Slides from the summer session of EPSY 3119/5001

1. PJ Patel
Applied Cognitive Psychology

2. How do people think ?
How do people learn ?

3. BEHAVIORSENSATIONS
?

4. BEHAVIORSENSATIONS
?
Cognitive psychologists infer mental processes.

10. Encoding

11. Encoding

12. MNEMONIC STRATEGIES
1. Rehearsal
2. Levels of Processing
3. Elaboration
4. Constructive Images
5. Organization

13. MNEMONIC STRATEGIES
1. Rehearsal
2. Levels of Processing
3. Elaboration
4. Constructive Images
5. Organization
repetition

14. MNEMONIC STRATEGIES
1. Rehearsal
2. Levels of Processing
3. Elaboration
4. Constructive Images
5. Organization
self-generated
examples

15. MNEMONIC STRATEGIES
1. Rehearsal
2. Levels of Processing
3. Elaboration
4. Constructive Images
5. Organization
connecting new info to
prior knowledge

16. MNEMONIC STRATEGIES
1. Rehearsal
2. Levels of Processing
3. Elaboration
4. Constructive Images
5. Organization
visualize text

17. MNEMONIC STRATEGIES
1. Rehearsal
2. Levels of Processing
3. Elaboration
4. Constructive Images
5. Organization chunking

21. apply chunking / subgoal labels to
K-12 content
Class Challenge

22. Draw the heads side of a penny.
Draw everything !
No peeking !
Memory Test

24. THE BIG THREE IN MEMORY
1. Spaced / Distributed Learning
2. Retrieval Practice aka Testing Effect
3. Interleaving

25. THE BIG THREE IN MEMORY
1. Spaced / Distributed Learning
2. Retrieval Practice aka Testing Effect
3. Interleaving

26. Rohrer & Taylor (2007)
Spacing in Math Education

27. During Learning During Testing (delayed)
Rohrer & Taylor (2007)

28. THE BIG THREE IN MEMORY
1. Spaced / Distributed Learning
2. Retrieval Practice aka Testing Effect
3. Interleaving

29. Roediger & Karpicke (2006)

30. The testing effect and metacognition
Roediger & Karpicke (2006)

31. The testing effect
Karpicke & Roediger (2011)

32. The testing effect and metacognition
Karpicke & Roediger (2011)

33. THE BIG THREE IN MEMORY
1. Spaced / Distributed Learning
2. Retrieval Practice aka Testing Effect
3. Interleaving

34. Taylor & Rohrer (2010)
Interleaving

35. Taylor & Rohrer (2010)

40. Metamemory :
A Crash Course for Students &Teachers
1. Massing
2. Studying/Rereading
3. Shallow Processing
4. Blocked Practice
5. Memory as reliable
INTUITION

41. Metamemory :
A Crash Course for Students &Teachers
1. Massing
2. Studying/Rereading
3. Shallow Processing
4. Blocked Practice
5. Memory as reliable
1. Spacing
2. Retrieval
3. Deep Processing
4. Interleaved Practice
5. Memory as unreliable
SCIENCEINTUITION

42. PJ Patel
Adaptive Expertise, Analogies, &
Worked Examples

43. Efficiency
Flexibility
Novice

44. Add the numbers from 1 to 100.
No idea.
Efficiency
Flexibility
Novice

45. Still no idea.
Add the numbers from 1 to 100.
Efficiency
Frustrated
Novice
Flexibility
Novice

46. Add the numbers from 1 to 100.
Efficiency
Routine
Expert
Frustrated
Novice
Flexibility
Novice
Algorithm

47. Efficiency
Routine
Expert
Frustrated
Novice
Flexibility
Adaptive
Expert
Novice
101* 50 = 5050
(1+100)+(2+99) + (3+ 98)…
Add the numbers from 1 to 100.

48. Efficiency
Routine
Expert
Adaptive
Expert
Frustrated
Novice
Flexibility
Novice

49. Algorithmic
3(x+1) = 15
3x+3 = 15
3x = 12
x = 4

50. 3(x+1) = 15
Shortcut
3x+3 = 15
3x = 12
x = 4
3(x+1) = 15
x+1 = 5
x = 4
Algorithmic

51. ¼ (x+8) = 5
¼x + 2 = 5
¼ x = 3
x = 12
Algorithmic

52. ¼ (x+8) = 5
¼x + 2 = 5
¼ x = 3
x = 12
Shortcut
¼ (x+8) = 5
x+8 = 20
x = 12
Algorithmic

53. 2(x+1) + 3(x+1) = 10
2x + 2 + 3x + 3 = 10
5x + 5 = 10
5x = 5
x = 1
Algorithmic

54. 2(x+1) + 3(x+1) = 10
2x + 2 + 3x + 3 = 10
5x + 5 = 10
5x = 5
x = 1
Shortcut
2(x+1) + 3(x+1) = 10
5(x+1) = 10
x + 1 = 2
x = 1
Algorithmic

55. Experimental Design
PRETEST
45 min.
1. Conceptual (23%)
2. Procedural (15%)
3. Flexibility (28%)

56. Intervention Conditions
INSTRUCTIONPRETEST
A. Delayed Comparison (N = 62)
B. Delayed Exposure (N = 69)
C. Immediate Comparison (N = 67)

57. Delayed Comparison – Day 1
INSTRUCTION
A. Delayed Comparison
2(x-3) = 8
2x-6 = 8
2x = 14
x = 7
Alex’s distribute-first way : Alex’s distribute-first way :
4(x+2) = 12
4x + 8 = 12
4x = 4
x = 1
Distributed 2
Added _______ on both
Divided by ______ on both
Distributed 4
Subtracted _______ on both
Divided by ______ on both

58. Delayed Comparison – Day 2
INSTRUCTION
A. Delayed Comparison
Alex’s distribute-first way : Morgan’s multiply/divide-first way :
7(x-2) = 21
7x-14 = 21
7x = 35
x = 5
7(x-2) = 21
(x-2) = 3
x = 5
Distributed ________
Added _______ on both
Divided by ______ on both
Divided by _______ on both
Added ______ on both

59. INSTRUCTION
A. Delayed Comparison
B. Delayed Exposure

60. Delayed Exposure – Day 1
INSTRUCTION
A. Delayed Comparison
B. Delayed Exposure
Alex’s distribute-first way :
Distributed ________
Added _______ on both
Divided by ______ on both
7(x-2) = 21
7x-14 = 21
7x = 35
x = 5

61. Delayed Exposure – Day 2
INSTRUCTION
A. Delayed Comparison
B. Delayed Exposure
Morgan’s multiply/divide-first way :
7(x-2) = 21
(x-2) = 3
x = 5
Divided by _______ on both
Added ______ on both

62. Immediate Comparison
INSTRUCTION
A. Delayed Comparison
B. Delayed Exposure
C. Immediate Comparison

63. Immediate Comparison – Days 1 & 2
INSTRUCTION
A. Delayed Comparison
B. Delayed Exposure
C. Immediate Comparison
Alex’s distribute-first way : Morgan’s multiply/divide-first way :
Distributed ________
Added _______ on both
Divided by ______ on both
Divided by _______ on both
Added ______ on both
2(x-3) = 8
2x-6 = 8
2x = 14
x = 7
7(x-2) = 21
(x-2) = 3
x = 5

64. 44 POSTTESTPRETEST
IMMEDIATE
DELAYED
INSTRUCTION
45 min.
1. Conceptual
2. Procedural
3. Flexibility

65. CONCEPTUAL (N = 12)
Which of the following is equivalent to the expression 17(83 – 16)?
a. 17(83) – 16
b. (17 –16)(83)
c. 17(83) – 17(16)
d. (17 – 83)(17 – 16)

66. Solve
3(h+2) + 4(h+2) = 35
3(2x + 3x – 4) + 5(2x+ 3x – 4) = 48
PROCEDURAL (N = 9)

67. 4Solve 18 = 3(x+2) in two ways :
1 2
Which way is easiest and fastest?
a. 1
b. 2
c. None
FLEXIBILITY (N = 6)

68. 4
Results – Posttest 1 & 2
1. Conceptual – no effect/no effect
2. Procedural – no effect/effect
3. Flexibility – effect/effect
a. Immediate Comparison
b. Delayed Exposure
c. Delayed Comparison

69. Results – Flexibility Knowledge
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Immediate-CP Delayed-CP Delayed-Exposure
PercentCorrect(%)

70. Results – Flexible Use of Procedures
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Immediate-CP Delayed-CP Delayed-Exposure
PercentCorrect(%)

71. Results – Procedural Knowledge
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Immediate-CP Delayed-CP Delayed-Exposure
PercentCorrect(%)

72. Think-Pair-Share
How else can one enhance procedural flexibility?

73. Expertise & Knowledge Organization
How do experts organize and process knowledge ?

74. Stein et al. (1990)

75. Stein et al. (1990)

76. Stein et al. (1990)