Questions Covered in the report: - Which is more environmentally friendly, online or traditional shopping? - What share of online shoppers worldwide returned their online purchase in 2019 and what product categories have the highest returns rates? - What was the estimated volume of parcels delivered in China as a result of Singles Day in 2019 and what is their projection for the volume of packaging by 2025? - Under which circumstances are online shoppers willing to change their behavior to have a lower environmental impact? - Which market trends are important in the development of measures to lower the environmental impact of E-Commerce worldwide? Full report here: https://bit.ly/394oh5d

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4. 4
GENERAL METHODOLOGY OF MARKET REPORTS
Secondary Market Research
 The reports are compiled based on secondary market research. Secondary research is information gathered from previously published sources. Our reports are
based on information and data acquired from national and international statistical offices, industry and trade associations, business reports, business and
company databases, journals, company registries, news portals and many other reliable sources. By using various sources we ensure maximum objectivity for
reported data. As a result, companies gain a precise and unbiased impression of the market situation.
 Cross referencing of data is conducted in order to ensure validity and reliability.
 The source of information and its release date are provided on every chart. It is possible that the information contained in one chart is derived from several
sources. If this is the case, all sources are mentioned on the chart.
 The reports include mainly data from the last 12 months prior to the date of report publication. Exact publication dates are mentioned in every chart.
Definitions
 The reports take into account a broad definition of B2C E-Commerce, which might include mobile commerce. As definitions may vary among sources, exact
definition used by the source (if available) is included at the bottom of the chart.
Chart Types
 Our reports include text charts, pie charts, bar charts, rankings, line graphs and tables. Every chart contains an Action Title, which summarizes the main
idea/finding of the chart and a Subtitle, which provides necessary information about the country, the topic, units or measures of currency, and the applicable time
period(s) to which the data refers. With respect to rankings, it is possible that the summation of all categories amounts to more than 100%. In this case, multiple
answers were possible, which is noted at the bottom of the chart.
Report Structure
 Reports are comprised of the following elements, in the following order: Cover page, preface, legal notice, methodology, definitions, table of contents,
management summary (summarizing main information contained in each section of report) and report content (divided into sections and chapters). When
available, we also include forecasts in our report content. These forecasts are not our own; they are published by reliable sources. Within Global and Regional
reports, we include all major developed and emerging markets, ranked in order of importance by using evaluative criteria such as sales figures.
Notes and Currency Values
 If available, additional information about the data collection, for example the time of survey and number of people surveyed, is provided in the form of a note. In
some cases, the note (also) contains additional information needed to fully understand the contents of the respective data.
 When providing information about amounts of money, local currencies are most often used. When referencing currency values in the Action Title, the EUR
values are also provided in brackets. The conversions are made using the average currency exchange rate for the respective time period. Should the currency
figure be in the future, the average exchange rate of the past 12 months is used.

5. 5
METHODOLOGY OF THE CURRENT REPORT
Report Coverage
 This report covers the B2C E-Commerce market and its environmental impact worldwide. A broad definition of retail E-Commerce used by some original sources
cited in this report might include both B2C and C2C E-Commerce.
 The report contains relevant information about international comparisons, market trends, B2C E-Commerce sales and shares, all in the context of environmental
impact, as well as returns, special sales, delivery, packaging, payment, travel and players.
Report Structure
 The report starts with an overview of the B2C E-Commerce market and international comparisons in the context of environmental impact, where the relevant
environmental aspects are described in terms of criteria relevant to E-Commerce.
 Next, the “Product Returns and the Effect on the Environment” section includes an overview of market trends in the context of E-Commerce returns, including
the frequency of returns in different geographies, reasons for returns and categories with high returns rates.
 The section “Special Sales and Their Environmental Impact” covers the topic of Black Friday, Cyber Monday, Amazon Prime Day and Singles Day and
discusses their development of retail B2C E-Commerce sales as well as their environmental impact.
 In the “Delivery and Online Shoppers’ Attitudes Towards Environmentally-Friendly Options” section, information about express and other delivery options and
the attitude of online shoppers towards them is included.
 Afterwards, the section “Packaging and Consumers’ Approach to Sustainable Options” shows the environmental challenges and impacts of E-Commerce related
to packaging as well as attitudes of consumers to environmentally-friendlier and sustainable packaging options.
 In the „Sustainable Payments“ section examples of measures for clients and payment companies are presented.
 The next section, “Sustainable Travel”, covers the sustainability aspects of online services and customer’s attitudes towards them.
 Finally, the “Players and Companies Offering Solutions to Make E-Commerce Greener” section includes information about the leading E-Commerce companies,
including their efforts to address environmental problems as well as other companies and start-ups that offer sustainable solutions for reverse logistics, last-mile
delivery and packaging.

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DEFINITIONS
 B2C E-COMMERCE
the sale of products (and services) through electronic transactions via the Internet from businesses to
consumers (B2C). A broader definition of retail E-Commerce applied by some sources also includes consumer-
to-consumer (C2C) sales.
 E-COMMERCE SALES
the total sales generated either on the E-Commerce market in a certain country or region, or the total sales
generated through E-Commerce by a player on the market.
 CROSS-BORDER B2C E-COMMERCE
the sale of goods (and services) directly to consumers in other countries, with orders delivered from the country
where the foreign shop is based or from a central logistics facility, i.e. across the country’s borders. Both B2C
and C2C transactions might be included in the definition of retail cross-border E-Commerce.
 INTERNET USERS the total number of inhabitants in a certain country that regularly access the Internet.
 ONLINE SHOPPERS the total number of inhabitants in a certain country or region that participate in B2C E-Commerce.
 GROSS MERCHANDISE VALUE
abbreviated as GMV, a total value of successfully completed transactions between buyers and sellers on a
marketplace. Depending on the source, might include shipping costs.
 GREENHOUSE GAS
greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse gas effect, these include but are not limited to carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons.
 CO2 EQUIVALENT
abbreviated as CO2e, compares the emissions from various greenhouse gases on the basis of their global-
warming potential value, other greenhouse gases are converted to the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide
with their global warming potential value.
 CARBON FOOTPRINT
refers to the amount of carbon dioxide and typically other greenhouse gas emissions expressed as CO2-
equivalents of all the activities of an individual, company, entity, etc.
 CARBON NEUTRALITY
also called a net zero carbon footprint, refers to balancing carbon emissions by eliminating carbon emissions
and with carbon removal so that net emissions become zero.
The following expressions and definitions are used in this market report*:
Note: *the definitions used by the original sources might differ from the ones stated on this chart; the exact definition used by each source, where available, is included on the respective
charts

7. 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS (1 OF 3)
1. Management Summary
2. Overview & Introduction
• Global: E-Commerce’s Impact on the Environment Overview, January 2020
• Global: Retail E-Commerce Sales, in USD trillion and in Share of Total Retail Sales, in %, 2017-2023f
• Global: Share of Consumers Receiving Deliveries Once a Week or More From Grocery Retailers, in % of Consumers, by France,
Germany, the Netherlands, the UK, the USA, 2018 & 2021f
• Global: Parcel Volumes, in billions, 2014-2018 & 2025f
• Global: Top 5 Countries Purchased From in the Latest Cross-Border Online Purchase, in % of Cross-Border Online Shoppers, 2017 &
2018
• Global: Breakdown of Time Needed for Cross-Border Delivery, in % of Cross-Border Online Shoppers, October 2018
• USA: Goods Flown by Amazon Air, in thousand tons, July 2018, December 2018 & July 2019
• Global: Share of Cross-Border E-Commerce B2C Shipments Transported by Air, in %, 2019
• Global: Share of CO2 Emissions From Freight Operations in Commercial Aviation, in %, 2018
• Global: Carbon Footprint of Shoppers, by In-Store Only, In-Store & Online & Fast-Shipping, Online Only, Online-Only & Fast-Shipping in
kg CO2e, June 2019
3. Product Returns and the Effect on the Environment
• Global: Share of Online Shoppers Who Returned an Item in the Three Months Prior to the Study, in %, January 2019
• USA: Volume of Packages Returned to Online Shops, in Millions per Day, January 2019, December 2019 & January, 2nd 2020f
• North America: Share of Returns, by Traditional Retail and E-Commerce, in % of Sales, December 2018
• Germany: Share of E-Commerce Returns, by Ordered Articles and Delivered Parcels, in %, 2018
• Germany: Share of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Caused by E-Commerce Returns in Country’s Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions, in %,
2018
• UK: Share of Online Shoppers Ordering Articles They Are Willing to Return, by Total Surveyed and 25-34 Year-Olds, in %, April 2019
• Global: Breakdown of Reasons for Returning an Item, in % Surveyed Online Shoppers, January 2019
• Europe: Share of Returns of E-Commerce Articles, by Category, in % of Returned Articles, March 2019
• Europe: Share of E-Commerce Returned Articles Eligible for Repeated Sale as an A-Article, in %, March 2019
• Germany: Share of E-Commerce Returned Articles that Were Disposed of, in %, December 2018
• Europe: Share of E-Commerce Merchants For Whom Measures to Avoid Returns Have Special Priority, in %, March 2019
• UK: Share of Online Shoppers Concerned About Environmental Impact of Over-Ordering and Returning Goods, and Who Reduced the
Amount Ordered or Returned, in %, April 2019

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (2 OF 3)
3. Product Returns and the Effect on the Environment (Cont.)
• Global: Share of Returns, by Iceland, India, Hungary, Latvia, Mexico, Norway, Russia, Thailand, Vietnam and Global Average, in % of
Cross-Border Online Shoppers, October 2018
4. Special Sales and Their Environmental Impact
• USA: Retail E-Commerce Sales on Black Friday, in USD billion and in Year-on-Year Change, in %, 2017-2019e
• Global: Gross Merchandise Sales During Amazon Prime Day, in USD billion, 2015-2019e
• China: Number of Parcels Delivered as a Result of Singles Day, in millions, 2017-2019e
• China: Volume of Packaging from Deliveries During Singles Day, in million tons, 2018 & 2025f
• UK: Share of Consumers Who Consider or Try to Reduce the Environmental Impact of Black Friday and Cyber Monday Purchases, in %
of Respondents, November 2019
• UK: Share of Consumers Whose Black Friday and Cyber Monday Purchase Will Be Planned or Impulse-Driven, in % of Respondents,
November 2019
• UK: Share of Consumers Using Their Black Friday and Cyber Monday 2018 Purchased Item, in % of Respondents, November 2019
5. Delivery and Online Shoppers’ Attitudes Towards Environmentally-Friendly Options
• Europe: Share of Consumers Who Are Willing to Pay For Same-Day Delivery, in %, and For Next-Day Delivery, in %, by France,
Germany, Poland, Spain, the Netherlands, the UK, September 2018
• Global: Breakdown of Actions Taken to Qualify for Free Shipping, in % Surveyed Online Shoppers, January 2019
• Global: Breakdown of Reasons for Reducing Delivery Speed, in % Surveyed Online Shoppers, January 2019
• UK: Share of Online Shoppers More Likely to Opt for Alternatives to Home Delivery If Informed of the Respective Emissions for Each
Delivery Option, in %, March 2019
• UK: Share of Online Shoppers Who Used Click-and-Collect in the Last 3 Months, and in the Last 6 Months, in %, March 2019
• Mexico: Share of Online Shoppers Opting for Longer Delivery Times to Save Trees, in % of Respondents, April 2019
• North America: Share of Online Shoppers Who Care a Great Deal about the Environmental Impact of Their Deliveries, in %, and Who
are Conscious of The Issue, in %, July 2018
• North America: Share of Online Shoppers Who Believe a Consolidated Delivery Service Option Has a Positive Environmental Impact, in
%, and Who Are Willing to Opt for Such a Service, in %, July 2018
• UK: Share of Online Shoppers Who Admit That Home Delivery Option Is a Default Habit, in %, March 2019
• UK: Attitudes Towards Environmental Impact of Online Delivery, in % Online Shoppers, and in % of 18-24 Year-Old Online Shoppers,
March 2019
• United States: Share of Etsy’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Shipping in the Company’s Total Emissions, in %, February 2019

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (3 OF 3)
5. Delivery and Online Shoppers’ Attitudes Towards Environmentally-Friendly Options (Cont.)
• Global: Breakdown of Attitudes Towards Carbon-Neutral Delivery, in % of Cross-Border Online Shoppers, October 2018
6. Packaging and Consumers’ Approach to Sustainable Options
• Global: Share of Empty Space in E-Commerce Parcel, in % of Volume, December 2019
• China: Share of Cardboard Boxes Used in Express Delivery Packaging That Were Reused, in %, September 2019
• Global: Consumers’ Attitudes Towards Packaging, in %, April 2019
• Europe: Share of Consumers Who Buy Items With Less Packaging, by France, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland, the UK, and European
Average, in %, September 2018
• Europe: Share of Consumers Who Look For Products With Environmentally Friendly Packaging, by Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Poland,
and European Average, in %, September 2018
• Global: Share of Consumers Who Are Willing to Pay a Premium for Sustainable Packaging When Buying Food Items, by China,
Germany, Ireland, Poland, Switzerland, the UK, the USA, and European Average, in %, September 2018
• Germany: Share of Online Shoppers Opting for Shipping in Reusable Packaging, in % of memo AG Online Shoppers, July 2019
• Global: Breakdown of Attitudes Towards Sustainable Packaging, in % of Cross-Border Online Shoppers, October 2018
7. Sustainable Payments
• Global: Payment and Sustainability – Players Overview, January 2020
8. Sustainable Travel
• Global: Online Booking Sites Offering a Sustainable or Eco-Friendly Filter Option Seen as an Incentive to Travel More Sustainably, in %
of Adult Respondents, March 2019
• Global: Attitudes Towards Sustainable Travel, in % of Adult Respondents, February-March 2019
9. Players and Companies Offering Solutions to Make E-Commerce Greener
• Global: E-Commerce and Sustainability – Players and Current Developments, January 2020
• Global: Examples of Companies with Sustainable Solutions for E-Commerce, including Reverse Logistics, December 2019
• Global: Examples of Companies with Sustainable Solutions for E-Commerce, incl. Delivery and Packaging, December 2019

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1. Management Summary 10 – 13
2. Overview & Introduction 14 – 26
3. Product Returns and the Effect on the Environment 27 – 40
4. Special Sales and Their Environmental Impact 41 – 48
5. Delivery and Online Shoppers’ Attitudes Towards Environmentally-Friendly Options 49 – 61
6. Packaging and Consumers’ Approach to Sustainable Options 62 – 70
7. Sustainable Payments 71 – 72
8. Sustainable Travel 73 – 75
9. Players and Companies Offering Solutions to Make E-Commerce Greener 76 – 80

11. 43
51
63
74
87
200
0
50
100
150
200
250
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2025f
CAGR
+12.6%
11
Definition: the Pitney Bowes Parcel Shipping Index measures parcel volume and spend for business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-business and consumer
consigned shipments with weight up to 31.5 kg across 13 countries
Source: Pitney Bowes, October 2019
inbillions
Global: Parcel Volumes, in billions, 2014-2018 & 2025f
Parcel volumes worldwide are forecasted to reach staggering 200
billion by 2025, growing at a CAGR of +12.6% between 2018 and 2025.

12. 1.4
1.0
1.9
0
1
2
3
4
5
January 2019 December 2019 02 January 2020f
12
Note: the value for January 2019 was calculated with year-on-year change as provided by the source
Source: Euronews, November 2019; UPS, November 2019
inmillionsperday
USA: Volume of Packages Returned to Online Shops, in Millions per Day, January 2019, December 2019
& January, 2nd 2020f
In the U.S., 1.0 million packages are expected to be returned each day
in December 2019, with a peak of 1.9 million on January, 2nd.

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