can imagine.
Holographic Technologies are not just about art or business communication, they are about
safety, security, education, planning and the strength of our civilization here and beyond.
Holographic Technology will become a very integral part of human societies and civilizations

in the future. This technology has recently been created to bring live holograms from one
location and beam them into any location in the world.
From the current evidence it is unlikely that holographic technology will have the same fate as
Stereoscopic 3D as there is no requirement for glasses and 3D holograms can be placed in real
physical space interacting with performers and audience alike. Although augmented reality can
overlay digital imagery into the physical world, it also suffers from having to have a display or
glasses to look through. The popularity of 3D holographic performances and the significant
investment in such technologies by technology companies and Governments makes 3D
holographic technology a strong future proposition. 3D holograph projection can be used for
virtual audio and video communication which provide real virtual environment as people
conversation in front of each other.
14. REFERENCES
[1] Ahmed Elmorshidy, “Holographic Projection Technology: The World is Changing” IEEE
paper published on May 2010.
[2] “Mution Technologies Website” Mution 2013, viewed 7 June 2013. [2] “Mution
Technologies Website” Mution 2013, viewed 7 June 2013.
[3] “3D Holographic Projection – The Future of Advertising”, Article Base 2009, viewed 9 Jun
2013.
[4] Husain Ghuloum, University of Salford, Department of Built and Human Environment,
Manchester, UK “3D Hologram Technology in Learning Environment” published on 2010.
[5] “The Source 2013, The Tupac Hologram: One Year Later” viewed on 6 June 2013.
[6] Schnars, U. & Jueptner, W. 2003, Digital Holography, First Edition, Springer-Verlag,
Berlin.
[7] Patently Apple 2011, “Whoa – Apple Wins a 3DDisplay & Imaging System Patent
Stunner”, viewed 5 June 2013.

[8] Engadget 2010, “World disappoints us once again: Japan loses 2022 3D holographic World
Cup bid”,viewed 5 Jun 2013.
[9] Li Weiying , JianQiao Coll. “The 3D holographicprojection technology based on three-
dimensional computer graphics” Audio, Language and ImageProcessing (ICALIP), 2012
International Conference.
[10] Akiki, P.A., Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon ;Maalouf, H.W. “A Two-Stage Encoding
Scheme forHolographic Data Transmission” Multimedia andUbiquitous Engineering (MUE),
2011 5th FTRA International Conference .
[11] Apple Working on 3D Holographic Projection Displays March 20, 2008. The Macintosh
News Network.
[12] Holographic projection technology creates impact – An Active-3D product story. Edited
by the Marketing week Marketplace editorial team Sep 2, 2009.
[13] New Medical 3D Holographic (Moa’s) Used forMedical Devices, Pharmaceutical
Marketing. Medical and Scientific Animation.
[14] Newest Technology: 360Brandvision Offers 3D Video Holograms in 360 Degrees. Las
Vegas, NV (PRWEB) November 10, 2008. PR WEB Press Release.
[15] Samsung 3D holographic cell phone rear-projection screen patent Posted on 22 February
2008 by Chri

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