Recent techniques used in preclinical pharmacology

1. Presented by Guide
Mr. Gogawale Vinayak G.
M.Pharm. (Semester-I )
(Department of Pharmacology)
Dr. U.M.Aswar
(Pharmacology)
SINHGAD INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NARHE
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2. • Introduction.
• Types of techniques.
• References.
CONTENTS
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3. For interpretation of the result of the drug
and identification of the tumors the several
techniques are used in different categories
like behavioral study, biochemistry, by
doing surgery and imaging techniques.
Recent techniques for preclinical pharmacology
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4. Behavioral
Biochemistry
Imaging
Surgery
Techniques used in preclinical pharmacology
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5. Telemetry
Plethysmography
Behavioral
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6. It is the wireless transmission and
reception of measured quantities for
the purpose of remotely monitoring.
Implantable telemetry:
The implantable telemetry is the
device which is implant in animal
body.
Telemetry
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7. • Data collection is possible when animal is
conscious.
• Long term recording and monitoring in free
environment.
• 24/7 access of data possible.
• Reclean , reuse, re-sterilization is not required.
Advantages
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8. • Monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate.
• It is used for EEG monitoring.
• Measuring blood glucose level.
Application
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9. Whole body plethysmography experiments are
widely used in basic and preclinical research
for non-invasive pulmonary measurements of
conscious and unrestrained animals.
Plethysmography
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10. It is used to measure change in the lung
volume.
It is used to determine the thoracic gas volume
and air way resistance.
Used to measure the tidal volume.
Used to detect the asthma.
Application
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11. Microarray
Western blot
Flow cytometry
Biochemistry
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12. • A large number of DNA probes are present,
each one of different sequence are
immobilized at defined position on solid
surface either made up of glass or nylon.
• For the preparation of high density arrays,
oligo-nucleotide are synthesized in situ on the
surface of glass or silicon.
Microarray Technique
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13. Working
Take tissue sample of any part of body organ
Extract the mRNA from cell and label with fluorescent
dyes
Spread labeled mRNA on microarray plate contains
1000 of DNA
mRNA binds to DNA called hybridization. This
hybridized plate ready to scan.
Scan the plate and analyze the data.
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14. Green color for the normal DNA.
Red color for the tumor DNA.
Yellow color equally expressed in tumor and
normal DNA.
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15. This technique is used to examine the activity of
various genes at different times.
This technique is used for determination of
various types of cancer.
It also used for detection of heart disease, mental
illness and infectious diseases.
Application
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16. Western blot is used in research to separate and
identify proteins. In this technique a mixture of
proteins is separated based on molecular
weight, and thus by type, through gel
electrophoresis.
These results are then transferred to a
membrane producing a band for each protein.
The membrane is then incubated with labels
antibodies specific to the protein of interest.
Western Blotting
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17.  For HIV detection
 For detection of Lyme disease
 For detection of Hepatitis B Virus
 For detection of herpes
Application
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18.  Flow cytometry is a technology that is used to
analyze the physical and chemical characteristics
of cells as it passes through at least one laser.
Cell components are fluorescently labeled and
then excited by the laser to emit light at varying
wavelengths.
Flow Cytometry
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19. Flow chamber
Laser
Light detector
Filters
Color detectors
Working
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20. Immunology: Identification of immune cells.
Neuroscience: For characterization of
Alzheimer and Parkinson's disease.
Applications
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21. Micro ultrasonic imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging
Micro PET
IMAGING
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Confocal Microscopy

22. 18 June 2016 22

23. Ultra sound produces high resolution, rapid
frame rate, low cost.
It is used for assessments of anatomic features
blood flow in large vessels and measurement
cardiac function.
Micro markers are used for visual imaging
Ultrasound in pre-clinical small animal
research by creating high-frequency
transducers that offers superior high resolution
(down to 30um).
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24. Piezoelectric element produce caustic pulses
above 20khz generate sound waves
Diverse tissue or organ reflects sound wave
according to their density .
Gray scale produce images when reflected sound
waves returns to the transducer.
Resulting image is viewable are produced
instantly and captured a still photograph or movie
Working
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25. 1. Non invasive, non radioactive detection of
microtargetes
2. Less time required for investigational result
3. Easily translate the calculations
Advantages
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26.  Developmental biology
• In developmental biology it is useful for
assessing maternal, placental and fetal
hemodynamic morphology and growth
 Cancer
• Tumor sizing and quantifying in two and
three dimensional images.
• Quantification of tumor blood flow.
 Cardiovascular imaging
• Quantification left ventricular functioning.
Applications
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27. 18 June 2016
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28. • Well known system for imaging of human
body.
• Basically works on the principle of magnetic
field.
• Use full to identify the damage parts of the
body or tissue.
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29. Working
Body is made up of the water which consists of H and O2. at
the center of hydrogen protons are present.
When body pass through the magnetic field the protons are line
up in same direction magnet can pull them.
Short radio waves are send to the body knocking the proton out
of alignment, radio waves turn off this proton realign and send
the radio signals picked by receivers.
The signals provides information about exact location of the
proton and image is generate.
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30. • Morphological imaging
• Functional imaging
• Molecular imaging
Application
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31. PET scan uses radiation to create 3D, Colour image
of the functional organs.
They are used along with X-rays an MRI scan to
develop images .
The PET scan looks functions of the organs
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32. A radio active medicine is used along with the natural
chemical(Glucose)
When it goes to the body area where glucose use for energy
PET scan detects the energy emitted by the positrons
As the radio tracer broken in body positrons made this image
as 3D image
The image revels how parts of body function by way they
break down the radiotracer
A PET image will display different levels of positrons
according to brightness and color18 June 2016
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33. Investigational studies
1. Epilepsy : It revel which part of brain is
being affected or damaged.
2. Heart diseases : It helps to detect which part
of heart is damaged or scared.
Application
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34. • It is an optical imaging technique for
increasing optical resolution and contrast of a
micrograph by means of adding space pin
hole place at the confocal plane of the lens to
eliminate out of focus light.
• It helps to reconstruction of three dimentional
structure from obtained image.
Confocal Microscopy
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35. Working
Schematic diagram of confocal microscope
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36. Catheters
Surgery
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 Pressure volume catheter
• Use to study hemodynamic analysis.
• To study ventricular pressure and
volume in rat.
•Osmotic pressure pump.
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37. Applications
Evaluating Pericarditis Using Left & Right
Ventricular Pressure Waveforms
Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP) is one of the
most commonly measured parameters during a
cardiac catheterization case. Mean PAP,
systolic PAP and diastolic PAP are often
derived by visually marking the waveform
output by a fluid-filled transducer.
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38. • Goldman M.D, Smith H.J, Ulmer W.T., (2005),
“Whole body plethysmography” , Europe Respiratory
Journal.
• Foster f., Hassack J., Adamson S., (2011). “Micro
ultra sound for preclinical imaging”. Interface Focus
vol. no. 1,576-601.
• Stout D. et al., (2013). “Guidance for methods
description used in preclinical imaging papers”,
Molecular imaging.
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References

39. • Catana C. et al.,(2008). Simultaneous in vivo positron
emission tomography and magnetic resonance
imaging, PNAS, volume 105, 3705-3710.
• Prasad v. et al.,(2007), Confocal microscopy of
colloids, Journal of Physics.
• Satyanarayana U., Chakrapani U. Biochemistry, third
edition,.589-593.
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40. • MRI Scan 2013,
www.nhs.uk/conditions/MRIScan[Accessed
10/11/2014].
• PET Scan 2013, www.medicalnews-
today.com/articles/154877/Hph[Accessed
1/11/2014].
• Flow cytometry,2014,
www.unsolvedmystries.oregonstate.edu/f
low_06[Accessed 8/11/2014].
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41. • Implantable telemetry
www.itstelemetry.com/navigation/20bar/submenus/im
plantable_telemetry.php [Accessed 3/11/2014].
• Application of western blotting,
www.western_blot.us/applications_ofwsternblotting/a
pplication_in_medical_diagnosis [Accessed
1/11/2014]
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