Ashford 3 : - Week 2 - Quiz Question 1. 1. What does Tom Regan say about the cruelty/kindness approach to animal ethics? (Points : 1) The best way to explain animal ethics is in terms of our obligation to be kind and not cruel to animals It is inadequate because it is possible to do wrong while being kind, and it is possible to do wrong without being deliberately cruel It has no relevance to animal ethics because animals are cruel to each other You have to be cruel to be kind, in the right measure Question 2. 2. What does Peter Singer say about the history of liberation movements? (Points : 1) They tend to become narrower in scope … zeroing in on the exact class that deserves moral consideration. They tend to become wider in scope … with people learning to apply moral principles to groups previously not considered. They tend to become more discriminatory … giving fewer and fewer rights to the less privileged. They tend to discover that the original concepts in the past were superior and it is a mistake to veer from traditional wisdom. Question 3. 3. According to Tom Regan, which of the following should compel us to accept the equal rights of animals? (Points : 1) Sentiment – our feelings for the welfare of animals Law – legal regulations requiring us to respect the rights of animals Reason – this theory has the best reasons on its side Religion – the laws of God mandate human compassion Question 4. 4. Which of the following makes it difficult to calculate the utility of an act (Points : 1) the time frame of the consequences disagreements about the meaning of pleasure or happiness determining what constitutes the greatest good all of the above Question 5. 5. What does Singer say about other philosophers’ attempts to argue that only humans have moral worth? (Points : 1) That they give a good way to determine who has rights in a way that includes all humans and no animals That they all say that animals should have rights too That they come up with unjustified methods to include all humans while excluding all animals from moral consideration That animals do not have rights because they are not as smart as humans are Question 6. 6. Peter Singer’s “basic principles of equality” applied to animals means: (Points : 1) Animals should be given all the same rights as human beings. Animals are not entitled to not all the same rights but to an equal consideration of interests. Animals should not be given the same moral consideration because they are do not have the same power to reason as humans. Animals do not have rights unless they can demonstrate the same abilities as humans. Question 7. 7. According to Mill, utilitarian morality holds that: (Points : 1) If each individual strives to maximize their own happiness, the happiness of all will follow. Each individual is required to sacrifice their own individual happiness for the happiness of all. With the right social arrangements and education, individuals can come .

1. Ashford 3 : - Week 2 - Quiz
Question 1. 1. What does Tom Regan say about the
cruelty/kindness approach to animal ethics? (Points : 1)
The best way to explain animal ethics is in terms of our
obligation to be kind and not cruel to animals
It is inadequate because it is possible to do wrong while being
kind, and it is possible to do wrong without being deliberately
cruel
It has no relevance to animal ethics because animals are cruel to
each other
You have to be cruel to be kind, in the right measure
Question 2. 2. What does Peter Singer say about the history of
liberation movements?
(Points : 1)
They tend to become narrower in scope … zeroing in on the
exact class that deserves moral consideration.
They tend to become wider in scope … with people learning to
apply moral principles to groups previously not considered.
They tend to become more discriminatory … giving fewer and
fewer rights to the less privileged.

2. They tend to discover that the original concepts in the past were
superior and it is a mistake to veer from traditional wisdom.
Question 3. 3. According to Tom Regan, which of the following
should compel us to accept the equal rights of animals? (Points :
1)
Sentiment – our feelings for the welfare of animals
Law – legal regulations requiring us to respect the rights of
animals
Reason – this theory has the best reasons on its side
Religion – the laws of God mandate human compassion
Question 4. 4. Which of the following makes it difficult to
calculate the utility of an act (Points : 1)
the time frame of the consequences
disagreements about the meaning of pleasure or happiness
determining what constitutes the greatest good
all of the above
Question 5. 5. What does Singer say about other philosophers’
attempts to argue that only humans have moral worth? (Points :
1)
That they give a good way to determine who has rights in a way
that includes all humans and no animals
That they all say that animals should have rights too

3. That they come up with unjustified methods to include all
humans while excluding all animals from moral consideration
That animals do not have rights because they are not as smart as
humans are
Question 6. 6. Peter Singer’s “basic principles of equality”
applied to animals means: (Points : 1)
Animals should be given all the same rights as human beings.
Animals are not entitled to not all the same rights but to an
equal consideration of interests.
Animals should not be given the same moral consideration
because they are do not have the same power to reason as
humans.
Animals do not have rights unless they can demonstrate the
same abilities as humans.
Question 7. 7. According to Mill, utilitarian morality holds that:
(Points : 1)
If each individual strives to maximize their own happiness, the
happiness of all will follow.
Each individual is required to sacrifice their own individual
happiness for the happiness of all.
With the right social arrangements and education, individuals
can come to associate their own individual happiness with the
happiness of all.
Neither the happiness of the individual nor the happiness of all
is worth pursuing, since neither is attainable in this life.

4. Question 8. 8. What does Tom Regan say is the source of
inherent value in an individual? (Points : 1)
Individuals have equal inherent value by virtue of being
experiencing subjects of a life, i.e. conscious beings whose
lives matter to them
We have equal inherent value if we are able to experience pain
and pleasure, suffering and misery
We do not all have inherent value; only those that live and
abide by moral principles have inherent worth
Different societies have different views about what is right and
wrong, so the ‘inherent value’ of individuals is relative
Question 9. 9. Which of the following does not describe the
ways that chickens and turkeys are treated on factory farms,
according to the video “Meet Your Meat” (Points : 1)
They are raised in their own excrement among corpses of other
birds
Some are so crippled from unnatural growth that they are unable
to move
They are given ample space to roam and to express their own
natural behavior.
They are often beaten with metal rods, which is considered legal
by the industry
Question 10. 10. What is speciesism? (Points : 1)
The view that all animals should be treated equally regardless

5. of their abilities
The view that endangered species have the right to exist
Allowing the interests of one’s own species to override the
greater interests of members of other species
Protecting endangered species from extinction regardless of
economic costs
Question 11. 11. What is the point of Regan’s discussion about
Aunt Bea and utilitarianism’s respect for human life? (Points :
1)
Utilitarianism feels that human life is paramount and not to be
sacrificed under any circumstance
Utilitarianism would say that God’s law that “thou shalt not
kill” will have very few exceptions
Utilitarianism says that human life has not much value at all, a
person can be killed for relatively minor reasons, like stealing
their money
Because utilitarianism is aggregative, one individual’s right to
life can be overridden in order to save many other people’s lives
Question 12. 12. What is Tom Regan’s main criticism of the
contractarian approach to ethical duties? (Points : 1)
It works fine for humans without problems, but it has not yet
been applied to animals
It ignores the importance of pain and suffering when it comes to
ethics

6. It would allow all kinds of human injustice if a stronger group
is able to oppress the members of a weaker group of people
He does not criticize it; he things that contractarianism, if
properly understood, represents the most rational approach to
ethical problems
Question 13. 13. According to Tom Regan, what is
fundamentally wrong with our current system? (Points : 1)
It mistreats animals in captivity
It does not adequately reduce the number of experiments to only
what is medically necessary
It treats animals as resources; as though they exist for us
That it doesn’t utilize animals enough for beneficial purposes
Question 14. 14. According to John Stuart Mill, utilitarianism
takes into account the happiness of: (Points : 1)
only the agent.
only the agent and those the agent cares about.
everyone, but weights the happiness of the agent more heavily.
everyone, and weights everyone’s happiness equally.
Question 15. 15. Which of the following does not happen to
pigs on today’s factory farms in the “Meet Your Meat” video?
(Points : 1)
They are raised in extreme confinement so dense that they can’t
turn around

7. They are castrated and have tails chopped without pain killers
They are slaughtered quickly and painlessly
Many are quite conscious while being slaughtered
Question 16. 16. Which of the following does not describe how
egg-laying hens are treated in factory farms? (Points : 1)
They are allowed to scratch through dirt and grass looking for
seeds and bugs in the fresh open air.
They are kept in such tight confinement that they cannot lift
their wings
They are starved into a period of ‘forced molting’
They have their beaks painfully seared off
Question 17. 17. What is Tom Regan’s position about the use of
animals in research and agriculture? (Points : 1)
Animals should be used whenever it can be proven that the
human benefits outweigh the harms caused to the animals
Animals should never be used for medical research or
commercial agriculture
Animals should only be used for medical research shown to be
beneficial to humanity, never for agriculture
Animals should be used in both medical research and
agriculture but should be treated as humanely as possible
Question 18. 18. What is Peter Singer’s point about performing

8. vivisection on mentally disabled human infants? (Points : 1)
That if we say that it would be wrong to perform experiments on
such humans but not on non-humans then we are showing bias
based upon species alone
That a good speciesist would not perform experiments on any
being
That we should test upon mentally disabled human infants
because the results would be more reliable than tests on animals
That anyone who would consider testing on a human infant is a
monster
Question 19. 19. Which of the following statements is the
strongest evidence that the person saying it is a utilitarian?
(Points : 1)
Ginny: “Violations of rights are very serious, from the moral
point of view.”
Helen: “I agree. It is always immoral to violate someone's
rights.”
Ginny: “Well, I wouldn’t say ‘always’. It’s o.k. to violate rights
whenever the good you can produce by doing so outweighs the
harm you do by violating the person’s rights.”
Kate: “I disagree with both of you. The notion of rights is just a
mechanism for the lesser members of society to maintain
control over those capable of greatness.”
Question 20. 20. According to Jeremy Bentham (as described by
Singer) what should determine whether a being’s interests

9. should be taken into account? (Points : 1)
Whether they have the faculty of discourse
Whether they can reason
Whether they can suffer
Whether they are capable of love