Introduction to the Building Information Modeling: Definitions, History, Timeline, Stakeholders, BIM Dimensions, Level of Development, Formats of BIM, and Limitations of Building Information Modeling.

1. Introduction to BIM
BIM and Computer Application
Submitted By: Shristi Kumari (MA 16/21)
Yogesh Makkar (MA 20/21)
Submitted To: Ar. Nirmal Kaushik
Date: 29th August, 2022
M.Arch (2021-23) | Semester: 3
Chandigarh College of Architecture

2. Table Of Contents
01 Definitions of BIM
02 History of BIM
03 Timeline of evolution of Drawing Softwares /
Applications
04 Stakeholders of BIM
05
BIM Applications across Construction
Project’s Life Cycle
06 Benefits of BIM
07
Hierarchy of Professionals in a
Construction Project
08 Dimensions of BIM
09 Level of Development

3. Table Of Contents
10
File Formats of BIM
11
Limitations of BIM
12
13
buildingSMART
14
Bibliography
BIM Softwares
15
Literature Case Study

4. Definitions of BIM (Building Information Modeling)
DEFINITIONS SOURCE
• A BIM is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility.
As such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a
reliable basis for decisions during its lifecycle from inception onward.
US National Building
Information Model
Standard (NBIMS, 2007)
• A modelling technology and associated set of processes to produce, communicate and
analyze building models.
Eastman C, 2008
• Shared digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of any built
object (including buildings, bridges, roads, etc.) which forms a reliable basis for decisions.
BS ISO 29481-1 2010
• Construction of a model that contains the information about a building from all phases of
the building life cycle.
ISO 16757-1: 2015
• Discrete set of electronic object-oriented information used for design, construction and
operation of a built asset.
PAS 1192-5:2015
• Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the holistic process of creating and managing
information for a built asset. Based on an intelligent model and enabled by a cloud
platform, BIM integrates structured, multi-disciplinary data to produce a digital representation
of an asset across its lifecycle, from planning and design to construction and operations.
Autodesk
The following table highlights some of the definitions of BIM as given by different researchers and AEC professionals:
01
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM

5. History of BIM
The concept of BIM was created in the early 1970s by Charles Eastman.
• He proposed the Building Description System (BDS) which is the precursor to modern BIM. In BDS, the system performs a
few functions which are similar to what BIM is capable of: (1) a graphical user interface to store and display complex element
shapes; (2) an interactive graphic language to arrange different elements in a design space; (3) it can produce perspective or
orthographic drawings and; (4) the database can be sorted by attributes such as material type.
• In 1977, Graphical Language for Interactive Design (GLIDE) had been introduced which improved on the features of BDS
and offered more accurate drawings.
• In 1989, Building Product Model (BPM) was introduced and offered more features such as estimation.
• In 1995, the Generic Building Model (GBM) was introduced which defined the building type in the model and allowed a
higher degree construction management to be achieved.
• Beginning in the early 2000s, the concept of BIM took off among the AEC industry when parametric 3D modelling was
developed.
It is this amalgamation of different features that spanned more than 40 years of development which defines modern BIM.
Source: Sinoh, Saznizam & Ibrahim, Zainah & Othman,
Faridah & Muhammad, N. (2020). Review of BIM literature and
government initiatives to promote BIM in Malaysia. IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 943.
012057. 10.1088/1757-899X/943/1/012057.
02
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Timeline showing evolution of BIM

6. Source: Evolution of BIM and BIM Adoption | Andersen Windows. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27, 2022,
from https://www.andersenwindows.com/for-professionals/pro-views/bim-evolution/
1957
Pronto, first
commercial
computer-
aided
machining
(CAM)
software
Sketchpad,
CAD with
graphical user
interface
1963
1975
Building
Description
System (BDS)
1977
Graphical
Language
for
Interactive
Design
(GLIDE)
1982
2D AutoCAD
1986
Radar CH
1985
Vectorworks
1984
Really Universal
Computer-Aided
Production
System
(RUCAPS)
1987
ArchiCAD
1988
Pro/ENGINEER
1995
International
Foundation Class
(IFC) file format
1997
2000
Revit
ArchiCAD’s
Teamwork
2001
NavisWorks
BuildingSMART
2005
2005
Revit
Structure
Revit
MEP
2007
2011
Infurnia
Edificius
2015
Procore
BIM
2019
BIMx
2014
Timeline of evolution of Drawing softwares / applications 03
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM

7. Professionals
who use BIM
Architects
Engineers
Contractors
Operators
Consultants
Fabricators
Surveyors
Estimators
Facility
Manager
BIM
Manager
Project
Manager
Developers
Environmentalists
Educational
Institutions
Trade and
Industry
Researchers
04
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Stakeholders of BIM
Source: Travaglini, Agnese & Radujkovic,
Mladen & Mancini, Mauro. (2014). Building
Information Modelling (BIM) and Project
Management: a Stakeholders Perspective.
Organization, technology and management in
construction: An international journal. 6.
10.5592/otmcj.2014.2.8.

8. 05
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
BIM Applications across Construction Project’s Life Cycle
Source: Alhamami, Ali & Petri, Ioan & Rezgui,
Yacine & Kubicki, Sylvain. (2020). Promoting
Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment
through Adapted BIM Training and Education.
Energies. 13. 2308. 10.3390/en13092308.

9. 06
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Benefits of BIM
Source: C. Eastman, P. Teicholz, R. Sacks
and K. Liston, BIM Handbook, 2nd Edition,
New Jersey, Wiley, 2011.
Pre-
constructio
n Benefits
to Owner
• Concept, Feasibility, and
Design Benefits
• Increased Building
Performance and Quality
• Improved Collaboration
Using Integrated Project
Delivery
Design
Benefits
• Earlier and More
Accurate Visualizations
of a Design
• Automatic Low-Level
Corrections when
Changes are made to
design
• Generation of Accurate
and Consistent 2D
Drawings at any stage
of the Design
• Extraction of Cost
Estimates during the
Design Stage
Constructi
on and
Fabrication
Benefits
• Use of Design Model as
Basis for Fabricated
Components
• Discovery of Design
Errors and Omissions
before Construction
• Synchronization of
Design and Construction
Planning
Post
Construction
Benefits
• Improved Commissioning
and Handover of Facility
Information.
• Better Management and
Operation of Facilities.
• Integration with Facility
Operation and
Management Systems

10. Project Manager
Planner
Team/Studio Leader
Office Manager
Design Architect
Project Architect
Production Architect
Specifiers
Associates/Interns/Design
Professionals
Draftsman/Technician
Heirachy of professionals
for Large scale firms
07
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Typical Organization of Project Team
Hierarchy of Professionals in a
Construction Project
Source: C. Eastman, P. Teicholz, R. Sacks and K. Liston, BIM Handbook, 2nd
Edition, New Jersey, Wiley, 2011.

11. 08
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Benefits of BIM for various stakeholders
Source: C. Eastman, P. Teicholz, R. Sacks
and K. Liston, BIM Handbook, 2nd Edition,
New Jersey, Wiley, 2011.
Architects
• Conceptual Design
and sketching with
BIM tools.
• Building System
Design, Analysis,
Simulation, and
Checking.
• Construction-Level
Building Models :
Design team can
collaborate with
contractors and
fabricators from the
beginning, being
informed about
fabrication issues as
they model.
Owners and
Facility Managers
• Increase building
performance
• Reduce the financial
risk.
• Shorten project
schedule.
• Obtain reliable and
accurate cost
estimates.
• Assure program
compliance.
• Optimize facility
management and
maintenance.
Contractors
• Constructability
analysis and clash
detection.
• Quantity takeoff and
cost estimating.
• Construction analysis
and planning.
• Integration with cost
and schedule control
and other
management
functions.
• Offsite fabrication.
• Verification, guidance,
and tracking of
construction activities.
Subcontractors
and Fabricators
• Reduced Production
Cycle Times.
• Reduced Design
Coordination Errors.
• Lower Engineering
and Detailing Costs.
• Increased
Preassembly and
Prefabrication.
• Quality Control,
Supply Chain
Management, and
Lifecycle
Maintenance.

12. Source: Ahmad Latiffi, Aryani & Mohd, Suzila & Kasim, Narimah & Fathi, Mohamad Syazli. (2013). Building Information Modeling (BIM) Application in Malaysian
Construction Industry. International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2. 6. 10.5923/s.ijcem.201309.01.
BIM Applications in a Construction Project 09
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
PHASE STAGE USES OF BIM
PRE CONSTRUCTION
Existing conditions modeling Enhances accuracy of existing conditions
documentation.
Planning Identifies schedule sequencing or phasing
issues.
Design • Facilitates better communication and
faster design decision.
• Perform clash detection and clash
analysis.
• Increases design effectiveness
Scheduling Enables project manager and contractor
to see construction work sequence,
equipment, materials and track progress
against logistics and timelines established.
Estimate Enables generation of takeoffs, counts
and measurements directly from a 3-
Dimensional (3D) project model.
Site Analysis Decreases costs of utility demand and
demolition.

13. Source: Ahmad Latiffi, Aryani & Mohd, Suzila & Kasim, Narimah & Fathi, Mohamad Syazli. (2013). Building Information Modeling (BIM) Application in Malaysian
Construction Industry. International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2. 6. 10.5923/s.ijcem.201309.01.
BIM Applications in a Construction Project 10
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
PHASE STAGE USES OF BIM
CONSTRUCTION
Construction • Enables demonstration of construction
process and job layout. Provides better
tracking of cost control and cash flow.
• Enables tracking of work in real time,
faster flow of resources and better site
management.
POST CONSTRUCTION
Operation / Facilities management • Keeps track of built asset.
• Manages facilities proactively.
• Enables scheduled maintenance and
provides review of maintenance
history.

14. Source: Alsharif, Rashed. (2019). A review
on the challenges of BIM-based BEM
automated application in AEC industry.
10.13140/RG.2.2.26102.55366.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) dimensions refer to levels of information and data entered into a 3D model using BIM
software and includes 3D model data, time data, costs, and sustainability. BIM dimensions has its own purpose and is useful in
finding out how much a project would cost, it’s timeline, when it would be completed and how sustainable it would be in the future.
Facility
management,
Operation,
maintenance,
Scheduling,
Project Phasing
simulations,
Activity
progress,
Life cycle
7D
Sustainability,
Energy
consumption
analysis,
Infrastructure
performance
6D
Cost-budget
tracking,
Cost analysis
scheduling,
Estimations for
materials,
equipment, man
power
5D
Time
scheduling,
Project phasing
simulations,
Activity
progress,
Virtual
construction
4D
Geometrical,
Graphical
information
3D
Dimensions of BIM 11
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
3D BIM tools:
• Revit (Autodesk)
• Tekla Structures
(Trimble)
• MicroStation (Bentley)
• Archicad (Graphisoft).
4D BIM tools:
• Vico Office (Trimble)
• Synchro Pro (Synchro Software)
• Navisworks (Autodesk).
5D BIM tools:
• Solibri (Solibri)
• Navisworks (Autodesk)
• Vico Office (Trimble).
7D BIM tools:
• YouBIM
• Mainmanager
• FM: Systems
6D BIM tools:
• TerMus-Plus

15. 12
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Level of Development
Source: BIM Forum (2018)
BIM Level of Development (LOD) is a set of specifications that gives professionals in the AEC industry the power to document,
articulate and specify the content of BIM effectively and clearly.
PRE
DESIGN
SCHEMATIC
DESIGN
DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT
CONSTRUCTION
DOCUMENTS
CONSTRUCTION
STAGE
AS-BUILT

16. • buildingSMART, (earlier called as the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI)), is an international non-profit
organization which aims to improve the exchange of information between software applications used in
the construction industry.
• Focus at developing, promoting and deploying open international BIM standards for the building industry.
• The IAI was founded in 1994 as an industry consortium of 12 US companies invited by Autodesk to advise on developing
a set of C++ classes to support integrated application development.
• buildingSMART Compliance provides guidance and governance for certification of software, people, and organizations
through compliance training and testing.
buildingSMART
13
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Source: BuildingSMART International Ltd. (c2008-2017). Buildingsmart-tech.org. Retrieved 22 August, 2022, from http://www.buildingsmart-tech.org/
buildingSMART vision
• Improving communication, productivity, delivery time, cost, and quality throughout
the whole building life cycle.
buildingSMART mission
• To bring coordinated change for the improvement of productivity and efficiency in
the construction and facilities management industry.
• Facilitate an arena for the industry to become more innovative and work smarter .
buildingSMART goal
• Building on the collective knowledge of the global construction and facilities
management industries to define and use open BIM standards for interoperability.

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BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
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Elements for integration and communication of information Standard Task
Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) ISO 16739:2013 The rules for
exchanging data
Information Delivery Manual (IDM) ISO 29481 -1 and
ISO 29481-2
The process of
exchanging data
International Framework for Dictionaries (IFD) ISO 12006-3 and
buildingSMART data
dictionary
The mapping of
common term
BIM Collaboration Format (BCF) buildingSMART BFC The changing of
coordinates
Model View Definitions (MVD) buildingSMART
MVD
Translates
processes into
technical
requirements
buildingSMART methodology
Source:
Nowak, P., Philp, D., J. T. S., I. B. K., Mordue, S. (2017). Building
information modelling - BIM. Poland: Civil Engineering Faculty of
Warsaw University of Technology.
BIM Triangle

18. • Autodesk Revit
• Autodesk BIM 360
• Vectorworks Architect
• Tekla Structures BIM Software
• ARCHICAD
• MicroStation
• Allplan BIM Software
• Autodesk Civil 3d
• Procore BIM Software
• Autodesk Navisworks
• BIMx
• BricsCAD
• Edificius
• Infurnia
BIM Softwares 15
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Source: https://www.bimtraining.in/post/bim-tools

19. 16
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Product Name Stage Domain Users
Revit Architecture Planning and Design Architecture Architects and
drafters
Revit Structure Planning and Design
Construction
Structure Structural engineers
Revit MEP Planning and Design MEP Mechanical, Electrical
and Plumbing
Engineers
ArchiCAD Planning and Design
Construction
Architecture Architects
Allplan Engineering Planning and Design
Construction
Structures (3D design
for structural design)
Structural engineers
Allplan Facility Management Operations Facility Management Facility managers
MicroStation Planning and Design
Construction, Operation
Architectural Design Architects, engineers,
contractors, planners,
GIS professionals
Source: Logothetis, Sotiris & Stylianidis, Efstratios. (2016). BIM Open Source Software (OSS) for the documentation of cultural heritage. Virtual
Archaeology Review. 7. 28. 10.4995/var.2016.5864.
BIM Softwares used in Construction Projects

20. 17
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Product Name Stage Domain Users
Vectorworks Planning and Design Landscape Design Planners and
Landscape Architects
Bentley suite Planning and Design
Construction
Structure Structural engineers
Edificius Planning and Design Architectural Design Architects
BIM Vision Planning and Design Architectural model
viewer
Architects
Source: Logothetis, Sotiris & Stylianidis, Efstratios. (2016). BIM Open Source Software (OSS) for the documentation of cultural heritage. Virtual
Archaeology Review. 7. 28. 10.4995/var.2016.5864.
BIM Softwares used in Construction Projects

21. BIM files are file formats that contain
information-based templates that are
shared between different inter-
disciplinary professionals involved in
the design and construction
processes.
Proprietary
file formats
RVT: Autodesk’s proprietary
format for Revit files and can
only be opened in Revit.
PLN: Graphisoft’s
proprietary format for
ArchiCAD files and contains
3D models used by
architects.
NDW: Nemetschek’s
proprietary format for AllPlan
files.
EDF: Proprietary format of ACCA
software for Edificius files and contains
information on various aspects of an
entire project.
EDL: Proprietary format of ACCA software for EdiLus files containing designs of
reinforced concrete, masonry, steel and wood structures and used for structural
calculation of buildings, analysis of results and detection of interference, creation of work
plans and detailed documents.
Non-proprietary / Open
ended file formats
IFC: Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) is the
most common non-proprietary format for
BIM. It’s an open, neutral file format that contains a
model of a building or structure, including spatial
elements, materials, and shapes.
COBie: Construction Operation Building
Information Exchange (COBie) is a non-proprietary
data format that allows you to share resource data
rather than graphical/geometric data. It’s used to
transfer data and documents created during design
and construction to end users or facility managers.
1. Proprietary file formats are readable
only by your software and other
permitted software.
2. Open-ended BIM file formats are
formats for which the structure is
known and are therefore vendor-
independent, which means that they
can be read and edited by any type of
software and thus promote
interoperability and collaboration
among team members.
Source: Palma, T. (2022, April 15). BIM files: the
main BIM formats for design - BibLus.
https://biblus.accasoftware.com/en/bim-files-the-
main-bim-formats-for-design/
File Formats of BIM
File Formats of BIM are as follows:
18
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM

22. Technological
• Lack of BIM
software
packages
• Lack of
information
sharing.
• Lack of ability of
two or more
systems or
components to
exchange
information and
interpret them
then use the
information
(Interoperability)
• Lack computable
digital design
data
Cost
• High software
costs.
• High hardware
costs.
• High training
costs.
Management
• Lack of client
demand.
• Required a large
culture change
within the
organization.
• Lack of
knowledge on
how to implement
BIM.
• Need to change in
workflows to
comply with the
new
requirements.
• Fragmented
nature of the
construction
process.
• Time consuming.
Personnel
• Lack of staff
experience and
skills.
• Staff resistance
to change.
• Lack of
awareness of
BIM benefits.
Legal
• Lack of
contractual
arrangements to
protect the
private data of
BIM model from
loss and misuse.
• Contractor or
designer could
be liable for any
defect in the BIM
model (Product
liability risks).
• Simple to fake
the digital
records, or
amend dates,
times or other
data.
(Authenticity)
Source: Enshassi, Mohammed & Hallaq, Khalid & Tayeh, Bassam. (2019). Limitation Factors of Building Information Modeling (BIM) Implementation. The Open
Construction & Building Technology Journal. 13. 10.2174/1874836801913010189.
Limitations of BIM 19
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM

23. LITERATURE CASE STUDY
Nagpur Metro Rail
5D BIM & ERP - Digital Project Management for Nagpur Metro in India
About Nagpur Metro Rail:
Nagpur Metro Rail Project consists of 38.215 Km metro corridor, 38 stations and 2 Depots.
Company: Maharashtra Metro Rail
Location: Nagpur, India
Year of the project: 2017
20
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM

24. The challenge
• Complex project with 20 major contractors
working and around 30 subsystems including
signaling system, telecom system, rolling stock,
air conditioning, electrical, etc.
• Thus a large amount of coordination is
required for these systems to run together.
• A platform with BIM management along
with an integration software was best suited
for the project’s requirement.
• In order to have a better project information,
to reduce cost overrun and time overrun,
Nagpur Metro Rail Corporation Limited
(NMRCL) decided to go with digital project
management for the complete project.
• Also, the concept of asset management was
planned right from the beginning so that all the
construction details which the project develops
will all be available for future maintenance of
the metro system.
The solution
NMRCL selected a few major digital project management
systems including iTWO for efficient management of the project.
Integrating 3D model with quantities and costs in iTWO
• Utilization of 3D model in cost optimization
• Change order management
• Earned value management through controlling structure
• Integrating schedule and actual cost information to analyze
physical progress and financial progress
Source:
https://www.unissu.com/propt
ech-resources/Geospatial-
Data-and-its-integration-in-BIM
21
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25. 22
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Source: Pakhale, Pratik & Pal, Aritra. (2020). Digital project management in infrastructure project: a case study of Nagpur Metro Rail Project.
Asian Journal of Civil Engineering. 21. 10.1007/s42107-020-00224-4.

26. Model based delay analysis
Integrate 3D model with
actual progress.
Benefits
• Analyze current
delays.
• Forecast probable
obstacles and take
precautionary steps.
23
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Source: Pakhale, Pratik & Pal, Aritra. (2020). Digital project management in infrastructure project: a case study of Nagpur Metro Rail Project.
Asian Journal of Civil Engineering. 21. 10.1007/s42107-020-00224-4.

27. Achieving 5D BIM integration through iTWO
• Provided integrated view of project by linking 3D model,
schedule, cost.
• Timely rectification of the flaws in construction sequencing by
contractor in schedule with the help of simulation.
• Model based progress monitoring during execution.
• Single platform for 3D model, scheduling (4D) and cost (5D).
24
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Source: Pakhale, Pratik & Pal, Aritra. (2020). Digital project management in
infrastructure project: a case study of Nagpur Metro Rail Project. Asian Journal of
Civil Engineering. 21. 10.1007/s42107-020-00224-4.

28. The result
Nagpur metro is considered to be a benchmark for future mega
infrastructure projects in India and the key success factors are:
• Collaborative & user-friendly working environment
• 3D model-based analysis from concept till commissioning
• Design-Drawing & Document Management System
• Effective project controlling & monitoring system
• Complete cost accounting system
• Asset information management system
• “Knowledgebase” for future metro projects in India
25
BIM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO BIM
Source: Pakhale, Pratik & Pal, Aritra. (2020). Digital project management in
infrastructure project: a case study of Nagpur Metro Rail Project. Asian Journal of Civil
Engineering. 21. 10.1007/s42107-020-00224-4.

29. 26
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Bibliography
• Sinoh, Saznizam & Ibrahim, Zainah & Othman, Faridah & Muhammad, N. (2020). Review of BIM literature and government initiatives
to promote BIM in Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 943. 012057. 10.1088/1757-
899X/943/1/012057.
• Evolution of BIM and BIM Adoption | Andersen Windows. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27, 2022, from
https://www.andersenwindows.com/for-professionals/pro-views/bim-evolution/
• Travaglini, Agnese & Radujkovic, Mladen & Mancini, Mauro. (2014). Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Project Management: a
Stakeholders Perspective. Organization, technology and management in construction: An international journal. 6.
10.5592/otmcj.2014.2.8
• Alhamami, Ali & Petri, Ioan & Rezgui, Yacine & Kubicki, Sylvain. (2020). Promoting Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment
through Adapted BIM Training and Education. Energies. 13. 2308. 10.3390/en13092308.
• C. Eastman, P. Teicholz, R. Sacks and K. Liston, BIM Handbook, 2nd Edition, New Jersey, Wiley, 2011.
• Alsharif, Rashed. (2019). A review on the challenges of BIM-based BEM automated application in AEC industry.
10.13140/RG.2.2.26102.55366.
• BuildingSMART International Ltd. (c2008-2017). Buildingsmart-tech.org. Retrieved 22 August, 2022, from http://www.buildingsmart-
tech.org/
• Palma, T. (2022, April 15). BIM files: the main BIM formats for design - BibLus. https://biblus.accasoftware.com/en/bim-files-the-main-
bim-formats-for-design/
• Logothetis, Sotiris & Stylianidis, Efstratios. (2016). BIM Open Source Software (OSS) for the documentation of cultural heritage.
Virtual Archaeology Review. 7. 28. 10.4995/var.2016.5864.
• Ahmad Latiffi, Aryani & Mohd, Suzila & Kasim, Narimah & Fathi, Mohamad Syazli. (2013). Building Information Modeling (BIM)
Application in Malaysian Construction Industry. International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2. 6.
10.5923/s.ijcem.201309.01.
• Nowak, P., Philp, D., J. T. S., I. B. K., Mordue, S. (2017). Building information modelling - BIM. Poland: Civil Engineering Faculty of
Warsaw University of Technology.
• Pakhale, Pratik & Pal, Aritra. (2020). Digital project management in infrastructure project: a case study of Nagpur Metro Rail Project.
Asian Journal of Civil Engineering. 21. 10.1007/s42107-020-00224-4.