John Stuart Mill And Jeremy Bentham

John Stuart Mill And Jeremy Bentham
One would be right in assuming that we would not do something in life unless it has something to
offer us. There is no point to complete an action unless the action's consequence benefitted us in
some way. Furthermore, there a notion that in life we must aspire to do more than just what we like,
understanding that living life is taking the bad with the good. However, for hedonists this notion is
non–existent. Hedonism is the pursuit of pleasure while simultaneously avoiding pain, deriving
happiness only from pleasure achieved and pain avoided. John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham are
two philosophers who fall into the Utilitarian and hedonist camp. However, while both men are
Utilitarian, they differ greatly in their thoughts on hedonism. Where Bentham takes a quantitative
stance, Mill assumes the, admittedly more complicated, quantitative position. In Mill doing so, he
distinguishes between two types of pleasure: higher pleasures and lower pleasures. In this paper, I
plan to prove that Mill's view is not philosophically defensible. I will do so by showing that Mill
ventures from Hedonism as he takes a more objective stance that is not based on pleasure alone.
Before we can begin to disagree with Mill, we must frame his qualitative hedonism against
Bentham's quantitative hedonism. Bentham defines utility as something that produces "benefit,
advantage, pleasure, good, of happiness" (353). This basic principle can also be applied to his
definition of hedonism. Bentham's
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Jeremy Bentham: Political Activist and English Philosopher
Introduction Better known as a political activist and English philosopher, Jeremy Bentham is mainly
remembered for his contribution on moral philosophy and most particularly his views on the
utilitarianism principle. In this text, I develop Jeremy Bentham's biography while detailing some of
his main contributions to the study of ethics. Jeremy Bentham: Biography and Contribution to the
Study of Ethics Born in 1748 to attorney parents, Jeremy Bentham lived at a time when significant
changes were taking place at the economic, political and social fronts. In some accounts, it is
claimed that Bentham was a child prodigy especially given that he was only three years old when he
started reading history (Pomerleau 273). At the age of 12 (in 1760), Bentham enrolled at Queens
College, Oxford and four years later, he graduated from the same having attained a Bachelors
degree. Soon after, he enrolled for legal studies at Lincoln's Inn (Orth 710). However, instead of
practicing law even after qualifying, he instead devoted much of his time to drafting commentaries
on diverse legal reform subjects. With most of his time spend studying and writing, Bentham was
able to come up with writings on a wide range of theoretical legal questions and social institutions
reform ideas. In this way, Bentham's work did have a significant impact on political philosophy.
According to Wintle, one of Bentham's "most famous and influential work was the Introduction to
the Principles of Morals and

Comparison Of Jeremy Bentham And Arthur Schopenhauer
Pleasure and pain are emotions that are used in the lives of people daily. Both pleasure and pain
evoke emotional and physical responses from them. Pleasure allows human beings to experience
happiness, joyfulness, and laughter through their lives. Pain allows them to be exposed to sadness,
remorse, and crying. Most people do not realize the philosophical importance that is placed on these
emotions. Two philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and Arthur Schopenhauer, are well known for their
research regarding pleasure and pain. Jeremy Bentham believed that pleasure and pain were directly
related to happiness. Because of this, he developed a scale to show the relevance of pleasure and
pain to man's happiness. Arthur Schopenhauer believed like Bentham ... Show more content on
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Schopenhauer believed that pleasure is just the absence of pain, like Bentham. The world is full of
strife and frustration which produces much conflict. Schopenhauer believed that the escape of all
this conflict, or pain, was to reject it. However, philosophical art held the key to a temporary release.
Since his philosophy is based on sympathy, Schopenhauer expressed the idea in which feeling one's
hurt or sorrow can be an effort in relieving pain (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition). In
order to lose the strife in the world, the people need to minimize their desires so there will be a
tranquil frame of mind and arrangement towards the universe (Wicks, Robert). Schopenhauer
explains that suffering is caused by the willing, therefore "the more intense the willing the more
intense the suffering." In every want there is a willing, and in every willing there is a suffering.
Suffering is just an uncompleted willing or want, including the pain felt in the body (Kerns, Tom).
Schopenhauer explains suffering as a continuous cycle, because when a want or desire is fulfilled, a
new desire is replaced with old. In Schopenhauer's eyes, suffering is completely caused by "the
frustration and conflict that arises from competition between individual wills" (UK

Comparing the Utility of Bentham and Mill Essay
Comparing the Utility of Bentham and Mill
utility
U*til"i*ty, n. [OE. utilite, F. utilit['e], L. utilitas, fr. utilis useful. See Utile.] ...
3. Happiness; the greatest good, or happiness, of the greatest number, –– the foundation of
utilitarianism. ––J. S. Mill.
Syn: Usefulness; advantageous; benefit; profit; avail; service. (www.dictionary.com)
One of the major players in ethical theories has long been the concept of utilitarianism.
Utilitarianism states that in general the ethical rightness or wrongness of an action is directly related
to the utility of that action. Utility is more specifically defined as a measure of the goodness or
badness of the consequences of an action (see quote by Mill above). For the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Though the terms act and rule utility came after the time of Bentham and Mill, it can still be noted
that Bentham was clearly an act utilitarian and the Mill was a rule utilitarian. This paper will cover
two subjects of discussion related to utility, Bentham, and Mill. The first is a consideration of the
way in which Bentham goes about reconciling the ethical hedonist he promotes with the
psychological egoistic hedonism he endorses. The second is really three smaller issues: the way
Bentham and Mill would direct us to apply the principle of utility, how this is comparable to the
employment of the hedonistic calculus, and the possibility that the differences in their views may
make us come to different moral decisions.
II. There are four distinguishable sources from which pleasure and pain are in use to flow:
considered separately, they may be termed the physical, the political, the moral, and the religious:...
(Bentham, 382)
Bentham promotes ethical hedonism in some of his writings. Ethical hedonism can be stated as: that
action is right which promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number. However, Bentham
believes that the world seems in reality to mostly composed of people more closely aligned with
psychological egoistic hedonism, which believes that which is right is that which brings the most
happiness to the self. Clearly,

Bentham Capitalism And Egoism
Bentham's opinion, a man is an egoist, and that he is benevolent to others only because it suits his
personal interests. Egoism is the starting point of his moral system. We also saw that he could not
prove how social virtues can be derived from egoism. We saw that he had to reject the selflessness
with which history and life are full.
Even more important is the point of Bentham's theory, according to which pleasure and suffering
can be more or less accurately calculated. With this statement at the present time,anyone will hardly
agree.
The nowadays principle embodied in most modern Western European judicial systems is that the
punishment of the offender has no other purpose; except as isolation from society, is in good
agreement with Bentham's utilitarian logic. A person who is dangerous and potentially harmful to
society needs only to be shielded from his further possible illegal actions and corresponding
consequences. There is no other purpose for prison isolation.
Let's talk what Mill's utilitarianism was, and in what sense he criticized the Bentham system. Mill
opposes Bentham, pointing out that the Bentham arithmetic principle, according to which one can
always use the quantitative aspect in the analysis of utility, cannot be used literally. Mill will insist
on the incommensurability of suffering and pleasures and the excessive schema of the formula
"maximizing pleasure and minimizing suffering." According to Mill, this formula is meaningful
only in the form of

Lying, By Jeremy Bentham
I am going to argue why lying is immoral no matter who you might be lying to, friends, family, and
even someone you do not know. This is immoral because even though lying to someone may bring
relief or happiness it's still hiding the truth from that person. Hiding something they deserve to know
even though it may hurt them may also be a form of lying. There are many situations where lying
may end friendships, relationships, or even tare families apart because most people want to know
the truth no matter how harsh, because eventually the truth may come out. In addition to hiding
information, there are also other forms of lying. Telling someone false information as well as
withholding information are forms of lying. The worst part about telling a lie is that the more you do
it the more comfortable one may become. Lying becomes a habit to many people, a habit they have
a hard time breaking. Lying can simply be defined in one word, deception. Jeremy Bentham who is
a British philosopher in the 1700's and early 1800's believed in the principle of utility otherwise
known as utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham thinks it's permissible to tell a small lie because in the
long run Bentham is looking for the ultimate amount of happiness. Bentham believes in the greatest
happiness for the greatest number. As long as an act brings more happiness than disappointment
then that act is moral. One situation may be three friends found out something that their other friend
does not know but can

Jeremy Bentham Principles Of Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham was born in Houndsditch, London on 15 February 1748. He was the eldest son of
Alicia Whitehorn, née Grove, who on 3 October 1745 had entered into he second marriage with
Jeremiah Bentham, a successful practitioner in the Court of Chancery. Six further children were
born, of whom only the youngest, Samuel, born in 1757, survived beyond infancy. Death was never
far away and on 6 January 1759, when Jeremy was ten years old, he lost his mother. By 1755 he was
considered robust enough to go to Westminster School. It was in 1769 that Bentham found a
purpose for his life. All the pieces of the jigsaw suddenly came into place. His later reflections on
this period of his life reveal an exposure to a very different literature from the ... Show more content
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Bentham brought together various elements from these thinkers to construct his version of the
principle of UTILITY.
UTILITARIANISM:
Jeremy Bentham was a leading theorist in Anglo–American philosophy of law and one of the
founders of utilitarianism. He developed this idea of a utility and a utilitarian calculus in the
Introduction to the
Principles of Morals and Legislation (1781).In the beginning of that work Bentham wrote: "Nature
has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them
alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand
the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and effects, are fastened to their
throne.
They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think: every effort we can make to throw off our
subjection, will serve but to demonstrate and confirm it.
Bentham believed that pain and pleasure not only explain our actions but also help us define what is
good and moral. He believed that this foundation could provide a basis for social, legal, and moral
reform in society. To determine whether an action is moral you merely have to calculate the good

Jeremy Bentham : A Man Of Many Hats
Jeremy Bentham was a man of many hats. He was a British philosopher, a jurist, and a social
reformer. He fought for women's rights, animal rights, the end of slavery, the separation between
church and state, and many other things. Many of these beliefs were very radical for his time and
very forward thinking. Bentham was the founder of utilitarianism, the belief that human beings by
nature strive for pleasure and the avoidance of pain and evaluating a human being based on their
consequences and their net pleasure and pain. Immanual Kant was a Prussian philosopher. He has a
hard childhood with both of his parents dying before he left university. Kant was a religious man,
but viewed his Protestant religion through a philosopher's eye. Kant ... Show more content on
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The first six factors are relevant in both community settings and as an individual. The first factor
that needs to be taken into account is which action gives us the most intense pleasure. The second
factor is how long are the pleasures and the pains going to last. The third factor is how certain is it
that the pleasure and/or pain is going to occur. The fourth factor is how soon after the action will the
pleasure and pain result. The fifth factor is how likely will the pleasure and/or pain give rise to more
pleasure and/or pain later. The sixth factor is how likely will the pleasure that results give rise to
future pains, and vice versa. The seventh and last factor that one must consider is how much
pleasure and/or pain will your action cause for others.
Bentham believed that the ethical work of an action is based on only the consequences and the net
gain of pleasure and pain throughout their lifetime, called consequentialism. To Bentham, ones
intentions play no role in judging an action, only the outcome of the action. As long as the action
produce more pleasure than pain, it does not matter why you committed the action. Because of this,
Bentham has to be okay with the idea of torture, even torturing an innocent, because there is a
possibility that it would serve many, so the pleasure would outweigh the pain.
Bentham argues that these beliefs must be correct because most people agree with it some of the
time and that this is

An Analysis Of Jeremy Bentham, White And Haine
An initial design of Jeremy Bentham, White and Haine noted how the panopticon for Foucault was a
metaphor for the architectural figure of the disciplinary composition identified in the plague.15 In
summary, the panopticon is a circular architectural structure where the cells are arranged around a
central viewing tower in a manner that ensures permanent visibility.16 Resisting any reliance on
physical instruments of control (other than the architectural structure and geometrics of the
building), the panopticon "installs a repressive system based on a principle of permanent
surveillance which ensures the functioning of power".17 Semple reinforced this point, noting that
Foucault elevated the panopticon because it was the instrument of transformation; it becoming the
emblem of modern disciplinary power.18 It automised and disindividualised power, with a real
subjection born mechanically from a fictitious relation.19 For Foucault, the panopticon was also a
mechanism that created an environment that could be used to experiment, alter behaviour and to
train/correct individuals. An observer in the panopticon allowed one to carry out experiments on its
subjects, study behaviour and analyse actions. The plague stricken town undoubtedly conveyed an
exceptional disciplinary model: violently perfect, the effective exercise of the right of the sword.20
It was an image of 'discipline–blockade', the enclosed institution established on the fringe of
society.21 The panopticon however, was

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and...
What is Utilitarianism? I believe that utilitarianism is the theory in which actions are right if they
produce happiness and wrong if they don't produce happiness. Happiness is what every human
being look forward to. When making a decision, all possible outcomes must be ensured that it will
lead to happiness. Utilitarianism is based on the principle of utility .Utility is the ability to be useful
while satisfying needs. Utilitarianism is generally considered a moral theory that was found by
Jeremey Bentham, a 19th century English philosopher and a social reformer. In 1923, he wrote a
book called An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Bentham idea was to
understand the concept of happiness and that it is the definitive ... Show more content on
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There are two types of Utilitarianism; "act" and 'rule". An act utilitarian uses thought process. This
means that every decision made must be well thought out before coming into a conclusion. This
mean in depth calculation or solution to the problem. For example, a person wants to plan a trip for
his honey moon, he/she has a long list of places they want to enjoy their soul mates with. Instead of
jumping into a quick decision, an act utilitarian would sit down and calculate out the utility of all
possible decision before picking which they desire to go to. While on the other side, a rule utilitarian
uses the principles of utility to create set of rules and regulations by which they live in. Rule
utilitarian's are not incapable of being patient and go through each set of possibilities and outcomes.
They just don't see the reason to waste precious time on it. For example, a rule utilitarian, would
have simple rules such as, do not kill, do not steal etc. The difference between Bentham and Mill
was that Bentham was an act utilitarian and Mill was a rule utilitarian. Some critics believe that
utilitarianism is unsatisfactory theory due to the fact that it may have some disadvantages.
Utilitarianism only believes in happiness and it is the only thing that have intrinsic worth. People
might do one wrong thing just to produce happiness. The ends don't justify the means, for example,
if someone kills a healthy person just to provide organs to help five other

Jeremy Bentham Criminal Justice Essay
Jeremy Bentham's Influence on the Criminal Justice System:
Past and Present The delivery of punishment has changed significantly over the centuries. Up until
the 19th century in England, imprisonment was not regarded as a punishment, it was merely used
while the offender waited to be sentenced to their 'real' punishment (Bull, 2010; Hirst, 1998).
Corporal punishment such as flogging, branding and mutilation, death by hanging, and
transportation to other continents such as America and Australia were common punitive measures
through the ages, until well into the 1800's (Newburn, 2003). Although these extreme penalties are
no longer acceptable or practised by criminal courts in England or Australia, in some ways, the past
has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, a person may be tempted to commit a crime if there not a strong enough deterrent in
place. Hence, Bentham's solution to crime control was to address this pleasure/pain response by
imposing strict penalties proportional to the seriousness of the crime committed to discourage
people from offending (Von Hirsch, 1992). Although he did not support the death penalty,
punishment for committing crime was considered by Bentham as the lesser of two evils, necessary
for the health of society and the duty of the government to impose (Bull, 2010; Hudson, 2003).
Punishment, for Bentham, was a way to ensure "the greatest happiness for the greatest number"
(Rosen, 2003, p 221). Bentham argued that prevention, both general and specific, is paramount in
controlling crime. The imprisonment of the offender serves the purpose of specific prevention.
Specific prevention involves three tiers: incapacitation, reform/rehabilitation and deterrence
(Hopkins Burke, 2011). Firstly, incapacitation is achieved by physically removing an offender from
society, rendering them unable to reoffend (specifically, by placing them in prison). Secondly,
rehabilitation seeks to take away the desire to offend, by teaching the offender that any

Utilitarianism : Bentham And Mill
Utilitarianism: Bentham VS. Mill
Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that holds the morally right course of action in any given
situation is the course of which yields the greatest balance of benefits over harms. More specifically,
utilitarianism's core idea is that the effects of an action determine whether actions are morally right
or wrong. Created with philosophies of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–
1873), Utilitarianism began in England in the 19th Century. Bentham and Mill built their system of
Utilitarianism on ancient hedonism (pursuing physical pleasure and avoiding physical pain).
Although both of these philosophers agreed on the basic principals of Utilitarianism they disagreed
on what exactly hedonism is.
Jeremy Bentham was one of the first philosophers to present a fully developed system of
utilitarianism. He thought that we, as humans, should evaluate the consequences of our actions,
determine whether each action is morally right or wrong, and tally the pleasure and pain that comes
as a result of our actions. Is it right for me to donate to charity? Is it right for me to cheat on my
government test? These questions we ask ourselves fall under Bentham's theory known as act–
utilitarianism because it focuses on the consequences of every action we perform. Bentham argues
that the "greatest happiness of the greatest number of people" (Bentham) is how we should
determine right from wrong. He also believed "mankind is under the

Utilitarianism: The Philosophies Of Mill And Bentham
Mill and Bentham are two important philosophers that have stood by the moral theory of classical
utilitarianism. Utilitarianism, a form of hedonism, is defined by Mill as "The creed which accepts as
the foundation of morals... holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote
happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness" (241). Happiness is the ultimate
intrinsically valuable desire according to human nature and consequently pains are intrinsically
repulsed. Mill and Bentham have their own perspective on this philosophical concept. This paper
will explore and analyze the commonalities that Mill and Bentham share from utilitarianism as well
as the conflicts their viewpoints have with each other. Bentham's work will be critiqued to prove
why Mill's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The philosophers focus on the consequences of actions, to see whether they are good or bad.
Whether they are good or bad depends on experiencing pleasure and lacking pain, which will define
if happiness is achieved, the ultimate goal. They are able to bind all people together through this
application. They also agree that people should look for pleasure not for themselves, but for the
well–being of a group or community. For example Bentham says, "To take into account... the
interests of a community are affected..." (548). Also, one of his seven circumstances to value
pleasure is extent. This refers to the consequence an action will have on not only the agent but other
people affected. Mill also mimics this idea by saying, "happiness which forms the utilitarian
standard of what is right in conduct is not the agent's own happiness but that of all concerned" (244).
They both detail that is not the entire world that needs to be thought of before an action, as that
would be overthinking and would overall not be effective. It is the immediate community that needs
to be

Mill Utilitarianism
While studying the theory of Utilitarianism, we have briefly discussed both Mill's and Bentham's
ideas of the perfect Utilitarian person would would be. They both have very common ground but
both branch off into their own ideas. Bentham's ideas include a scale of measuring how much
happiness can be measured. He believes that this scale can be changed from person to person based
on their interests and how much happiness can be incorporated from certain activities. Whereas,
Mill believes that certain activities can not measure the amount of happiness such as the birth of a
child, freedom, etc. I believe that both points are very valid and in general I feel that a true
Unitarism would believe a little of both points. I feel that in most activities, an individual can
"measure" how much happiness an individual would have and that scale fluctuates based on the
individual. However, I feel that certain activities for some people cannot be measured. In general
human beings need to have love, support and activities that they enjoy doing to be happy. So I ...
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However I feel less connected to Bentham's theory of happiness because of so many loopholes in
his theory. For example, like Professor Josh talked briefly about how different people's hedon
evaluations are more than likely different from mine, his wife's, and other citizens'. This idea can
throw off the "evaluation process" because of the different levels of unexpected, or wrong opinion
of this view. That is the first point that makes me cringe at Bentham's theory. However, Bentham's
idea is a great starting point for calculating the option with the most happiness. So to a point,
Bentham is correct in saying that happiness can be

Bentham Trial
Latham is a man who is being accused of first degree burglary, and the odds are against
him in this trial. Does he deserve another chance or a different sentencing phase? The answer
is no due to the past mistakes he has made and is still making to this very day.
Latham should not have another trial. He not only consists of a juvenile history for a
similar type of crime, but he has vandalized property that wasn't his, and concealed a weapon
putting other in danger. Latham may have not left any physical harm to anyone in those crimes,
but this shows that he has committed crimes before, and that he is willing to break the law all
over again. The court may have not looked at the positive aspects of the appellant, but since he ...
The
appellant said he lives in Los Angeles, and that he comes to Palmdale to visit his kids, but he
says he also talks to the neighbor Juan Hernandez a few times a week, and smokes marijuana
in Bernadette's house with her daughter. So one or more people is lying under oath, if Latham
was innocent then nobody would have to lie in this situation, but that is not the case. Not only
that, but Latham claims to have never been in the green Cadillac, but James Lenaris (the son)
witnessed him driving and coming out of the car. Another reason would be the finger prints that
matched Latham's. There were three fingerprints found on a window that has gone untouched,
but when they found some fingerprints, they belonged to the appellant, which shows that he is
trespassing. The odds are definitely stacked against him, so why hold another trial when

everybody knows what will happen?
The appellant deserves another sentencing phase because from what I am seeing, he is
only being charged for first degree burglary. Evidence shows that he is also lying under oath
consecutively as an attempt to cover his tracks. You know he is lying because Latham says

Jeremy Bentham and the United Nations
Jeremy Bentham and the United Nations: Jeremy Bentham is generally considered the father of
Utilitarianism. As a doctrine that seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain, Utilitarian
thinkers, including Bentham, would approve of any organization or set of practices that have the
tendency to do so. The United Nations is such an organization. Bentham firmly believed world
governance was possible, at least under his utilitarian system (Pitts 212). "The community is a
fictitious body, composed of the individual persons who are considered as constituting as it were its
members," (Bentham 1823, 586). In this quote Bentham refers to how single communities are
merely collections of individuals. Since the distinctions between individuals are arbitrary the only
objective grouping of people is to include the entire world population. As Bentham saw borders as
imagined, he would approve of the coming together of humanity that the United Nations fosters.
With its border–crossing initiatives of conflict resolution and humanitarian aid, the United Nations
is a source of good in the modern world and one that Bentham would endorse if he were here to do
so, albeit with some concerns and recommendations. The United Nations' primary goal stated in
Article One, Section One of the organization's charter is "[t]o maintain international peace and
security". So far as the United Nations achieves this goal, Bentham would be in complete approval
as war and conflict are great causes of human

Explain How Many Utilitarian's Does It Take To Screw In...
Introduction
Question: How many utilitarian's does it take to screw in a light bulb? Answer: As many as are
happy screwing in light bulbs! I want to stop philosophizing; but I Kant! Ha–ha. Kant is all about
rules and Bentham about the consequences. Jeremy Bentham, a British philosopher, economist,
jurist, human rights activist and the chief expounder of Utilitarianism. Bentham born a prodigy,
graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree at sixteen years old. He was a radical philosopher of law
and politics and gave ideas which were way ahead of his time. Immanuel Kant, a German
philosopher, considered the most influential thinker of the Enlightenment era and one of the greatest
western philosophers of all times. Kant's philosophy is often described ... Show more content on
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As the founder of utilitarianism, Bentham believes that an act is considered "just" if it produces the
most happiness and the least pain for the greatest number of people affected directly, or indirectly by
that action. For Bentham, happiness means giving sovereignty to pleasure over pain. Contrarily,
Kant proposes that only duty and rules should dictate our actions, as the outcome is beyond our
control. To Kant the only thing that matters is good will. His theory suggests that an action is either
"just" or "unjust" regardless of the consequences of that same action. Bentham tried to attain his
theory through hedonism and Kant his through universal maxims, neither theory beneficial to
everyone. In addition, Jeremy Bentham's theory is flawed because it only considers the most
happiness caused by a moral action, it neglects minorities. Similarly, Kant fully ignoring the
consequences of a moral action is not a worthy idea, because at times, we may have more than one
duty or obligation to

John Stuart Mills Act Utilitarianism
The choices people make on a daily basis have consequences, good or bad. Most people want their
choices to have good consequences, but these consequences may benefit either themselves or
everyone. This is the thinking of a utilitarian. Utilitarians want to make the choice with the most
benefit to people as a whole, and they try to eliminate the bad consequences (Nathanson).
Utilitarians are followers of the moral philosophy utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart
Mills created a moral philosophy where the action itself is weighed against the effects of the action,
and act and rule utilitarians determine which action is more beneficial in different ways. The history
of utilitarianism starts before Bentham and Mills, but these thinkers ... Show more content on
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Their differences lie in how they evaluate the actions that have the most benefit. The "act utilitarians
believe that whenever we are deciding what to do, we should perform the action that will create the
greatest net utility" while rule utilitarians believe "we should judge particular moral rules by seeing
whether their acceptance into our moral code would produce more well–being than other possible
rules." (Nathanson). Their differences can be associated with the different principles in
Utilitarianism, Bentham's Principle of Utility and Mill's Greatest Happiness Principle. Act
utilitarians base their evaluation on Bentham's principle and rule utilitarians base their evaluation on
Mill's principle. Act utilitarians stress the importance of dealing with each moral problem
individually, and posing a solution that will work with that specific case (Nathanson). An example
of this is the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. The assassination is not a type of action, it is an
individual action with its own effects. Rule utilitarians stress that rules are necessary to deal with
specific types of actions "such as killing or stealing" (Nathanson). Rule utilitarians have a similar
belief to the justice system today. Rule utilitarianism is demonstrated in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel
Crime and Punishment. In the novel, the main character, Raskolnikov, murders an old pawnbroker
with the thought that the murder would benefit society. This is rule utilitarianism because the act of
murder is a type of action and the focus of the novel is to see the effects of the murder. That type of
thinking is in line with rule utilitarian ideas. Despite their differences, they both believe the basic
principle of utilitarianism, the "overall aim in evaluating actions should be to create the best results
possible"

Jeremy Bentham : Founder Of Modern Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham: Founder of modern Utilitarianism On February 15, 1748 Jeremy Bentham was
born in Houndsditch, England to father Jeremiah and mother Alicia. At the age of only twelve
Jeremy attended Queens College, Oxford where he was considered one of the youngest men of his
time to received his Bachelors at the age of fifteen in 1763 and Masters in 1766. Destined to follow
in his father's footsteps, Bentham attended Court of King's Bench, Westminster Hall to prepare for
his study's in law. During his time at Westminster Hall Bentham would attend cases set before
William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield a Judge known for his reform in English law, he was
constantly finding flaws in the English judicial system. After taking the Bar in 1769, Bentham law
career was short lived due to him discovering the Utility Principle witch he would dedicate the rest
of his life. The year is now 1776 and Bentham is a self–proclaimed Legal Theorist and he
anonymously published "A fragment on Government." In this "Fragment" Bentham stated, "it is the
greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong" (1). Utilitarian is
described as "the ethical doctrine that virtue is based on utility, and that conduct should be directed
toward promoting the greatest happiness of the greatest number of persons" (2). Bentham described
this as the greatest happiness principle or being "Utilitarian." His moral philosophy indicated there
are two things that drive humans pleasure and

Essay on Jeremy Bentham Influence on Future
Essay on Jeremy Bentham's influence
Jeremy Bentham was born in 1748 in London, England. He was a utilitarianist, which is the idea
that the right judgment is the judgment that brings the most happiness. Also an Atheist, Bentham
was seen as the person who popularized utilitarianism. Bentham believed we could quantify or
measure pleasure. He helped found the London College, in which his body was embalmed and used
as a reminder of himself, and wrote many books on utilitarianism and found the best way to
influence a decision was through pamphleteering. He died in 1832 in England. Even though he died,
Jeremy Bentham left a legacy behind him. His ideas are still relevant many years after his death.
Jeremy Bentham's ideas changed the political ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He also believed, "No power of government ought to be employed in the endeavor to establish any
system or article of belief on the subject of religion." (Duignan, 200) Bentham strongly believed in
the separation of church and state and he tried to stop the government to be too Christian related.
Bentham revolutionized prisons and made them both more affective and hospitable. Bentham
designed a type of prison watch tower called the panopticon. The panopticon design allowed
observers in an institution to keep an eye on the inmates without the inmates knowing. (Warburton,
124) The English parliament promised to construct the panopticon, but they didn't. Despite this fact,
other prisons around the world used his design like the Kilmainham Gaul in Dublin. (Jeremy
Bentham life, Paragraph 11) By not having the inmates know if they were being watched or not, it
would make the inmates behave better. If the inmates behaved better, then the prison would be more
effective in enforcing proper behavior. Jeremy Bentham believed, "All punishment in itself is evil,
and it should only be used to diminish greater evil." (Living philosophy, paragraph 3) He attacked
criminal laws viciously due to his belief that the prisons were too harsh. Bentham had a campaign
for penal reform, which included making prisons more hospitable. (Strangroom, 95). Bentham
recognized that prisons were necessary and decided to make them as less harsh as possible so they
do not inflict pain. He again

Hume And David Hume's Theory Of Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism talks about political obligation from an absolutely distinct view. The utilitarian theory
postulates that as human activity is essentially based on the element of utility evolved, likewise man
takes into account the happiness and sorrow accruing from obeying the orders of the state and the
political obligation depends purely on the element of utility inherent in it.
Utilitarianism is a significant school of thought, which also provides a solid base for political
obligation as a mixture of ethical and political principles. It dominated the English political thought
from middle of the 18th century to the middle of nineteenth century. David Hume was the founder
of the utilitarian concept but it was Jeremy Bentham who made it so much popular. He came into
contact with James Mill, Malthus and Ricardo, and brought into existence the group of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pleasure provides a strong motive to the actions of an individual. Francis Hutcheson enunciated this
idea in a more concrete form and defined it as 'greatest pleasure of the greatest number'. Mill coined
the term utilitarianism and this term was enunciated as the criterion of every action of the state
based on utility.
The standard of utility was the satisfaction or happiness of the individual. Utilitarian is very much
pragmatic and moreover it promoted morality as it judges the actions of an individual on the basis of
outcome, if the action brings happiness to people, it is considered good and vice versa. Persons may
differ in their thinking and their way of getting of happiness, here comes the need of government.
Certain actions are harmful to public happiness and those actions should be considered crimes and
appropriate punishment should be awarded to the persons committing such crimes. After all,
utilitarianism is about 'greatest happiness of greatest

Ending Animal Cruelty
Animal testing is used internationally to understand and create medicines and to test the safety of
products. Almost 20 million animals are experimented on and killed annually worldwide, an
estimated eight million of which are subjects in experiments involving pain while at least 10 percent
of these animals do not receive painkillers (Andre & Velasquez, 1988). Clearly these
experimentations are reducing the quality of life for these animals, and as such there has been
growing criticism of animal testing and the ethical questions that arise when studying these
experiments. There is also a concern for the consequential threats to scientific and biomedical
progress that they bring, however alternative testing methods have produced equally effective
results therefore ending the debate over whether such experiments are necessary ("Animal
experimentation", 2014). Overall, animal testing is unethical and must be stopped as it is immoral to
inflict suffering on non–consenting sentient beings and there are reasonable and successful
alternatives available. Animals are conscious beings with desires, beliefs, and the ability to
experience pain and pleasure. Their lives have inherent value and using them as simply a means
towards our ends is unethical. Philosopher Jeremy Bentham described his philosophy of
utilitarianism as "the greatest happiness or greatest felicity principle", and applied a form of ethical
utilitarianism to animal rights. If the moral worth of an action is

Bentham Idea Of A Prison Setting
While Bentham's idea of a prison setting may, at first, appear to be worthwhile, I believe, more
thought about the welfare of the inmates was not a concern. I do believe that prisoners to deserve a
sense of privacy, as a human right. However, I do understand that many people do not believe in any
right after a heinous crime has been committed. Many prisoners do hope to turn their lives around
and try to become a better person. Having someone watch over you, every minute of the day may
prevent that from happening, instead creating paranoia. I have to ask myself, what could be worse
than having 300 inmates with mass paranoia? That would be a recipe for disaster.
In reality, the center tower would need to be large enough to hold not just a few

Jeremy Bentham : The Father Of Modern Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham, the father of modern utilitarianism, he defined his fundamental philosophical
principle that "the greatest good for the greatest number of people is the measure of right and
wrong". Jeremy Bentham as a consequentialist has a more simpler view on human psychological
actions, he believes right and wrong can merely be based on the result of the action. Although some
would say that he is a rationalist who is coldly calculating, he also supported on human rights as he
advocated for individual and economic freedom as freedom of speech, equal right for female, and
abolition of slavery and death penalty. Jeremy Bentham as a former lawyer does recognize laws as
an organizer of the society, yet he believes that punishment is only ... Show more content on
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On one hand, pain and pleasure tell us what is right and wrong. On the other hand, they teach us the
cause and effect of the action that we do. They govern us in all we do, all we say, all we think.
According to the psychological theory, pain and pleasure determines how in fact we always do, they
are the pure motives of all our actions. Realistically, only the pleasure and the avoidance of pain can
be our ends. Example can be found when you observe toddlers learn what is right and wrong.
Bentham also argued that we should never act on motive for desirable consequences, because the
motive that yield a good consequence may at other time yield undesirable one. And so motive itself
is insufficient to justify any action.
The principle of Utility in Bentham's eyes will replace traditions and is aimed at improving the
felicity of those governed by its laws. It will focus on the consequences of legislation and all other
human actions, as known as the pain and pleasure, rather than the duty or right or wrong the action
potentially has. Bentham as an uncompromising consequentialist base his approval or disapproval of
any actions on merely the beneficial or harmful of the result. This applied to not just individual, but
also the governments. Thus, both parties have the duty to promote the happiness, interest, or
advantage of those who are

Bentham 's Argument For Utilitarianism
Introduction
In my opinion, Bentham's argument for utilitarianism is unsatisfactory. Firstly, I will provide a
background on his argument. Secondly, I will argue against Bentham and provide examples which
illustrate the negative consequences of utilitarianism. Thirdly, I will argue that it's practically
impossible to maximize universal happiness.
Background
Bentham argues that humans only commit actions on the bases of utility, which is the desire to enjoy
happiness and prevent pain. He is certain that utility alone governs human morality and that the
principles of utilitarianism are morally correct for every situation. Bentham claims that the purpose
of morality is to increase the happiness of society and every action should aim to benefit the greatest
number. He argues that without attaining happiness for the greatest number, society becomes
dysfunction. In Bentham's perfect utilitarian society, individuals would put aside their personal
desires which cause pain to society as a whole in order to promote universal happiness. Bentham,
strongly suggests that utilitarianism has no uncertainties, period. After objective analysis under
Utilitarianism, before committing any action an individual must first examine the happiness which
can be extracted from the action and the potential harms that it can cause, if the action yields more
pain to the greatest number it is immoral. Bentham concludes that pain can't yield happiness and
that for an action to be morally correct it must

The Greatest Number Research Paper
'The Greatest Happiness for the Greatest Number is the measure of Right and Wrong' Discuss with
reference to Utilitarianism:
The statement "The greatest happiness for the greatest number is the measure of right and wrong"
was coined by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham as the fundamental axiom of his
philosophy. Bentham is respected as the father of Modern Utilitarianism; this strand of ethical
thinking has not only been adopted by followers of Bentham, for example John Stuart Mill or Peter
Singer, but also by economists and lawyers as a means of creating a fair society, with the highest
potential for co–operation. However, although utilitarianism is widely followed and supported, there
are many issues that arise due to its subjectivity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the main criticisms of this thinking is that it creates the "Tyranny of the Majority". This is
when a majority takes action to thoroughly subjugate the minority. This was first explored by the
Ancient Greeks in their quest to further evolve as a society. Some Greek city–states, like Athens,
realised that being governed by the majority is futile when the government does not act in the best
interests of the people. They stressed on the importance of a democracy, a government that acted for
all people, rather than an ochlocracy, a government that acted purely for the majority. We can infer
from this that although utilitarianism could be support democracy, in practice it creates more of an
ochlocracy.
By basing moral decisions on what is best for the greatest number of people, we can always assume
that a small minority of people will be left out and their happiness will be sacrificed. John Rawls, an
American moral and political philosopher, argued that utilitarianism is too impersonal; in the pursuit
of the greatest good for the greatest number we disregard the rights/opinions of the individuals.
Basing what's right or wrong on what the majority think, confuses what's right with what is

The R V Bentham Case
The R v Bentham case , which presented the question of imitation firearms, and whether part of
your body is covered in the legislation adopted the literal approach and as this directive was
employed judges declared the word 'possession' did not include someone's fingers. If words of the
act are evident, they should be adhered to, even if they provoke a distinctive absurdity. The
legislation specified that imitation firearms could be "anything which has the appearance of a
firearm whether or not it is capable of discharging any shot, bullet or missile". It was held by Lord
Bingham that Parliament obviously meant to legislate about imitation firearms and not to develop an
offence of dishonesty, claiming to possess a firearm. Accordingly, possession of something needs to
be independent from the body and the defendant was found not guilty. In the case of London and
North Railway Co v Berriman , the literal interpretation produced an injustice that Parliament in all
likelihood under no circumstances purposely meant to. The legal issue in this case was the contrast
in the nature work produces, which does not alter the level of risk employees are subject to. Despite
the fact that there are significant disadvantages to this rule there are some advantages, including
limiting the function of the judiciary. Furthermore, constitutionally it honours parliamentary
sovereignty and the entitlement of Parliament to produce law. Overall, it is indisputable that the
literal rule, when

Jeremy Bentham : Father of Utilitarianism Essay
Assess the merits of Utilitarianism (24 Marks)
Utilitarianism is a theory aimed at defining one simple basis that can be applied when making any
ethical decision. It is based on a human's natural instinct to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
Jeremy Bentham is widely regarded as the father of utilitarianism. He was born in 1748 into a
family of lawyers and was himself, training to join the profession. During this process however, he
became disillusioned by the state British law was in and set out to reform the system into a perfect
one based on the 'Greatest Happiness Principle,' 'the idea that pleasurable consequences are what
qualify an action as being morally good'. Bentham observed that we are all governed by pain and
pleasure; we all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another problem with Bentham's philosophy is that he would not distinguish between pleasure and
pain, seemingly defining them as the same thing. In my opinion pleasure is generally a momentary
thing whilst happiness is a more lasting and consistent thing. One might gain pleasure from sitting
watching TV all day long. However in doing he is missing work and so will end up with no job and
no money to support himself (and pay his TV licence!) and will presumably be left unhappy. So, as
demonstrated by this example, pleasure is not necessarily happiness and Bentham, was mistaken to
define them together
The usefulness of his calculus, and the way Bentham defined pleasure came into question from one
of his students, J.S. Mill who found his approach too general and simplistic. Mill rejected Bentham's
idea that all pleasures are the same and can be compared, he felt that there were different types or
'levels' of pleasure, and that some are more desirable or valuable than others. He decided that some
pleasures or more desirable and meaningful than others, that there are

Jeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mill's Mill On Utilitarianism
Mill on Utilitarianism "The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest
Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness,
wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (Utilitarianism, Mill). This theory of
Utilitarianism was generated by the original Utilitarians, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Mill
says: "Happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the
privation of pleasure" (Utilitarianism, Mill). Furthermore, these basic principles of Utilitarianism
are located under the Greatest Happiness Principle which states that actions are considered moral
when they promote happiness and immoral when they promote ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, based on the theory of life, Mill believes that pleasure is an end in itself, the ultimate
goal of life. As a result, it is proven through Mill's idea of the Utility Calculation, under the theory
of utilitarianism, that the officers of the Chino Police Department acted immorally in the case of
Angelynn York. (Utilitarianism, mill)
In the case of Angelynn York vs. The Chino Police Department, York was sexually harassed by
Officer Ron Story when confiding in the Chino Police Department to address a violent assault that
had taken place earlier that day on her person. Ms. Angelynn York endured many physical and
mental pains while the Chino Police Department had many pleasures and only a small number of
pains. (Philosophy, Rachels)
This leads to Mill's categorization of the mental and physical pains of the parties involved. The
physical pains Ms.York suffered, under Mill's interpretation, were the forced undressing

Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mill
Bentham/ J.S Mill
"According to Jeremy Bentham's 'principle of utility,' actions are right when they increase happiness
and diminish misery." (Bentham, pg. 101) With this, Bentham is described as a "hedonistic
utilitarian," meaning his theoretical objectives consist of the pursuit of happiness/pleasure and the
avoidance of pain. Hedonists also believe in quantifying happiness. Bentham developed the formula
of the "calculus of felicity"(hedonistic calculus) in order for one to "analyze an act in terms of the
pleasure it will produce" when applied to utilitarian criteria. (Bentham, pg. 270) Bentham intended
this grouping of circumstances to be applied when considering all acts. The seven categories defined
by Bentham are: Intensity, Duration, Certainty, Proximity, Fecundity, Purity, and Extent. The benefit
of using utilitarian criteria for determining the value of pleasure is that it presents several
perspectives of pleasure. The primary advantage of "calculus of felicity" using utilitarian criteria is
that the pleasure obtained from all different acts or sources is to be measured in the same way.
Universal application of this measurement implies that there is no additional value to acts that are
deemed more moral or intellectual.
John Stuart Mill is an advocate of the "principle of utility" and believed the ideology behind
achieving happiness was acting in favor of the highest good. He presented his theory of
"Utilitarianism" as the standard of morality, which

Jeremy Bentham And John Rawls's Approach To Utilitarianism
The idea in utilitarianism is that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its value in
providing happiness or pleasure as summed among all conscious beings. It is a form of
consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of any action is determined by its outcome. Thus
the utilitarian maxim: the greatest good for the greatest number. The largest contributors to
utilitarianism were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. [1]
The objection that I am going to focus on in this essay is a broad one but also I believe the most
important and valid objection to the theory. The objection is that Utilitarianism ignores individuals
and individual rights.
John Rawls rises what I believe to be a very good point in his objection to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Basically as that of an impartial, sympathetic spectator who imaginatively identifies with every
other member of the society thus conflating all their desires within one experience. [5] This allows
the society to balance individual needs and desires, gains and losses as if they were one individual.
The problem with this of course is that a society is not one individual person. This approach treats
the different individuals in a society as if they were of no more importance for ordering of society
then the different stages of an individual's life are for its ordering. But a society is composed of
different and distinctly individual persons, each with its own life to lead, goals, ambitions, points of
view, desires and so on. People cannot be simply cashed out for experience since boundaries
between individuals are of far greater importance and in fact define the very object of moral
concern.
These objections were also raised by Thomas Nagel who claimed that utilitarianism 'treats the
desires, needs, satisfactions, and dissatisfactions of distinct persons as if they were of a super person
or one mass person' [6] as well as David Gauthier who said utilitarianism supposes that mankind is a
so called super–person, whose greatest satisfaction is the objective of moral action.

The Debate Of Economics Between Bentham And Aristotle
A Debate of Economics Between Bentham and Aristotle
With all the many issues facing our country today it is difficult to pin down exactly what the biggest
issue is, so instead of picking the biggest issue I decided to pick the issue that has affected people
the most in this country as well as other countries which would be economics. When it comes to
economics the biggest issue facing our country is that we no longer produce what we need to keep
up with our economic system, so what if the philosophers that created the ideas and basic principles
so long ago were around now, and furthermore, what if they were running for the two thousand
sixteen presidential election? In the following I will present a debate between the famous
philosophers Bentham and Aristotle in regards to the current economic system.
Moderator:
First question of the debate: How would you, as US president restore the production of goods to
improve our economic system?
Aristotle 's Response
As someone who believes in economic equality I believe that economic scarcity is an inevitable
aspect of human nature that being said, the action we must take as a country to improve is looking at
economic actions as a opportunity to use goods only as an essential for life. To conclude my answer
to this question I believe that as long as goods and services are used to have helpful uses to people it
is essential to our economy because if we are putting money into goods that are useless it 's a waste
of money, and

Jeremy Bentham: Principle Of Utility And Criticism
Table of contents
► Introduction
► Principle of utility
► Criticism
► Influence
► References
INTRODUCTION
Principle of Utility According To Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham was a brutish philosopher, jurist and social reformer viewed as the founder of
modern utilitarianism. Born on 15th February 1748 London, England and died 6th June 1832 in the
age of 84 London, England. Era related to Bentham was 18th century philosophy up to 19th century
philosophy. The school where Jeremy Bentham studied was utilitarianism, legal positivism,
liberalism. His main interests were political philosophy, philosophy of law, ethics and economics.
Greatest happiness principle is one of the notable ideas of him.
Development of welfare is also controlled by Jeremy Bentham who with in no time ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
French nobleman named as Benjamin constant who respected Bentham's work and his contribution
to political economy and penal law, criticize the concept of utility. According to him this is called
risk too many different definitions as a principle of policy. Thomas Carlyle related Bentham's utility
as the "pig philosophy" nothing more than "profit and loss". Anglican divine john colls who were
the secretary for a time published of his former employer as selfish dissident in utilitarianism.
Influence
Dumont's edition in 1802 before his publication Jeremy Bentham had a very limited distribution.
Round about only 3000 copies were sold immediately when the emperor Alexander ordered a
Russian translation and this translation was followed by Spanish, German, polish and Latin
American. From this platform Bentham was able to promote himself in different countries and far.
References
1829–30, Œuvres de Jérémie Bentham, 3 vols. ed. E. Dumont, Bruzelles: Hauman.
1838–43, The Works of Jeremy Bentham, Published under the Superintendence of his Executor,
John Bowring, 11 vols. Edinburgh: William

Mill vs. Bentham
In what ways did John Stuart Mill's version of utilitarianism differ from that of Jeremy Bentham?
Which do you consider preferable?
The Cambridge International Dictionary of English defines utilitarianism as "the system of thought
which states that the best action or decision in a particular situation is the one which most benefits
the most people". This is the main idea of the system of thought and it is from this the beliefs and
opinions of John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873), Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832) and other early
utilitarians were developed. Jeremy Bentham, a friend of J. S. Mill's father and the mentor of J. S.
Mill, is usually considered the founder of British utilitarianism. J. S. Mill adapted Bentham's ideas
and philosophies to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He spent much of his time engaged in intense study, sometimes eight to twelve hours a day and by
his death he had written tens of thousands manuscripts on many subjects. In 1808 he met James
Mill, John Stuart Mill's father, who fully supported Bentham's ideas on utilitarianism. Bentham
founded a group of intellectual philosophers called the ‘Philosophical Radicals', or simply the
‘Benthamites', of which James Mill became a prominent member along with David Ricardo,
George Grote and John Austin. Bentham and James Mill founded the Westminster Review, which
aimed to propagate Radical views and to oppose the Whig supporting Edinburgh Review and the
Tory Quarterly Review. It was in this publication that much of J. S. Mill's work was presented,
although he also wrote for other newspapers and journals including the Morning Chronicle and
Parliamentary History & Review. By the 1820's Bentham had become a widely respected figure
both in Britain and other parts of the world and many of his ideas continue to be at the centre of
academic debate.
Bentham's work is still considered to be the true basis of the utilitarian philosophy. His most
influential works, in terms of how much they influenced the Victorian reform, are An Introduction to
the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789), widely considered

Analysis Of Ethical Ideologies By Jeremy Bentham
Analysis of Ethical Ideologies Throughout the ages, philosophers have debated among one another
over the issue of morality. What determines the correct course of action to take when faced with a
difficult dilemma? Jeremy Bentham, a philosopher of morality, came up with his own answer to this
question. He determined that the correct course of action is always whichever one will satisfy the
greatest amount of people. Bentham refers to this satisfaction as utility. Based on this idea, he
constructed a policy of utilitarianism. In the ideal utilitarian community, every action taken is for the
sole purpose of increasing the happiness of the citizens. This principle of utility disregards the
unhappiness of the minority citizens in order to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Michael Sandel offers an analysis of the utilitarian concept in his book, Justice. In this book, Sandel
offers an example of a situation that compares the two versions of utilitarianism: in a community, a
large group of people is protesting against a certain religion that a smaller portion of that community
practices. In this situation, Bentham would advocate abolishing that religion in order to enhance
utility. However, Mill would argue that in the long run, it would be harmful towards that community
to suppress any attempts of individuality. It would be a wiser course of action to respect the
individual liberties of each person. Although Bentham's policy is more consistent because it has a
sturdier moral basis, Mill's version of utilitarianism is more humane because it incorporates the
aspect of individual liberties. Altogether, both ideas focus on the welfare of the society as a whole.
The Libertarian theory is entirely based upon emphasizing the individual liberties of the people. The
main policy of libertarianism is similar to John Mill's central principle: everyone has the right to do
what they desire with the resources they have, given that they respect the same rights of other
people. Additionally, this policy rejects the authority of the government concerning matters of
morality and taxation. According to Robert Nozick, a political philosopher, governmental power
should be strictly "limited to

What Was Bentham Visualize Foucault's Panopticon?
Rebecca Steinberg
Baran Germen
WR 122
Essay One Proposal Assignment
10 October 2014 Jeremy Bentham visualized the Panopticon as being arranged with a central tower
and small cells in a larger building circling the tower. Patients, school children, workers, and
prisoners are held in these cells. The guards in the tower can see everything and everyone around
him in the surrounding cells, but the people inside cannot see into the tower. In this way, power is
exerted because the people within the cells never know if they are being watched or not, so they
must function within in their respective rooms as if they were being watched at any given moment.
This is an example of how visibility is used as a trap because the inmates can always see the tower,
but they "must never know whether he is being looked at any one moment; but he must be sure that
he may always be so" which means that the inmates are ultimately tricked into behaving one way all
the time, even if no one is watching them from within the tower. (Foucault 286) Is panopticism an
effective form of discipline? Is the power within the Panopticon ... Show more content on
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Foucault suggests that the "panoptic mechanism arranges spatial unities that make it possible to see
constantly and to recognize immediately" which uses reverse techniques of a prison by using
visibility as a trap. (286) The Panopticon revolved around this separation of individuals which in
turn allowed it to function effectively. This is so because the separated individuals no longer had
identities and their whole time within the panopticon was focused on behaving as if they were being
watched even if they weren't. This is how the space made it "possible to see constantly and to
recognize immediately" which is what Foucault is suggesting in the quote.

Jeremy Bentham Research Paper
English philosopher, economist, and theoretical judge are only a few words that describe Jeremy
Bentham, but one word that really sums up what he was, utilitarianism. Born in February 1748 in
London, England. His mother was the daughter of a shop clerk and his father and grandfather was
well–established lawyer with a small practice, but most of the family's income came from his
father's purchase and selling of land. During his early childhood years, Bentham displayed a
remarkable gift for learning. By the time he was four years of age his father began to teach Bentham
Latin and Greek while sitting on his knee at night. These lessons would prove to be the foundation
that Bentham would build on while attending Westminster school where he accelerated in Latin. ...
This is where his love for books and language was accelerated as got older. By the age of seven
Bentham began learning French and reading books by "Burnet's Theory of the Earth, Cave's Lives
of the Apostles, Stow's Chronicles, Rapin's History,Gil Blas, Plutarch's Lives, Mandeville's Fable of
the Bees, and Clarissa Harlowe". (Victorian web) In 1760–1764 Bentham was accepted and a
resident of Queens College, Oxford. It took Bentham only four years to achieve his Bachelor of Arts
degree making him one of the youngest to graduate from Queens College at the age of six–teen.
However, his graduation was all contingent on him swearing to the 39 articles of the Church of
England. Bentham had a hard time accepting them and faced a moral dilemma. He could not swear
to the 39 articles, this would stop him from receiving his degree or swear to the 39 articles and
receive his

Jeremy Bentham And Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham was an English philosophy (1748–1632) who challenged the idea of the Social
Contract theory, which states that the people create a social contract to agree to form of government.
Bentham opposed the idea of natural rights and followed the idea of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is
the idea that political and moral decision should not be based on natural rights, but based on which
choice produces the "greatest good for the greatest number". For an example, this principle explains
whether a student should start a food fight or not. The food fight could cause injuries (i.e someone
slipping on food), property damage, and extra work for the people who must clean it up. Starting the
food fight may produce good for some people, but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The only way to fix this would be through a classless society. In this society, there would be no
churches, and no one would have to pay for their personal properties. Money would basically be
none existent, as people will contribute to the things they want. In the Communist Manifesto, Karl
Marx writes "Communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the products of society: all
that it does is to deprive home of the power to subjugate the labor of others by means of such
appropriation" (Caste 265). Under this classless society "communism", everyone would be on equal
grounds with no more classes. Everyone would also be given the necessities they need to live, such
as a home. By doing this, Marx thought it would eliminate capitalism, which would eliminate the
greediness of people. Comparison As stated earlier, utilitarianism is the idea that political and moral
decisions should be not be based on the pursuit of natural rights (life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness), but based on the decision of which choice would produce the greatest good for the
greatest amount of people. In other words, one should not be selfish when it comes to making
decisions. That is what utilitarianism and Marx's classless society has in common. Marx's classless
society is also trying to eliminate the greediness of society, which is a form of selfishness. Both
philosophies are ultimately trying to better society in their own way, but both are trying to eliminate
the

Jeremy Bentham Utilitarianism
On February 15th 1748, Jeremy Bentham, who would become the chief expounder of utilitarianism,
was born in London, England. Born to two attorneys, Jeremy grew up in a time of major economic,
social and political reform. The Industrial Revolution, rise of the middle class, and the coming
revolutions in France and America were just some major changes Bentham was able to witness.
Entering Queens College in 1760, and studying law at Lincoln's Inn in 1764. Despite being qualified
to practice law, he never did so. Bentham prefered to write matters of legal reform although, he
never went on to publish much of his work.
Utilitarianism was developed in the late 18th and 19th century by Jeremy Bentham alongside fellow
philosopher, John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism is defined as the moral worth of an action is determined
by its contribution in overall utility by maximizing happiness or pleasure as summed among all
people. Utility in philosophy is defined as actions or behaviours that promote happiness and
pleasure are right, while actions and behaviours that cause unhappiness are wrong. A man of
positive law, Bentham believed morals and legislation could be described scientifically, but they
needed an account of human nature. Human nature and behaviour could be explained and controlled
by two primary motives: pain and pleasure. Bentham believed pain and pleasure not only act a
explanations for people's actions, but they can also define an individual's good. According to
Bentham's

John Stuart Mill And Jeremy Bentham

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John Stuart Mill And Jeremy Bentham