The document defines and describes several common networking devices and components: - A modem converts digital data to analog signals for transmission over telephone lines and vice versa. - An RJ45 connector is a standardized interface used for Ethernet networking and features 8 pins. - An Ethernet card is a type of network adapter that supports Ethernet networking via cables, sometimes called a network interface card (NIC).

1. INDEX
1. Modem
2. RJ45 connector
3. Ethernet Card
4. Router
5. Switch and Hub
6. Repeater
7. bridge
8. Gateway

2. Short for modulator/demodulator, a modem is a hardware device
that allows a computer to send and receive information over
telephone lines. When sending a signal, the device converts
("modulates") digital data to an analog audio signal, and transmits
it over a telephone line. Similarly, when an analog signal is
received, the modem converts it back ("demodulates" it) to a
digital signal.
मॉड्यूलेटर / डेमोडुलेटर के ललए लघु, एक मॉडेम एक हाडडवेयर डडवाइस है जो कं प्यूटर
को टेलीफोन लाइनों पर सूचना भेजने और प्राप्त करने की अनुमतत देता है। लसग्नल
भेजते समय, डडवाइस एक एनालॉग ऑडडयो लसग्नल के ललए डडजजटल डेटा ("मॉड्यूल्स")
को पररवततडत करता है, और इसे एक टेलीफोन लाइन पर प्रसाररत करता है। इसी तरह,
जब एक एनालॉग लसग्नल प्राप्त होता है, तो मॉडेम इसे वापस ("डीमोडुलेट्स करता है")
एक डडजजटल लसग्नल में बदल देता है।

3. RJ45 connector
The "RJ" in RJ45 stands for "registered jack," since it is a
standardized networking interface. The "45" simply refers to the
number of the interface standard. Each RJ45 connector has eight
pins, which means an RJ45 cable contains eight separate
wires.RJ45 is a type of connector commonly used for Ethernet
networking. It looks similar to a telephone jack, but is slightly
wider. Since Ethernet cables have an RJ45 connector on each end,
Ethernet cables are sometimes also called RJ45 cables.

4. An Ethernet card is one kind of network adapter. These
adapters support the Ethernet standard for high-speed
network connections via cables. Ethernet cards are sometimes
known as network interface cards (NICs).

5. A router is hardware device designed to receive, analyze and
move incoming packets to another network. It may also be
used to convert the packets to another network interface, drop
them, and perform other actions relating to a network.
एक राउटर हाडडवेयर डडवाइस है जजसे आने वाले पैके ट को प्राप्त करने,
ववश्लेषण और स्थानांतररत करने के ललए डडजाइन ककया गया है। इसका
उपयोग पैके ट को ककसी अन्य नेटवकड इंटरफे स में पररवततडत करने, उन्हें
छोड़ने और नेटवकड से संबंधित अन्य कियाएं करने के ललए भी ककया जा
सकता है।

6. A switch is a piece of a physical circuitry component that
governs the signal flow. Having a switch or toggle switch allows
a connection to be opened or closed. When opened, the
switch allows a signal or power to flow through the
connection. A switch is a data link layer networking device
which connects devices in a network and uses packet switching
to send and receive data over the network.

7. A hub is basically a multiport repeater. A hub connects multiple
wires coming from different branches. A hub, also called a
network hub, is a common connection point for devices in a
network. Hubs are devices commonly used to connect
segments of a LAN. The hub contains multiple ports. When a
packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so
that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.

8. A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to
regenerate the signal over the same network before the
signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to extend the
length to which the signal can be transmitted over the
same network. An important point to be noted about
repeaters is that they do not amplify the signal. When the
signal becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and
regenerate it at the original strength.

9. A network bridge is a computer networking device that
creates a single aggregate network from multiple
communication networks or network segments.A bridge is
a type of computer network device that provides
interconnection with other bridge networks that use the
same protocol.

10. A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two
networks together that may work upon different networking
models. A gateway is a hardware device that acts as a "gate"
between two networks. It may be a router, firewall, server, or
other device that enables traffic to flow in and out of the
network.

11. A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two
networks together that may work upon different networking
models. A gateway is a hardware device that acts as a "gate"
between two networks. It may be a router, firewall, server, or
other device that enables traffic to flow in and out of the
network.