Cybercrime What is it? Brennan (2010) submits that Cybercrime differs from crime primarily in the way it is committed: Criminals use guns, whereas cybercriminals use computer technology. Most of the cybercrime we see today simply represents the migration of real-world crime into cyberspace. Cyberspace becomes the tool criminals use to commit old crimes in new ways. Cybercrime The Emergence of Cybercrime: 1950 - 1990 Computer crime in the 1960`s and 1970`s differed from the crime we deal with today. There was no internet; mainframes were not networked to other computers (Brenner, 2010, p. 10). Most of these crimes were inside jobs, because the process to crack the mainframes was so cumbersome and too technologically-advanced for the time. Cybercrime The Emergence of Cybercrime: 1950 - 1990 The crimes committed in this era all had one thing in common: The victims were a company or government agency because large entities were the only ones who used mainframe computers. Using computers to harm individuals do not become a problem until the 1980`s when the personal computer appeared (Brennan, 2010, pp. 12- 13). Cybercrime The Emergence of Cybercrime: 1950 - 1990 Hacking found its origins at MIT in Cambridge, MA in the 1950s, where students were able to make the mainframe computers merely “do things”. In the 1970`s, MIT hackers would use their knowledge to conduct practical jokes and pranks around campus; e.g., elevators, cookie monster, etc. Cybercrime The Emergence of Cybercrime: 1950 - 1990 As the 1980`s turned into the 1990`s, hacking was changing. Personal computers and software—including the software being developed specifically to facilitate hacking—were much more common. In the 1970`s and most of the 1980`s, it was a challenge "just to find a system to hack"; by the 1990`s, the Internet was starting to link everything, which meant hackers had thousands, and eventually millions, of targets (Brennan, 2010, pp. 17-18). Cybercrime The Contexts of Cybercrime: 1. Cybercrimes against individuals 2. Cybercrimes against groups 3. Cybercrimes against property 4. Cybercrimes against corporations 5. Cybercrimes against governments Cybercrime Cybercrimes Against Individuals: a. Identity Theft / Fraud b. Sexual Predation c. Confidence Tricks / Con-Artists d. Financial Predation Cybercrime Cybercrimes Against Groups: a. Hacktivists i. ``Digital Zapatismo`` (more on them later…) b. System Predators Cybercrime Cybercrimes Against Property: a. Violations of intellectual property rights i. Napster ii. Bootleg movies Cybercrime Cybercrimes Against Corporations: a. Denial of Service (DoS) b. Spamming c. Unauthorized Access d. Financial Manipulations e. Violations of Record-Keeping Laws Cybercrime Cybercrimes Against Government(s): a. Cyber-Terrorism (e.g. ISIS/ISIL) b. Cyber-War (State-Actors, Gov`t. vs. Gov`t.) Cybercrime References Brenner, S. W. (2010). Cybe.

1. Cybercrime
What is it?
Brennan (2010) submits that Cybercrime differs from crime
primarily in
the way it is committed: Criminals use guns, whereas
cybercriminals use
computer technology. Most of the cybercrime we see today
simply
represents the migration of real-world crime into cyberspace.
Cyberspace becomes the tool criminals use to commit old
crimes in new
ways.
Cybercrime
The Emergence of Cybercrime: 1950 - 1990
Computer crime in the 1960`s and 1970`s differed from the
crime we
deal with today. There was no internet; mainframes were not
networked to other computers (Brenner, 2010, p. 10).
Most of these crimes were inside jobs, because the process to
crack the
mainframes was so cumbersome and too technologically-
advanced for
the time.

2. Cybercrime
The Emergence of Cybercrime: 1950 - 1990
The crimes committed in this era all had one thing in common:
The victims were a company or government agency because
large
entities were the only ones who used mainframe computers.
Using computers to harm individuals do not become a problem
until the
1980`s when the personal computer appeared (Brennan, 2010,
pp. 12-
13).
Cybercrime
The Emergence of Cybercrime: 1950 - 1990
Hacking found its origins at MIT in Cambridge, MA in the
1950s, where
students were able to make the mainframe computers merely “do
things”.
In the 1970`s, MIT hackers would use their knowledge to
conduct
practical jokes and pranks around campus; e.g., elevators,
cookie
monster, etc.

3. Cybercrime
The Emergence of Cybercrime: 1950 - 1990
As the 1980`s turned into the 1990`s, hacking was changing.
Personal
computers and software—including the software being
developed
specifically to facilitate hacking—were much more common. In
the
1970`s and most of the 1980`s, it was a challenge "just to find a
system
to hack"; by the 1990`s, the Internet was starting to link
everything,
which meant hackers had thousands, and eventually millions, of
targets
(Brennan, 2010, pp. 17-18).
Cybercrime
The Contexts of Cybercrime:
1. Cybercrimes against individuals
2. Cybercrimes against groups
3. Cybercrimes against property
4. Cybercrimes against corporations
5. Cybercrimes against governments

4. Cybercrime
Cybercrimes Against Individuals:
a. Identity Theft / Fraud
b. Sexual Predation
c. Confidence Tricks / Con-Artists
d. Financial Predation
Cybercrime
Cybercrimes Against Groups:
a. Hacktivists
i. ``Digital Zapatismo``
(more on them later…)
b. System Predators
Cybercrime
Cybercrimes Against Property:
a. Violations of intellectual property rights
i. Napster

5. ii. Bootleg movies
Cybercrime
Cybercrimes Against Corporations:
a. Denial of Service (DoS)
b. Spamming
c. Unauthorized Access
d. Financial Manipulations
e. Violations of Record-Keeping Laws
Cybercrime
Cybercrimes Against Government(s):
a. Cyber-Terrorism (e.g. ISIS/ISIL)
b. Cyber-War (State-Actors, Gov`t. vs. Gov`t.)
Cybercrime
References
Brenner, S. W. (2010). Cybercrime: criminal threats from

6. cyberspace.
Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
Hayes, R. M. (2010, May 24). Cybercrime and its impact on
new
media and discourse [Scholarly project]. Retrieved January 17,
2017.
Cybercrime
Automated Cybercrime
Not all cybercrimes are physically carried out by a human
being.
Unlike traditional crimes, certain types of cybercrime can be
automated
— they can be carried out by computer code that has been
created and
designed to attack a computer system (Brenner, 2012).
Cybercrime
Automated Cybercrime
Two types of automated cybercrime have so far arisen:
• Malware; the use of computer viruses, worms, and other
programs to
damage or steal data from a system.
• Denial of Service (DoS) attacks; the use of computer code to

7. take over
“innocent” computers and incorporate them into a cyberarmy
that
then attacks websites and other online systems (Brenner, 2012).
Cybercrime
Automated Cybercrime
Malware is a word created by blending “malicious” and
“software.”
It denotes software that is designed to infiltrate or damage
a computer without the owner’s knowledge and consent
(Brenner,
2012).
Cybercrime
Automated Cybercrime
There are many types of malware, but most people are only
familiar
with two: viruses and worms.
A computer virus is a program that can copy itself and infect
computers,
much as a biological virus infects people (Brenner, 2012).
Cybercrime

8. Computer Viruses
• Viruses need a host to spread to other computers
• Computer viruses infect program code in one system and use
that
host — plus their capacity for replication — to infect other
systems
(Brenner, 2012).
Cybercrime
Computer Viruses
• Approximately 200 viruses were in circulation by the end of
1990.
• By 2003, the number of viruses in circulation had jumped to
70,000+
• By 2008, viruses numbered over 1,000,000
• By 2010, experts estimated that millions of computer viruses
were in circulation around the globe (Brenner, 2012).
Cybercrime
Computer Worms
• Like a virus, a computer worm is a self-replicating computer
program.

9. • Unlike a virus, a worm does not need to attach itself to a host
to
spread to other systems.
• A worm uses a network to send copies of itself to other
computers
on that network; worms can therefore replicate on their own,
without any assistance from computer users (Brenner, 2012).
Cybercrime
Viruses,
Worms
& Botnet
Explained