UNIT 13 Evaluation Paper (1) UNIT 13 Evaluation Paper (1) Criteria Ratings Pts Restatement of program theory for your paper This is all pretty much generalized. Specifically what are you proposing in your program theory? I doubt that you are suggesting that the federal government should take upon itself funding what would effectively be two grades of schooling for every young person in the country. At the very least, I would suggest a pilot of some sort focusing on one state or one city. And then you can come closer to defining the size of the group you are considering. There are statistics on the Kansas City School District or the North Kansas City School District that you could plug into this policy proposal and would give it some reality. Also, what are the metrics that you are going to use to demonstrate success? What is the intended output from the change you are proposing? 7 / 10 pts Identify the units of measurement for your Output analysis You talk in generalities and not specifics. And I suggest that attendance shouldn't be the only measure. There should be something that measures the changes that are generated and the costs associated with that. 25 / 30 pts Describe your research approach for your output analysis You have a good research approach. I think you need to think carefully about when you are going to take snapshots of the outcomes. I don't think one snapshot is going to be convincing. 26 / 30 pts Describe the methods that you are going to use to assess the outcomes and the approximate time frames when you will be assessing the outcomes. This is an area that needs more work. You might look at some of the studies that have been done in this area and use those to help you think through the metrics you ought to be employing. 15 / 20 pts Total Points: 73 You have a good start on this. You will need to go a little deeper in developing your research strategy. You will need to think about what measurements you are going to use, and what is going on in the particular school district you are studying. If you would like to discuss this with me, we can make an appointment and do so. FINAL PAPER PARAMETERS  1. This is the time to pull it all together: A paper of NO LESS than 10 pages in length, but no more than 15 pages in length. (Coverpage and bibliographies/reference lists don’t count toward that 10-page minimum).  The paper should be double-spaced in Times New Roman or Arial size 12 font Submit using the drop box. 2. This needs to be treated like it was a real policy recommendation that you were going to present for action. Move into the role. 3. Should have: · Problem,  · research explaining the problem, · identification of impacted groups, · alternativesolutions, · selected program theory, · targetpopulation, · expected outputs and outcomes, · intended measurement criteria and plan, · and description of expected results and application offeedback, · Include sources you have accessed or intend toaccess. P ...

1. UNIT 13 Evaluation Paper (1)
UNIT 13 Evaluation Paper (1)
Criteria
Ratings
Pts
Restatement of program theory for your paper
This is all pretty much generalized. Specifically what are you
proposing in your program theory? I doubt that you are
suggesting that the federal government should take upon itself
funding what would effectively be two grades of schooling for
every young person in the country. At the very least, I would
suggest a pilot of some sort focusing on one state or one city.
And then you can come closer to defining the size of the group
you are considering. There are statistics on the Kansas City
School District or the North Kansas City School District that
you could plug into this policy proposal and would give it some
reality. Also, what are the metrics that you are going to use to
demonstrate success? What is the intended output from the
change you are proposing?
7 / 10 pts
Identify the units of measurement for your Output analysis
You talk in generalities and not specifics. And I suggest that
attendance shouldn't be the only measure. There should be
something that measures the changes that are generated and the
costs associated with that.
25 / 30 pts
Describe your research approach for your output analysis
You have a good research approach. I think you need to think
carefully about when you are going to take snapshots of the
outcomes. I don't think one snapshot is going to be convincing.
26 / 30 pts
Describe the methods that you are going to use to assess the
outcomes and the approximate time frames when you will be
assessing the outcomes.

2. This is an area that needs more work. You might look at some
of the studies that have been done in this area and use those to
help you think through the metrics you ought to be employing.
15 / 20 pts
Total Points: 73
You have a good start on this. You will need to go a little
deeper in developing your research strategy. You will need to
think about what measurements you are going to use, and what
is going on in the particular school district you are studying. If
you would like to discuss this with me, we can make an
appointment and do so.
FINAL PAPER PARAMETERS
1. This is the time to pull it all together:
A paper of NO LESS than 10 pages in length, but no more than
15 pages in length. (Coverpage and bibliographies/reference
lists don’t count toward that 10-page minimum).
The paper should be double-spaced in Times New Roman or
Arial size 12 font Submit using the drop box.
2. This needs to be treated like it was a real policy
recommendation that you were going to present for
action. Move into the role.
3. Should have:
· Problem,
· research explaining the problem,
· identification of impacted groups,
· alternativesolutions,
· selected program theory,
· targetpopulation,

3. · expected outputs and outcomes,
· intended measurement criteria and plan,
· and description of expected results and application
offeedback,
· Include sources you have accessed or intend toaccess.
Policy to deal with inequality in access to preschool services by
the
economically disadvantaged children
Ebtissam Faqirah
Terrence Ward
PA513
Fall2015
WK13_ Written Assignment

4. Ebtissam Faqirah
Terrence Ward
PA513
Fall2015
WK13_ Written Assignment
1
Policy to deal with inequality in access to preschool services by
the economically
disadvantaged children
The Program Theory
The importance of early education to the development of
children cannot be understated.
The fault in the systems of the country is that despite this
importance, more effort and resources
are not being directed to the people who need it the most. It is
common knowledge that it is only
through education that societal stratification can be overcome.
Good education offers the
children from families that have been historically disadvantaged
the ability to achieve better

5. economic status. In order to realize good education, the
foundational stages need to be well set
such that the other latter stages can be effectively achieved.
Data about early childhood education reveals worrying trends
and statistics about the
marginalized societies and their enrollment rates into early
childhood educational programs.
According to Cook (2015), about half of the black children and
those of Latin decent between
the age of 3 and 4 are not getting a proper preschool education.
The preschool programs have
higher admissio0n rates for the white children. The economic
ability of the parents therefore
rises as an important factor that encourages inequality. Given
that most of the economically
disadvantaged people come from the minority groups, the
society continues to have entrenched
inequalities. The implication of this state of affairs is that the
gap between the disadvantaged
children and their compatriots grows bigger as they proceed to
higher levels of education.
Terrence Ward
Terrence Ward: I agree that many of them are minorities, but
the last time I checked - about 10 years ago - in Missouri, over

6. half of those receiving welfare payments were not minorities.
That being said, there are still entrenched inequalities.
Ebtissam Faqirah
Terrence Ward
PA513
Fall2015
WK13_ Written Assignment
2
If this kind of trend continues, the social gap between the poor
and rich that could have
been easily dealt with using education will become enormous.
This policy seeks to reduce the
gap between educational outcomes for the children from
economically disadvantaged families
with those from more affluent backgrounds. It will reverse the
current situation that sees the
economically disadvantaged children being a year behind in
reading in the first grade when
compared to the children. The policy to counter this inequality
will majorly focus on how the
preschool access for the said children can be improved. A
variety of stakeholders will have
different roles to play, which will collectively contribute to the
success of the proposed policy.

7. The federal government has currently put in place programs
such as early head start and
early childhood home visiting program (Economic Policy
Institute, 2015). Such programs have
good intentions, but are not as successful as expected. This calls
for the introduction of new
preschool programs or the betterment of the quality of the
existing ones. The parents and
guardians also have a role to play since they are responsible for
an important aspect of early
childhood education. Despite how busy they are, they need to
have time to introduce and expose
children to learning and learning material, respectively. The
school boards also have the role of
noting the inequality aspects as children join the formal
schooling systems and how to root them.
Resources to be used
To arrive at the goals of this policy, a considerable amount of
resources will be required.
The policy recommends a three-faced approach to the preschool
setup. The first perspective
entails the introduction of high quality preschool programs in
places they did not exist. This is

8. the part of the policy projected to require intensive resource
input.
Terrence Ward
Terrence Ward: The children from more affluent families?
Terrence Ward
Terrence Ward: Do you have specific recommnedations?
Terrence Ward
Terrence Ward: This may or may not be true. Most school
boards are charged with addressing K-12 education. Pre-school
is an added responsibility that is not currently assigned. When
the current system is already underfunded it is not likely that
many will ask for another one or two grades to educate. The
cost to do that would be at least 1/12th more than it currently
costs, or 2/12ths more if you are adding three and four year
olds. And there are going to have to be significant capital
expenditures to build additional classrooms and also changes in
some of the state laws that would drive the costs up
significantly under current laws. This would be things like the
adult- student ratios.
Ebtissam Faqirah
Terrence Ward
PA513
Fall2015
WK13_ Written Assignment
3
The other perspective will involve identifying places with low
quality preschool systems and

9. improving them to arrive at the highest possible quality. This
part of the policy will be relatively
cheaper compared to the first one. The last perspective to
dealing with this problem is the
identification of places where high quality preschool programs
are already set into motion. The
policy will call for the opening up of these facilities for
economically disadvantaged children to
access the services. This is projected to be the cheapest part of
the policy with minimum resource
input.
A civil education program that targets the economically
disadvantaged family’s needs to
be done. As highlighted above, the parent has a big role in
influencing the kind of educational
outcomes that their children receive. An intense sensitization
campaign needs to be done by
educators and social workers targeting those parents. These
campaigns will encourage the
parents to create more time for their children and introduce
them to reading materials.
Lobbying of policy makers in order to channel the existing
patterns of the formal

10. education sector needs some resource input. In the current
systems, the economically
disadvantaged children are not helped to deal with their
disadvantaged positions as they join
grade one.
The Inputs to the
Solution
Most people are generally unaware of the importance of the
first three years of a child’s
life. These years have been observed by specialists as being
characterized by a very rapid
development of the brain. The children who are therefore
presented with good pre-k programs
Terrence Ward
Terrence Ward: I am not sure why this would be cheap. Most of
the programs would be operating at capacity, so the addition of

11. more students would probably increase costs on a linear basis, if
you assume there is enough land in current buildings to be able
to accommodate the necessary additional classrooms.
Ebtissam Faqirah
Terrence Ward
PA513
Fall2015
WK13_ Written Assignment
4
have better cognitive development progress as opposed to the
non-exposed children. This
therefore informs the observation that the children from more
economically stable families have
higher math and reading scores compared to the economically
disadvantaged children. The direct
translation of this is that children who do not attend early
childhood classes have a less

12. developed brain. According to Cook (2015), the tests posted by
third grade children are a good
indication of whether the said child will qualify to college or
not. Given that most of the
economically disadvantaged children do not get into these
preschool classes, their chances of
getting into collage are compromised even before they start the
formal education system.
This places these kids at a major disadvantage given the setup
of today’s economy. The
ideal situation in the 21st century is one that allows children to
start the road to developing a
career by first competing in high school and then securing
places in college. This is therefore a
disadvantage to the economically disadvantaged children
especially of the marginalized

13. communities, since they are less ability in language, math and
other cognitive capabilities. The
societal goals that have been set for children therefore seem
unreachable by such children. They
are presented by weak and late starts to their education and
cognitive development. This means
that the patterns of inequality continue to persist over time if
the early childhood issue goes
unchecked. The basics of education are set during the first four
years, and setting these basics
late compared to other children means that inequality starts that
early and persists into adulthood.
It’s the responsibility of different stakeholders in the country’s
education sector to
capture the inequality that economically disadvantaged children
get before they develop to long-
term societal problems. The Economic Policy Institute, (2015)

14. gives a good analysis of the gaps
Terrence Ward
Terrence Ward: True and sad.
Terrence Ward
Terrence Ward: It probably should be someone's responsibility,
but right now it really is not.
Ebtissam Faqirah
Terrence Ward
PA513
Fall2015
WK13_ Written Assignment
5
between economically disadvantaged children and their more
affluent counterparts. In their
report, they document the difference in the level of both
cognitive and non-cognitive

15. development between these two groups. The authors of this
report do well in analyzing specific
gaps in terms of language, math skills, socialization abilities,
and even aspects such as self-
control among the children. The analysis of this gap is viewed
from the perspectives of ethnicity
and poverty levels of their parents. Through the data provided
by the National Center for
Education Statistics’ of 2011, it becomes clear that a trend is
developing in America where the
economically disadvantaged children join the formal system of
education a step behind the other
pupils. In addition to the lack of access to kindergarten benefits,
these children are also
disadvantaged in the levels that their parents are involved in
their education. Most of their

16. parents are not as involved as the more affluent parents; the
readiness of the pupils for school is
compromised.
Many writers agree that social class is an important aspect that
determines the
educational outcomes of children; and being at the low class
places them at a disadvantage.
When ethnicity comes into play, the poor children from a
marginalized community are severely
disadvantaged given that they fall far behind in terms of
education. This calls for a multispectral
approach to dealing with this problem, putting in mind the
importance the society has placed on
having a good education.
Two Alternative