Solutions sought to reduce food waste at schoolsLOS ANGELES .docx

Solution
s sought to reduce food waste at schools
LOS ANGELES — It’s lunchtime at Washington Preparatory
High School in Los Angeles, but 16-year-old Parrish Jackson
has barely touched her turkey burger and apricots.
She’s dumping them into the trash can.
The apricots are “sour,” the junior says. The meat is “nasty.” If
it were up to her, she would just have taken the potato wedges
— they’re close enough to fries — then headed to the student
store to fuel up on hot Cheetos and juice.
And so it goes on hundreds of campuses in Los Angeles
Unified, the nation’s second-largest school system, which
serves 650,000 meals a day. Students throw out at least
$100,000 worth of food a day — and probably far more,
according to estimates by David Binkle, the district’s food
services director. That amounts to $18 million a year — based
on a conservative estimate of 10 percent food waste — which
Binkle says would be far better spent on higher-quality items,

such as strawberries or watermelons.
But under federal school meals rules finalized in 2012, Parrish
and other students must take at least three items — including
one fruit or vegetable — even if they don’t want them.
Otherwise, the federal government won’t reimburse school
districts for the meals.
“What can we do about this?” Binkle says. “We can stop forcing
children to take food they don’t like and throw in the garbage.”
Many nutrition and health experts disagree, citing studies that
show repeated exposure to fruits and vegetables eventually
leads children to eat more of them. That, in turn, will help
prevent obesity and related maladies, says William J. McCarthy,
a UCLA professor of health policy and management.
The cost of wasted food “is a small investment for permanently
enlarging our children’s receptivity to the foods most likely to
prolong their lives and minimize their risk of the major chronic
diseases that kill Americans,” McCarthy said in an email.
The differing views reflect the escalating national debate over
how to improve child nutrition without the massive food waste
and climbing costs in the $11.6 billion federal school lunch
program, which feeds 31 million students daily. The rules, part
of the 2010 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act championed by first
lady Michelle Obama, imposed a dizzying array of requirements
on calories, portion sizes, even the color of fruits and
vegetables to be served. The rules also increased the amount of

fruits, vegetables and whole grains that must be offered,
imposing higher costs on school districts.
For Binkle and many other school food managers, the most
challenging change has been the requirement to offer both a
fruit and vegetable — previously it was one or the other — and
make students take at least one of them in order to receive
federal reimbursement for the meal.
The extra produce costs school districts $5.4 million a day, with
$3.8 million of that being tossed in the trash, according to
national estimates based on a 2013 study of 15 Utah schools by
researchers with Cornell University and Brigham Young
University.
Other studies also have found significant waste, including 40
percent of all the lunches served in four Boston schools. In LA
Unified, a forthcoming study of four middle schools has
confirmed substantial waste and “significant student aversion to
even selecting a fruit or vegetable serving,” according to
McCarthy, who co-wrote it. He declined to provide further
details until the study is published.
Yet federal rules bar schools from allowing people to take the
uneaten food off campus. The school board voted to allow
nonprofits to pick up extra food under the federal Good
Samaritan food law that allows such actions to aid people in
need. But Binkle said that not enough schools participate to
solve the massive waste problem.

Teachers and parents have also complained about widespread
waste in the Breakfast in the Classroom program, which
requires LA Unified students to take all three items offered.
Nationally, the cost of wasted food overall — including milk,
meats and grains — is estimated at more than $1 billion
annually. A U.S. General Accounting Office survey released in
January found that 48 of 50 states reported that food waste and
higher costs have been their top challenges in rolling out the
2012 rules.
The widespread concerns have prompted the School Nutrition
Association, representing 55,000 school food providers, to
launch lobbying efforts to revise the child nutrition law, which
is up for reauthorization next year.
Among other things, the group wants to remove the requirement
forcing students to take a fruit or vegetable, suspend rules
requiring lower sodium and drop a planned shift from half to
full whole grain in food products beginning in July.
“We’re not opposed to healthy changes,” said Julia Bauscher,
the group’s president-elect. “We just want changes that don’t
unnecessarily increase cost and force students to take foods they
have no intention of eating.”
Other nutrition experts are pushing back. Juliana Cohen, a
Harvard University nutrition research fellow, said the rules have
helped children eat more nutritious food — particularly
important, she said, for urban, low-income students who get up

to half their daily calories from school meals. She co-wrote a
study, published this month, that found that students observed
over two days in four Boston schools ate more fruits and
vegetables after the new rules took effect — although they still
threw away much of them.
The solution to waste, Cohen and others say, isn’t to roll back
the rules but to find other ways to prod children to eat their
vegetables. Working with professional chefs to make meals
tastier, planting school gardens and scheduling recess before
lunch are all proven ways to do so, Cohen and McCarthy say.
The Utah study found that rewards such as raffle tickets and
small amounts of money got students to eat more produce with
far less waste than mandatory servings. Joseph Price, a Brigham
Young assistant economics professor and study co-writer, said
smoothies and redesigned cafeterias have also been effective.
LA Unified, regarded as a national leader in making school food
more healthful, has taken many of these steps. Celebrity chefs,
such as Jamie Oliver, have helped develop menus. More than
270 schools offer “harvest of the month” lessons about produce,
and 450 schools have started campus gardens.
Still the food piles up in school trash cans.
Back at Washington Prep, a few students said they ate their
entire lunches. Daniel Ofa, a hulking sophomore, said he
doesn’t really enjoy the spaghetti or enchiladas but downs them
anyway.

“Since we’re football players, we eat all of it, bad or good,” he
said.
Several students poked at their food. The potato wedges seemed
the biggest hit, while the apricots were a bust. At one table,
A’lea Rendev, a senior, pulled a hair from her turkey burger,
eliciting loud “ewwwwws” from her friends.
“If the food was good food, we’d have no problems,” A’lea
said. She dumped her food, then headed off to the school store
for a Pop-Tart.
USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('Emp') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW Emp;
GO
CREATE VIEW Emp
AS
SELECT EmpID, FirstName + ' ' + LastName AS EmpName,
HireDate, IIF(Spouse=1, 'Yes', 'No') AS Married, Dependants
FROM EmpData
WHERE TermDate IS NULL

USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('PayRate') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW PayRate;
GO
CREATE VIEW PayRate
AS
SELECT EmpID, PayRate, IIF(Salaried=1, 'Yes', 'No') AS
Salaried,
StartDate AS PayStartDate
FROM Work
WHERE EndDate IS NULL
SELECT * FROM Emp
SELECT * FROM PayRate
USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('CurrentEmps') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW CurrentEmps;
GO

CREATE VIEW CurrentEmps
AS
SELECT EmpName, PayRate, Salaried, Married, Dependants,
CONVERT(varchar, HireDate, 107) AS HireDate
FROM Emp JOIN PayRate
ON Emp.EmpID = PayRate.EmpID
USE PR
SELECT * FROM CurrentEmps
USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('EmpInsPremiums') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW EmpInsPremiums;
GO
CREATE VIEW EmpInsPremiums
AS
SELECT EmpID, LastName, FirstName + ' ' + LastName AS
EmpName, BaseCost,
IIF(Spouse=1, SpouseCost, 0) AS SpouseCost,
IIF(Dependants>0, Dependants * DepCost, 0) AS

DependantCost, DentalCost, PlanName
FROM Benefits B JOIN EmpData E
ON B.BenPlanID = E.BenPlanID
WHERE TermDate IS NULL
USE PR
SELECT * FROM EmpInsPremiums
USE PR
SELECT EmpName,
BaseCost+SpouseCost+DependantCost+DentalCost AS
TotInsPrem,
PayRate, Dept, Title, Grade, PlanName
FROM EmpInsPremiums EIS JOIN Work W
ON EIS.EmpID = W.EmpID
JOIN Department D ON w.DeptID = D.DeptID
ORDER BY TotInsPrem DESC
USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('Work1') IS NOT NULL

DROP VIEW Work1;
GO
CREATE VIEW Work1
AS
SELECT WorkID, PayRate
FROM Work
ORDER BY PayRate DESC
USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('Work1') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW Work1;
GO
CREATE VIEW Work1
AS
SELECT TOP 100 PERCENT WorkID, PayRate
FROM Work

ORDER BY PayRate DESC
SELECT * FROM Work1
USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('AllEmployees') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW AllEmployees;
GO
CREATE VIEW AllEmployees
([First], [Last], WhenHired, WhenFired)
AS
SELECT FirstName, LastName, HireDate, TermDate
FROM EmpData
SELECT * FROM AllEmployees

USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('HoursSummary') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW HoursSummary;
GO
CREATE VIEW HoursSummary
(PPID, SWH, SHH, SVH, SPH, SSH, SOTH, SRH)
AS
SELECT PPID, SUM(WorkHours), SUM(HolHours),
SUM(VacHours), SUM(PersHours), SUM(SickHours),
SUM(IIF(WorkHours>40, WorkHours-40, 0)),
SUM(WorkHours)-SUM(IIF(WorkHours>40, WorkHours-40, 0))
FROM Hours
GROUP BY PPID WITH ROLLUP
SELECT * FROM HoursSummary
USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('HoursSummary2') IS NOT NULL

DROP VIEW HoursSummary2;
GO
CREATE VIEW HoursSummary2 WITH ENCRYPTION
AS
SELECT PPID, SUM(WorkHours) AS SumWH,
SUM(HolHours) AS SumHH,
SUM(VacHours) AS SumVH, SUM(PersHours) AS SumPH,
SUM(SickHours) AS SumSH,
SUM(IIF(WorkHours>40, WorkHours-40, 0)) AS SumOT,
SUM(WorkHours)-SUM(IIF(WorkHours>40, WorkHours-40, 0))
AS SumRH
FROM Hours
GROUP BY PPID WITH ROLLUP

USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('HoursTest') IS NOT NULL
DROP TABLE HoursTest;
GO
SELECT *
INTO HoursTest
FROM Hours
GO
IF OBJECT_ID('WorkTest') IS NOT NULL
DROP TABLE WorkTest;
GO
SELECT *
INTO WorkTest
FROM Work
GO
USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('HoursTest1') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW HoursTest1;

GO
CREATE VIEW HoursTest1
AS
SELECT * FROM HoursTest
GO
IF OBJECT_ID('WorkTest1') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW WorkTest1;
GO
CREATE VIEW WorkTest1
AS
SELECT * FROM WorkTest
USE PR
SELECT * FROM HoursTest1
WHERE PPID = 24

UPDATE HoursTest1
SET HolHours = 8,
WorkHours = WorkHours - 8
WHERE PPID = 24 AND HolHours <> 8
GO
SELECT * FROM HoursTest1
WHERE PPID = 24

USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('EmpDataTest') IS NOT NULL
DROP TABLE EmpDataTest;
GO
SELECT *

INTO EmpDataTest
FROM EmpData
GO
IF OBJECT_ID('BenefitsTest') IS NOT NULL
DROP TABLE BenefitsTest;
GO
SELECT *
INTO BenefitsTest
FROM Benefits
GO
IF OBJECT_ID('DepartmentTest') IS NOT NULL
DROP TABLE DepartmentTest;
GO
SELECT *
INTO DepartmentTest
FROM Department
GO
IF OBJECT_ID('PayPeriodTest') IS NOT NULL
DROP TABLE PayPeriodTest;
GO

SELECT *
INTO PayPeriodTest
FROM PayPeriod
GO
USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('EmpDataTest1') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW EmpDataTest1;
GO
CREATE VIEW EmpDataTest1
AS
SELECT * FROM EmpDataTest
GO

IF OBJECT_ID('BenefitsTest1') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW BenefitsTest1;
GO
CREATE VIEW BenefitsTest1
AS
SELECT * FROM BenefitsTest
GO
IF OBJECT_ID('DepartmentTest1') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW DepartmentTest1;
GO
CREATE VIEW DepartmentTest1
AS
SELECT * FROM DepartmentTest
GO
IF OBJECT_ID('PayPeriodTest1') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW PayPeriodTest1;
GO
CREATE VIEW PayPeriodTest1
AS

SELECT * FROM PayPeriodTest
GO
USE PR
SELECT * FROM PayPeriodTest1
ORDER BY PPID DESC
INSERT INTO PayPeriodTest1
(PerFrom, PerThru)
VALUES('7/13/2014', '7/19/2014')
SELECT * FROM PayPeriodTest1
ORDER BY PPID DESC
USE PR
INSERT INTO EmpDataTest1
VALUES ('William', 'Meyers', GETDATE(), 0, 0, 1, NULL, 9)
SELECT * FROM EmpDataTest1
ORDER BY EmpID DESC

USE PR
INSERT INTO WorkTest1
(DeptID, EmpID, COLA, EndDate, StartDate, Salaried,
PayRate)
VALUES(17, 81, 0, NULL, GETDATE(), 0, 20.16)
SELECT * FROM WorkTest1
ORDER BY WorkID DESC
USE PR
IF OBJECT_ID('NewEmpData') IS NOT NULL
DROP VIEW NewEmpData;
GO
CREATE VIEW NewEmpData
AS SELECT E.EmpID, FirstName + ' ' + LastName AS
EmpName,
PayRate, Dept, Title + ' Grade ' + CONVERT(varchar, Grade, 1)
AS Position
FROM BenefitsTest1 B JOIN EmpDataTest1 E

JOIN WorkTest1 W ON e.EmpID = W.EmpID
JOIN DepartmentTest1 D ON W.DeptID = D.DeptID
WHERE B.BenPlanID IN (SELECT BenPlanID
FROM BenefitsTest1
WHERE PlanName = '90 Day Probation Period')
USE PR
GO
ALTER VIEW NewEmpData
AS
SELECT E.EmpID AS EID, FirstName AS First, PayRate AS
PR, Dept AS D
FROM BenefitsTest1 B JOIN EmpDataTest1 E
JOIN WorkTest1 W ON e.EmpID = W.EmpID
JOIN DepartmentTest1 D ON W.DeptID = D.DeptID
WHERE B.BenPlanID IN (SELECT BenPlanID
FROM BenefitsTest1
WHERE PlanName = '90 Day Probation Period')

Mod9_ResultSets_NEW/Qry1a_Run as Select.PNG
Mod9_ResultSets_NEW/Qry1b_Run as Select.PNG
Mod9_ResultSets_NEW/Qry2_Run as Select.PNG
Mod9_ResultSets_NEW/Qry3_Run as Select.PNG
Mod9_ResultSets_NEW/Qry4.PNG
CIS276DB Assignment/Exam Rubric
Assignment: Module 9 Criteria applied to exercise
Student:
1
Criteria Pt Value #1 #2 #3 #4

Correct results from query/executed successfully 4 -6 4 4 4 6
Key words in all capital letters 1 1 1 1 1
Variable Criteria*
Correct number of columns created/returned 3 3 3 3 3
Correct conditional functions & calculations used for
specific view columns 20 20
Correct concatenation used for view column 1 1
Correct table / view joins used 1 - 2 2 1
Correct column qualification(s) used 1 1 1
Correct calculations used for specific view/SELECT
columns 1 - 2 - 7 7 2 1
Correct column aliases used 1 1 1 1 1
Correct CAST/CONVERT function used in query 3 3
Correct subquery used to filter results 2 2
Correct ORDER BY used 1 1

33 16 13 18
Total Points Received for Assignment: 80
Late Submission Point Deduction: 0
Total Points: 80
Notes: Notes (continued):
Exercises
Due Date:
Submitted Date:
Ded Index:
Mesa Community College Spring 2013
CIS276DB

Module 9 Assignment
For this assignment you will use the PR database. Download the
PR.zip folder from the
Module, extract the database from the folder and attach it to the
server.
The PR database is a “raw data” payroll database comprised of
6 tables with the
following fields and schema:
The function of each table is as follows:
Benefits: this table contains insurance plan information and
costs
EmpData: this table contains employee information including
whether they have a
spouse (bit datatype- 1 equals yes), how many children
(dependents) and the
employees withholding allowance for payroll tax purposes.
Work: this table contains current payrate information including
start and end dates

for the payrate, and whether the raise was for cost of living
(COLA- bit data type).
Department: this table contains information for the different
departments an
employee is assigned.
Hours: this table contains payperiod hours worked including
ancillary pay (vacation,
holiday, sick, etc.)
PayPeriod: this table contains individual payperiod information.
This is a typical layout for a payroll database- information
regarding gross pay, net
pay, tax withholding, insurance costs, etc. will be generated by
creating and using
views.
I highly suggest first setting up each view as a SELECT
statement (sans the
CREATE VIEW AS statement) and check the result sets against

your SELECT for
accuracy.
After successfully creating the views in this assignment, please
do not delete
them as they will be used again in upcoming assignments.
Create the base view for calculating payroll:
1. Create a view named vwPayroll that returns the following
columns:
Column Table Notes
PerFrom PayPeriod
PerThru PayPeriod
PayID Hours
PPID PayPeriod You’ll need to qualify

EmpName Calculated Concatenation of FirstName and
LastName
PayRate Work
OTRate Calculated Calculated column that determines time and
a
half pay rate
WorkHours Hours
HolHours Hours
SickHours Hours
VacHours Hours
PersHours Hours
OTHours Calculated Column that uses a conditional function to
determine how many of the current WorkHours
qualify as overtime (take into consideration if a
work week has a holiday, then 32 hours should be
limit- hint if there are HolHours present)

BaseCost Benefits
SpouseCost Benefits
DepCost Benefits
DentalCost Benefits
Spouse EmpData
Dependants EmpData
WHAllowance EmpData
SpouseIns Calculated Column that uses a conditional to
determine
spouse insurance cost; if an employee has a
spouse then the SpouseIns column should
contain SpouseCost value, otherwise 0
DepIns Calculated Column that uses a conditional to determine
dependent insurance cost; if an employee has greater
than 0 dependents then the DepIns column should
contain Dependants x DepCost, otherwise 0

TaxRate Calculated Column that uses a nested conditional to
determine an employee’s tax rate based on the
value in WHAllowance; if = 1 then .33, if = 2 then
.25, if = 3 then .17, if =4 then .11 otherwise = .08
Create the view that calculates base pay values and insurance
costs:
2. Create a view named vwPay that returns the following
columns from
vwPayroll:
Column Notes
PayID
PPID
EmpName

RegPay Calculated column that displays regular work hours
multiplied by
regular pay rate
OTPay Calculated column that displays OT hours multiplied by
OT pay
rate
HolPay Calculated column that displays holiday hours
multiplied by
regular pay rate
SickPay Calculated column that displays sick hours multiplied
by regular
pay rate
VacPay Calculated column that displays vacation hours
multiplied by
regular pay rate
PersPay Calculated column that displays personal hours
multiplied by
regular pay rate

InsCost Calculated column that displays the total of all
insurance costs
(hint- there are two additional columns besides SpouseIns and
DepIns)
Create the view that calculates gross pay, total tax withholding
and brings in the
remaining columns needed to finish calculating weekly payroll:
3. Create a view named vwPayCalc that returns the following
columns from
vwPayroll and vwPay (hint- you will need to join them on a
common field)
Column Notes
PerFrom
PerThru
PayID You’ll need to qualify

PPID You’ll need to qualify
EmpName You’ll need to qualify
GrossPay Calculated column that adds all of the pay columns
from vwPay
TaxWithHolding Calculated column that displays the tax
withholding for GrossPay
(all pay columns multiplied by the calculated column created in
vwPayroll)
InsCost
Finally, create the following SELECT statement that will
calculate payroll for a specific
week:
4. Write a SELECT statement that returns the following

columns from vwPayCalc:
a. PerFrom
b. PerThru
c. EmpName
d. Gross (GrossPay column formatted into decimal format)
e. Taxes (TaxWithHolding column formatted into decimal
format)
f. InsCost
g. NetPay (calculated column that displays pay after taxes and
insurance
have been deducted, formatted into decimal format)
Using a subquery, filter the results so that the most recent pay
period is
displayed.
Sort the results from largest NetPay to smallest.

RELATIONAL DATABASES & Database design
CIS276
EmployeeNumFirstNameLastNameDeptNum2173BarbaraHennes
sey274519LeeNoordsy318005PatAmidon27
Employee
Table Name
Field Names
Records (rows or tuples)
Fields (columns or attributes)
Tables
StateAbbrevStateNameEnterUnionOrderStateBirdStatePopulatio
nCTConnecticut5Robin3,590,347MIMichigan26Robin9,883,360
SDSouth Dakota40Pheasant833,354
Primary Key
Alternate keys
Keys
State
StateAbbrevStateNameEnterUnionOrderStateBirdStatePopulatio

nCTConnecticut5Robin3,590,347MIMichigan26Robin9,883,360
SDSouth
Dakota40Pheasant833,354StateAbbrevCityNameCityPopulation
CTHartford124,062CTMadison18,803CTPortland9,551MILansin
g119,128SDMadison6,482SDPierre13,899
Primary key (State table)
Keys
Composite primary key (City table)
Foreign Key
State
City
Relationships- One to
ManyEmployeeNumFirstNameLastNameDeptNum2173BarbaraH
ennessey274519LeeNoordsy318005PatAmidon27DeptNumDept
NameDeptHead24Finance811227Marketing217331Technology4
519
Primary key for the one to many relationship
Primary Key
Foreign key for the one to many relationship
Employee
Department
1:M or 1:N

Relationships- One to
OneEmployeeNumFirstNameLastNameDeptNum2173BarbaraHe
nnessey274519LeeNoordsy318005PatAmidon27EmployeeNumU
serNamePassword2173bhennessey********4519lnoordsy*****
***8005Pamidon********
Employee
Credential
Primary key for the one to one relationship
Foreign key for the one to one relationship
1:1
Relationships- Many to
ManyEmployeeNumFirstNameLastNameDeptNum2173BarbaraH
ennessey274519LeeNoordsy318005PatAmidon27PositIDPositDe
scPayGrade1Director452Manager403Analyst30EmployeeNumPo
sitIDStartDateEndDate2173212/14/20114519104/23/201345193
11/11/200704/22/20138005306/05/201208/25/20138005207/02/2
01006/04/2012
Employee
Position
Employment
Primary Key (Employee table)

Primary Key (Position table)
Composite primary key of join table
Foreign keys related to the Employee and Position tables
M:N
Integrity Constraints
Entity integrity constraint
Primary key cannot be null
Referential integrity
Each non-null foreign key value must match a primary key
value in the primary table
Domain integrity constraint
A domain is a set of values from which one or more fields draw
their actual values
A rule you specify for a field (text size, validation rule, etc.)
Dependencies and
DeterminantsEmployeeNumPositIDLastNamePositDescStartDat
eHealthPlanPlanDesc21732HennesseyManager12/14/2011BMan
aged HMO45191NoordsyDirector04/23/2013AManaged
PPO45193NoordsyAnalyst11/11/2007AManaged
PPO80053AmidonAnalyst06/05/2012CHealth

Savings80054AmidonClerk07/02/2010CHealth Savings
StartDate
EmployeeNum
PositID
HealthPlan
LastName
PlanDesc
PositDesc
Composite Key
Transitive Dependancy
AnomaliesEmployeeNumPositIDLastNamePositDescStartDateH
ealthPlanPlanDesc21732HennesseyManager12/14/2011BManage
d HMO45191NoordsyDirector04/23/2013AManaged
PPO45193NoordsyAnalyst11/11/2007AManaged
PPO80053AmidonAnalyst06/05/2012CHealth
Savings80054AmidonClerk07/02/2010CHealth Savings
Composite Key
Insertion anomaly
Cannot add a record to the table because you don’t know the
entire PK value

Deletion anomaly
Delete data from a table and unintentionally lose other critical
data
Update anomaly
Occurs when a change to one field value requires changing more
than one
Normalization
The process of identifying and eliminating anomalies
Start with collection of fields
Apply sets of rules to eliminate anomalies
Final result- a new collection of problem-free tables
Applying third normal form is considered the design standard
First Normal Form
Each entry in a table must contain a single value

Composite Key
Composite Key
Second Normal Form
Remove partial dependencies from table
Identify functional dependencies, create new tables and place
all fields into it
that are functionally dependent on the entire primary key

Second Normal Form
Third Normal Form
Databases/AP.mdf
Databases/AP_AllObjects.mdf

Databases/AP_AllObjects_log.LDF
Databases/AP_log.LDF
Databases/Examples.mdf
Databases/Examples_log.LDF
Databases/ProductOrders.mdf
Databases/ProductOrders_log.LDF
Databases/Test_AP.mdf
Databases/Test_AP_log.LDF
Referees struggle with respect amid growing hostility
FAYETTEVILLE, Ark. — Jimmy Woods has been a youth
official for nearly 30 years, and he's lost count of how many
football games he has refereed and how many times he's been
yelled at, threatened or insulted.
Oh, he remembers the details. He has been surrounded by angry
parents following games, told he "has no integrity" by coaches

and cursed at as recently as this season by players and fans at a
private high school in Little Rock.
"People don't respect the emblem anymore," said Woods, a 50-
year-old firefighter who officiates games on the side. "They
think you're out to get them or cheat them."
Violence against referees is as old as sport itself, and most are
familiar with awful stories from lower-division soccer matches
in Europe or South America. But the headlines have appeared
uncomfortably closer to home for Woods and his fellow
officials lately.
In a two-year span, referees in Utah and Michigan died after
they were punched by angry players during games. In
September, two San Antonio football players blindsided a
referee on purpose, an incident that drew widespread
condemnation.
This has come at a cost: By all accounts from those involved,
finding and retaining referees is becoming more and more
difficult. In fact, recognizing the potential shortage, many
desperate state high school associations have taken lead roles in
recruiting new talent to an aging workforce facing startlingly
hostile conditions.
One of those states is Kansas, where the number of registered
officials has dropped since the 2012-13 school year. The state
had 2,027 basketball officials that year, compared with 1,887
this year, and the number of football referees has shrunk from

1,372 to 1,309 over the same span. The average age of the
state's softball umpires by one measurement was found to be
over 60.
The effects of a referee shortage are many — games are delayed
or moved or canceled altogether, and referee crews in sports
such as soccer and basketball are trimmed from three to two,
said Gary Musselman, executive director of the Kansas State
High School Activities Association, whose group, like many
others, is in the midst of the prep football playoffs.
"I don't want to sound disparaging of younger generations, but I
think sometimes younger people aren't as inclined to be as fixed
in as some older people," Musselman said. "Maybe they are
more established and aren't as caught up in, 'Does everybody
like me?' Because officials are going to do things that people
aren't going to like, and not everybody can handle that negative
feedback."
Two years ago, the association started making training
opportunities more accessible for potential referees and offering
a $1,000 grant, the first of which was awarded to the Greater
Wichita Officials Association to help create a library of video
clips for training. Coaches were asked to identify possible
future referees among their players, too. The efforts resulted in
22 recent high school graduates registering as officials.
The Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association offers to
waive its first- or second-year registration fees for current and

former members of the U.S. military. One marketing brochure
reads: "From Serving Our Country ... To Helping Our Schools."
Barry Mano founded the National Association of Sports
Officials in 1980 and spent 23 years as a college basketball
referee. The group in Racine, Wisconsin, doesn't keep national
data to track the decline, but its 2002 survey found that 90
percent of high school officials believed they had a referee
shortage — and Mano doubts those concerns have gone away in
the face of growing animosity and poor behavior by fans and
coaches.
"Unsporting behavior continues to be the main reason that
people get out of officiating," said Mano, who noted that pay
for his members ranges from roughly $50 to $60 per game at the
high school level to approximately $2,500 to $3,000 for major
college football games. "They worry about their safety, they
worry about putting up with all that guff for $50 a game. Are
you kidding me? That's why there are shortages of men and
women who want to go out and officiate in a lot of parts of this
country."
A call to NASO leads to a menu with multiple choices. The
third option is the association's Assault Protection Program for
its 22,000-plus members.
"It is kind of a sad commentary," said Mano, whose
organization backed legislation in more than 20 states to beef
up punishments for people who attack a referee. NASO also

provides insurance that can help officials who are the victim of
an assault by a spectator or athlete, as well as money for
attorney fees.
Don Boss, 64, has officiated a variety of sports over his 47
years in the business, and he's overseen high school and adult
soccer leagues in Arkansas for more than 20 years. He assigns
officials in the central part of the state and tries to weed out
officials who might not be able to walk away from a heated
situation.
"The problem isn't finding refs," Boss said. "The problem is
finding good refs."
Boss has seen his share of incidents over the years — baseball
bats being wielded as weapons, guns being shown, police
standing by, referees being assaulted. Boss has a simple rule he
takes with him onto the field, intended to keep everyone calm:
"Everyone goes to work on Monday."
Like many of his colleagues, Woods started as a football
referee, in Texas in 1987, to remain connected to the game he
once played. It's a little money on the side, a chance to be
active and around the game he loves.
Nearly 30 years later, in an officiating career that's seen him
work in high school and college in conferences such as the
Southwestern Athletic Conference and Conference USA, the
former minor league baseball player continues to referee despite
taking medical leave from his firefighting job in recent years as

he battles leukemia. He plans to keep going.
"It's a great service to the kids," Woods said. "Without these
guys working at all levels of football, from pee wee to junior
high to high school to college to different pro and semi-pro
events, these kids wouldn't be able to play."
"Poetry is a witness" to suffering wrought by Syria’s civil war
The words are bound in blood and speak of graves and broken
bones.
The poetry radiating from the Syrian civil war echoes with
nostalgia, bombs and betrayals; it slips into the lives of torn-
apart families and boys of defiance who have grown into men
with bandoleers and Kalashnikovs. It is the verse of the
forsaken in a nation of madmen with black flags, cities of ruin
and rivers of refugees.
The poems flow in slipstreams of syllables, beats and rhythms
composed by writers, doctors, mothers, activists and Syrians
who live abroad but are compelled to articulate the suffering in
their ancestral land. They are all connected: The old man in a
Turkish refugee camp clings to a few pages of his scribbled
verse. Syrian-American hip-hop artist Omar Offendum riffs
through songs of admonition and loss. And Amal Kassir

summons the blistered hands and shattered orchard on her
grandmother’s farm.
My grandmother knows Syria better than anyone.
It is the arthritis living in her knees.
She had a farm whose dust she knew by name.
… And the tyrant,
The dirt is waiting for him.
Like the rest of us,
He will learn his grave,
Feel the weight of the entire country on his chest.
A 20-year-old Syrian American college junior, Kassir wrote
“My Grandmother’s Farm” while waiting tables at her father’s
Syrian restaurant in Littleton, Colorado. She and her family
lived outside Damascus from 2002 to 2005, and these days
Kassir travels the world drawing attention to Syria through
rallies and slam poetry performances. She carries a book bag
and wears a hijab; when she reads, her voice blooms with a
girl’s pitch tempered by a woman’s wisdom.
The war has “captivated all of my poetry,” said Kassir, who is
finalizing a collection of poems titled “Scud Missile Blues.”
“It’s something profound when you can compare the color of a
pomegranate to the color of blood on the ground. There is color
and scent and sound involved.”
But years of relentless conflict and human rights abuses have at
times silenced her verse. “I had a dry spell with my poetry for

nine months,” she said. “I was rooted in depression. I felt the
world had betrayed us.”
Since the revolution began in 2011, more than 200,000 people
have been killed. More than 4 million refugees have spilled
from Syria’s borders; at least 7.6 million others have been
internally displaced. The war has spun into a confusing roulette
of air strikes, chemical attacks, rebels, Islamic militants and the
designs of the United States and Russia over what will befall
President Bashar Assad.
“Poetry is a witness,” said Mohja Kahf, an Arab American poet
and literature professor at the University of Arkansas. She
praised the work of Syrian poets Khawla Dunia, an activist, and
Fadwa Suleiman, an actress who led protests of Assad. Kahf
said one of Suleiman’s poems felt like “stumbling through the
streets of the city in a new language. It was about displacement
… in this bizarre, twisted revolution.”
Dunia became known for her Facebook posts on the plight of
women and those who vanished in Syria’s prisons. She
contributed an essay to the book “Diaries of an Unfinished
Revolution: Voices From Tunis to Damascus,” in which she
wrote, “No voice can be heard above the gunfire.” Kahf has
been translating Dunia’s poems into English, including a draft
of one called “Sniper”:
Finger that does not rest
Limb that leans on fate,

a fate ruled by a dumb rifle, and you
Have you known who I am?
Who taught you what you are doing to me?
Who froze you in the blunder of this moment?
This moment which joins us:
your eye,
a bullet,
and me
It is this moment, then,
that unites us.
It divides me from my dream
and gives you your name,
Sniper.
Syria’s souks and salons have long echoed with storytellers and
poets, including Buhturi in the ninth century and Adonis,
regarded as one of the best Arabic poets of the 20th century.
Many writers and intellectuals were persecuted during Assad’s
regime and the preceding 30-year rule of his father, Hafez.
Political discourse — and the inherent poetry that emanates
from it — was muffled or disguised in code until the Arab
Spring uprisings of 2011 that swept through Tunisia, Egypt,
Yemen, Bahrain and Syria.
“We Syrians had been silenced for a very long time,” said
Ghada Alatrash, the daughter of a former Syrian ambassador
who lives in Canada and translates poetry from the war zone

into English. “But in new language since the revolution,
something powerful was articulated. It captured everyone who
was Syrian. I saw a lot of courage. There was nothing to lose.”
One of the most searing voices from inside Syria is Najat Abdul
Samad, a doctor from the southern city of Sweida. “When I am
overcome with weakness, I bandage my heart with women’s
patience in adversities,” she writes in a poem Alatrash
translated. It continues:
“I bandage it with the upright posture of a Syrian woman who is
not bent by bereavement, poverty, or displacement as she rises
from the banquets of death and carries on shepherding life’s
rituals. She prepares for a creeping, ravenous winter and gathers
the heavy firewood branches, stick by stick from the frigid
wilderness. She does not cut a tree, does not steal, does not
surrender her soul to weariness, does not ask anyone’s charity,
does not fold with the load, and does not yield midway.”
The final line reads: “I bandage it with the outcry: ‘Death and
not humiliation.’”
The vigor of the revolution’s early days, however, has been
sapped by years of barrel bombs, quickly dug graves and the
feeling of many Syrians that their nation has been cut adrift by
the international community and turned into a land of barren
fields and proxy wars.
“Longing has become my religion, just as humanity is my
religion,” Samad wrote in an email to Alatrash. “Today our

country smells of all seven continents, but it remains orphaned.”
The writing has become “little glimpses of the real tragedy that
are taking place on the Syrian ground,” said Alatrash, who has
been asked by some poets not to reveal their names for fear of
reprisals. “Now, it’s sons going off to war and not returning.
It’s become more real.”
This brutal tableau is conjured in Offendum’s hip-hop songs. In
the early days of the revolution, Offendum, who grew up in
Washington, D.C., listening to rappers such as Tupac Shakur
and Biggie Smalls, delayed the release of an anti-Assad song
until his family members escaped Syria. “I had to hold my
tongue for a long time,” he told the Los Angeles Times. “I
couldn’t release a song like that without their blessing.”
Offendum’s new song, “Crying Shame,” speaks to how
intractable and mind-numbing the war has become:
Now they say Syria’s confusing
Can’t decide which of the sides
They really should be choosing
Here’s a thought:
How ’bout you recognize we’re all losing
And there’s nothing civil about a war
Where kids are stabbed to death and mothers smothered on a
kitchen floor.
Millions have fled the shattered Syrian landscape, escaping by
boat, foot, car and rail into Lebanon, Jordan and across Turkey

to Europe. One refugee wrote: “On knife blades with swollen
feet I walk.”
Kassir visited a refugee camp in Turkey this year, amazed at the
rows of tents and the immense scale of those forced into exile.
“There were no young men, only little kids, women and old, old
men,” Kassir said. “One old man walked into a tent and came
out with three pieces of paper.” On them, she said, he had
written the meticulous verse of the dispossessed. “The war,”
one line read, “is a monster that has devoured the green.”
Mexico, beset by obesity and diabetes, to consider a tax on soft
drinks
MEXICO CITY — Mexico’s president, taking aim at sugary
drinks as a public health issue, is asking Congress to impose a
tax on sugar-sweetened beverages.
If the legislature passes the proposed tax, Mexicans would pay
an extra peso (7.6 cents) for every liter of soft drinks, sports
drinks or sugary beverage they buy.
Mexico has the highest rate of obesity of any country with 100
million or more residents, according to a United Nations report
issued over the summer, and the incidence of diabetes is

soaring, taking 70,000 lives a year.
President Enrique Pena Nieto included the soda tax in an
announcement Sunday night of a sweeping tax overhaul
designed to collect more revenue, broaden a social safety net
and create what his finance secretary called “a fairer, simpler
and more transparent” tax code.
The proposal calls for the tax to be imposed on “flavored
beverages as well as concentrates, powders, syrups, essences or
flavor extracts.” Soft drinks sold at movie theaters would be
exempt.
Alejandro Calvillo, head of the consumer watchdog group
Consumer Power A.C., hailed the proposal but said the tax,
which he said would amount to about 10 percent of the cost of a
soda bottle, should be higher to have a greater impact on public
health.
“It’s good that there would be a tax. We have to acknowledge
that. But to have a significant impact on consumption of sugary
drinks, assessments show that it should be a 20 percent tax,”
Calvillo said.
Mexico has the world’s highest per capita consumption of Coca-
Cola Co. beverages, with the average Mexican consuming 728
8-ounce drinks a year in 2011, far above consumption in the
United States, where the comparable statistic is 403 similar-
sized beverages per year, the company says on its website.
Coca-Cola de Mexico did not respond immediately to a request

for comment.
Proposals to tax or limit sizes of sugar-sweetened beverages
have gained traction in various parts of the world.
France, Finland, Algeria and Hungary have all imposed taxes on
sugary drinks, and a California state proposal for a penny-per-
ounce tax on sodas is under consideration.
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, making public
health one of the hallmarks of his tenure, saw his effort to bar
restaurants from selling soft drinks in cups larger than 16
ounces shot down in late July by a New York appellate court.
Public health experts hailed Bloomberg’s campaign against
sugary drinks, while critics derided it as part of an over-
reaching “nanny state.”
One public health expert said studies show that a tax on sugar-
sweetened beverages in the United States would reduce
consumption.
“A 10 percent increase in the price should result in a 10 to 12
percent decrease in consumption,” said Roberta R. Friedman,
director of public policy at the Yale University Rudd Center for
Food Policy and Obesity.
Friedman said soft drink consumption has been linked to higher
incidence of obesity, Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease,
dental disease and gout.
Calvillo said the Mexican government should provide details of
how it would spend the 2 billion pesos (about $152 million)

likely to be raised by the soda tax. He said some of the money
should go toward putting drinking fountains back in schools and
public places.
“High consumption of sugar drinks in the nation is highly
linked to the lack of drinking water in public places,” Calvillo
said.
Language experts: English spelling needs overhaul to help
learning
Today Sam will plow through the city’s rough boroughs in
search of artisanal cookie dough, even though he ought to stay
home to nurse his cough.
What’s wrong with that picture? Seven words containing
“ough,” different pronunciations. Oo, uhff, oh, oh, oh, aww,
aww. Isn’t English fun?
A group of experts in Britain and United States believes the
illogical spelling in the English language is more than just
annoying for those who have to memorize the rules. They
propose an International English Spelling Congress to
implement a spelling system that makes more sense.
“In some languages like Finnish, Spanish and Italian, there is a

strong correlation between the written and spoken word,” said
Stephen Linstead, head of the English Spelling Society.
“English is on the entirely other side of the spectrum.”
Linstead said British and U.S. English have a one-two punch of
incongruity: Words with the same letter groupings are
pronounced differently and the same sound can be spelled
differently, depending on the word. Linguistic experts from
around the world would propose a list of new spellings to
correct problematic word groups — see: “ough” — and the
congress would select an alternative spelling system.
The effort is not simply to iron out kinks in the language.
Linstead said university studies in Britain have concluded that
English-speaking children take significantly longer to learn
basic literacy skills than children in other European countries.
He said part of the problem lies in the spelling.
“One of the members said one of the reasons he joined us was
because of the frustrations he felt teaching his children to read
by using phonics,” Linstead said. “Any time he taught them a
rule, there would be all sorts of exceptions.”
The American Literacy Council also is involved in the
endeavor. Linstead acknowledged that to make any widespread
changes would be a monumental task. Portugal recently
implemented sweeping changes to switch all Portuguese-
language use in several countries over to the Brazilian system
of orthography, which is more phonetic. That decision, while in

the works for years, has been widely criticized, according to
various news reports.
There have been similar movements throughout American
history.
Col. Robert McCormick, longtime publisher of the Chicago
Tribune, was a major advocate for simplified spelling, and his
newspaper for a time used “fantom” instead of “phantom” and
“frate” instead of “freight.”
And in the early 20th century, the Simplified Spelling Board
published a list of 300 words with more intuitive spellings:
“fixt” for “fixed” for instance. President Theodore Roosevelt
endorsed the changes, but his executive order was overturned by
Congress.
Linstead said the spelling congress is more of a grassroots
initiative and changes may take hold more easily if society is
able to decide what to adopt.
“We’re trying to point to this new research rather than take a
top-down approach,” Linstead said.
Florida mom sues over Goldfish"natural" label

FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. — If you’ve bought Cheddar
Goldfish snacks in the past four years, one fed-up Lake Worth,
Florida, mom wants to help you get your money back.
And her multimillion-dollar effort has put South Florida on the
forefront of a national debate over genetically modified foods.
Disgusted by what her complaint calls false advertising, Palm
Beach County elementary schoolteacher Lisa Leo has taken
Pepperidge Farm to court, accusing the mammoth food
manufacturer of mislabeling its popular fish-shaped crackers
“natural” when she contends they contain genetically modified
soybeans.
Her lawsuit, filed June 11 in federal court in Fort Lauderdale,
seeks class-action status, new labels and at least $5 million in
damages to reimburse Florida consumers who purchased the
snack since June 2009, claiming the product violates Florida’s
Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act.
“Consumers have a right to know what they’re putting in their
bodies,” said Joshua Eggnatz, Leo’s Weston-based attorney.
“You may not think GMOs are bad for you, but others may, and
the consumer has a right to know and to choose.”
Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are plant or animal
products that have been re-engineered in a lab with the DNA of
bacteria, viruses or other plants and animals to increase crop
yield or make them heartier, more tolerant of herbicides, and
resistant to insects, drought and other environmental factors.

General estimates are that about 90 percent of the corn, cotton,
soybeans and sugar beets grown in the United States are
genetically altered, and they are most often used in highly
processed foods like crackers and cereals.
The FDA has not officially defined what “natural” means in
terms of food labels, but its website says the agency “has not
objected to the use of the term if the food does not contain
added color, artificial flavors, or synthetic substances.”
Eggnatz said Leo did not want to comment for this story, and he
offered few details about why she filed the action.
But according to the complaint, Leo purchased the snacks
monthly from three stores in the suburban Boynton Beach area
and “paid a premium” for them, believing that the “natural”
label meant they contained no GMO ingredients.
Leo, whom Eggnatz described as a middle-aged mother of two
and grandmother of one, would have gone with cheaper, non-
GMO options for her family’s snacks had she known about the
Goldfish’s modified soybeans, according to the complaint,
which does not allege that anyone in Leo’s family was sickened
by the product.
Pepperidge Farm officials did not return calls for a comment.
Though the complaint targets one product, it speaks to a
growing concern over the long-term health consequences of
America’s ever-evolving food supply.
Recent studies have suggested that re-engineered foods can

create new unintended toxins and increase the risk of allergies.
But the body of evidence is limited and not considered
definitive.
Still, more than 60 countries around the world — including
Japan, Australia and the European Union — ban or significantly
restrict the sale and production of the lab-concocted ingredients,
and the companies that make them have felt a stinging backlash
in recent years.
One of the most visible protests erupted in May, when more
than 2 million people around the globe rallied in coordinated
demonstrations against St. Louis-based Monsanto, the world’s
largest manufacturer of genetically modified seeds.
Amid the uproar is a national outcry for mandatory food labels
in the United States. Congress is considering a bill that would
direct the Food and Drug Administration to “clearly label”
genetically modified foods. Florida and 14 other states are
seeking to require the labels at the state level.
“I grew up at a time when a tomato was a tomato, and a piece of
corn was a piece of corn,” said Florida Rep. Mark Pafford, a
Democrat from West Palm Beach. “Science, or technology, has
changed that, and there’s been a huge shift in our knowledge of
what we’re ingesting.”
Pafford co-sponsored the bill considered during the 2013
Florida legislative session, but it died in committee. He and
other co-sponsors plan to try again.

The food manufacturing lobby has so far been successful in
beating back labeling mandates, arguing that consumers will
assume that just because a product contains GMOs, it is
somehow inferior or not as safe.
“It’s a hugely controversial topic, and when you look at both
sides, they seem to make a lot of sense,” said Lillian Craggs-
Dino, a registered dietitian with the Cleveland Clinic in Weston.
“There are no easy answers in this one.”
Part of the concern over GMOs, Craggs-Dino said, is that many
are modified with DNA from other species. Genes from an
animal or shellfish, for example, can be added to a seed — a
problematic scenario not just for allergy sufferers but for those
following a vegan or Kosher diet.
“I think, ultimately, this is about education, consumer choice,”
she said. “People want to be educated by what they see on a
food label and make an educated decision on whether to buy the
product or not.”
The groundswell of public pressure for labels has persuaded
Whole Foods to become the first major supermarket chain to
require suppliers to add GMO labels to their products, setting
2018 as the deadline. Florida-based Publix, meanwhile, is
following the lead of the Food Marketing Institute, a large
industry association that is “calling for education, labeling and
standards for genetically modified foods,” Publix spokeswoman
Kimberly Reynolds said.

While the debate rages on, consumers can take certain steps to
avoid GMOs without having to rely on labels, accurate or
otherwise, Craggs-Dino said: They can buy products certified
by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as organic.
And then there’s another method, endorsed by Carol Sherman, a
registered dietitian in Boca Raton. “Just use your common
sense,” she said. “In reality, if you think Pepperidge Farms
Goldfish are natural, you have to be kidding yourself. Goldfish
are a highly processed food,” the most likely candidate to have
genetically altered ingredients.
Doctors recognizing that reading, writing can be therapeutic
“I really didn’t believe I would make it through childhood, but
the act of writing brought me through.”
Allison Adelle Hedge Coke’s voice is whispery on the other end
of the telephone as she relates some of the experiences she has
overcome: living with a schizophrenic mother, growing up in a
variety of foster homes, battling cancer, struggling with drug
abuse — the list goes on.
Now 56 and an award-winning poet, Coke teaches writing as a
way of healing to cancer patients, at-risk youth, doctors,
families and just about everyone else.

Writing can be a type of meditation, Coke says in a phone
interview from her home in Oklahoma. It’s a process that helps
us unravel and understand both the good and bad things that
happen to us.
Reading is also healing, she says.
We learn vicariously through the experiences of the characters
we read about, Coke says. Because we empathize with them, we
both expand our understanding of other people in other
circumstances and are less concerned with our own misfortunes.
Coke points to books such as Frank McCourt’s memoir
“Angela’s Ashes,” in which he relates growing up impoverished
in 1930s and ’40s Ireland. Reading books like that makes us
feel a little less alone, a little less troubled, she says.
The use of storytelling for our well-being is deeply rooted in
human history, from fairy tales that teach moral lessons, to
religious texts that wrestle with valleys of despair and
mountains of hope, to poetry that purges the writer’s soul.
Recently, doctors and psychologists have begun looking at the
health effects of reading and writing with a more critical eye.
Raymond Mar, an associate professor of psychology at York
University in Toronto, studies the effect reading fiction and
nonfiction has on our ability to empathize. He found that
children and adults who have read stories their whole lives were
more likely to correctly identify the feelings and thoughts of
others than those who do not read regularly.

In other words: People who read stories are better at
empathizing.
Why?
“When people are engaging with narrative fiction, they’re
imagining what it’s like to be in these stories,” Mar says.
Repeatedly trying to understand these characters exercises the
same mental muscle that helps us understand people in the real
world. And the better we are at “walking in their shoes,” the
more likely we are to treat others well, he says.
For adults, it doesn’t appear to matter what you read, says Mar,
so long as you are reading.
With children, however, it’s important to talk with them about
what they are reading. Those conversations help them
understand the story and empathize with its characters.
Reading stories, then, can become an opportunity for children
and adults to talk about complicated states of human existence,
Mar says.
Some doctors have also begun to see storytelling as a way to
improve emotional well-being.
A movement called narrative medicine has grown from the idea
that both writing and reading literature can help doctors and
patients communicate better and discover meaning in the
illnesses they battle.
Dr. John Harper, a cardiology consultant at Texas Health
Presbyterian Dallas, is a proponent of this movement. He

founded the annual Literature and Medicine Conference at the
hospital five years ago.
Each year, an author is asked to speak, teach writing classes to
hospital staff and sponsor an essay contest about how literature
influences medicine.
Harper says doctors who read stories are more empathetic and,
therefore, more compassionate, more willing to listen to their
patients’ stories. It also helps doctors communicate better, he
says.
The nuances in poetry and prose can communicate meaning and
emotion far better than any scientific explanation, he says.
“The sound of a coffin hitting the earth is a sound utterly
serious,” Harper says, quoting one of his favorite lines from
Antonio Machado’s poem, “The Burial of a Friend.”
He uses the line to communicate the depth of his intent to
patients and family members facing deadly illnesses. Saying
something beautiful and meaningful like that shows how serious
he considers their illnesses and his compassion for their
suffering, he says.
Writing is also therapeutic, says Harper, who teaches his
residents that writing about their experiences is a way to release
their emotions.
“If you have an experience and you sit down and write about it,
you can pour that emotion out,” Harper says. Purging these
thoughts and emotions helps to find meaning in what happened

— the death or the survival of a patient — and then allows you
to move on with your life.
That’s the same message Coke teaches her writing students.
“Getting it down allows that meditative process that we need as
human beings to unravel the things in our life or to enjoy the
things we’re having fun with fully,” she says.
“It’s like throwing a ball, and if you really want it to go to a
certain place, you have to follow through with your hand. The
writing is the follow-through that helps it land.”
40 percent of millennials pay for print, online news
NEW YORK — In a world flush with free information, some
young people are still willing to shell out for news they read.
A recent poll shows that 40 percent of U.S. adults ages 18-34
pay for at least some of the news they read, whether it's a print
newspaper, a digital news app or an email newsletter. Another
13 percent don't pay themselves but rely on someone else's
subscription, according to the survey by Media Insight Project,
a collaboration of the American Press Institute and the
Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research.
Older millennials are more likely than younger ones to
personally pay for news.

"Forty percent is a strong number but that means the majority
are not willing to pay," said Keith Herndon, a visiting professor
of journalism at the University of Georgia and former
journalist. "We have to think of ways of making the content
compelling enough that someone would be willing to pay for it."
The proliferation of free news online and new ways for
advertisers to reach consumers has besieged publishers of
newspapers and magazines. Newspapers' print ad revenue, their
primary source of cash, has dropped 63 percent, to $16.4
billion, in 2014 from 2003, according to a Pew Research Center
analysis. Daily paid newspaper circulation reached a peak in
1984, at 63.3 million, according to an industry group, the
Newspaper Association of America. That represented a quarter
of the country's population.
Daily paid circulation has now shrunk to 40.4 million, even as
the U.S. population has grown by about a third.
There have been attempts to capitalize on the shift online.
Digital ad revenues from newspaper websites have more than
doubled as print ad revenue collapsed, but still come to only
$3.5 billion — just a fraction of print ad revenue last year. And
some major news organizations in recent years began charging
for access to their websites and selling digital-only
subscriptions, rather than posting content for free online.
For example, The New York Times and The Washington Post
both let non-subscribers click only on a certain number of

articles per month before blocking content. In 2012, the Times'
circulation revenue passed its ad revenue for the first time
because of its digital initiatives. But newspapers overall still get
the majority of their revenue from advertising, according to data
from consultant and accounting firm PwC.
And other popular news sites, particularly newer online-only
outlets like Huffington Post and BuzzFeed, remain free to all.
A quarter of those polled paid for some type of digital news,
while 29 percent paid for a print paper or magazine. Older
millennials are more likely than younger millennials to pay for
print news products. That effect doesn't show up with digital
news — millennials in their 30s are as likely as those in their
late teens and early 20s to pay for online news.
More young people spend on entertainment. Nearly 8 in 10 pay
for at least one service. When you break it down, 55 percent pay
for downloading or streaming movies or TV — services like
Netflix and Apple's iTunes. Four in 10 pay for cable, which
contains channels that show news.
Nearly half pay for music, and 46 percent pay for video games
or gaming apps.
"Millennials have shown they are willing to engage in content
that interests them," Herndon said, pointing to the popularity of
podcasts. But "a lot of traditional news organizations haven't
been able to make a connection with younger audiences," who
spend more time on their phones and often find links to

individual, free bits of news through Facebook and other social
media.
Like Molly Vazquez, 26, a librarian from Overland Park,
Kansas, who pays $10 a month for music service Spotify but
draws the line at paying for news.
"News is pretty readily come by for free. I don't think I should
have to pay for it," said Vazquez, who gets her fill from
clicking links while combing through Facebook on her phone
and from BuzzFeed's app and website. She has also been using
Apple's recently launched news app, which contains stories
from numerous outlets, on her iPhone.
Adam Saltz, a 27-year-old grad student in Cambridge,
Massachussetts, also uses social media to find news. He clicks
on links from Twitter but also follows blogs and reads The New
York Times and The Washington Post online. He has access to
The New York Times through a parent's subscription. Like half
the people of his generation who say they value keeping up with
news, he doesn't pay for it.
But he said that he's not necessarily unwilling to spend.
"If I didn't have a family member who had (a subscription) who
was willing to share, I would probably be paying for mine," he
said.
Chris Lederer, a principal at PwC, said digital subscription
trends in the past two years have been "absolutely encouraging"
for publishers. But he expects growth there to decline and sees

the next evolution coming in the form of "digital newsstands,"
perhaps created by technology companies, which deliver news
from various sources for paying customers.
The survey of 1,045 young adults was conducted from Jan. 5
through Feb. 2, 2015 by the Media Insight Project, a partnership
between the AP-NORC Center and the American Press Institute,
which funded the study.
The survey was conducted using online interviews in English
and Spanish done with a random sample of adults age 18-34
who were initially recruited and screened to take part in the
survey over the phone. Results from the full survey have a
margin of sampling error of plus or minus 3.8 percentage
points. The margin of error is higher for subgroups.

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