The future of mobility lies in creating a mobile lifestyle that integrates infotainment services and vehicle autonomy. With rising demands for connectivity features, consumers and manufacturers are welcoming the idea of building software-defined vehicles (aka smart cars), making infotainment and connectivity a possibility. In a similar vein, LiDAR (light detection and ranging systems) is emerging as a new technology for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). Today, automakers are partnering with LiDAR startups to improve navigation and safety with notable collaborations established such as Volvo and Luminar, Arcfox and Hua Wei, as well as Nio and Innovusion. Autonomous technology integrates better with electric engines and as the trillion-dollar market continues developing globally, vehicles of the future are expected to be are expected to be autonomous, connected, electrified, and shared. Find out more here: https://bit.ly/38rY3cL

1. Vertex Perspectives | E-mobility
5-part series on e-mobility
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The future of
EVs and AVs

2. Vision of the future: A fully mobile lifestyle?
Mobility has become a major theme for consumers that presents potential opportunities for
technology to improve consumer's automotive experience. Some emerging areas include:
Infotainment Mobility
through wireless charging
Autonomous Vehicles
enabled by LiDAR sensors
2 | THE FUTURE OF EVS AND AVS

3. Wireless Power
Transfer (WPT) is
an emerging
technology for
infotainment
mobility
Known to be economic, convenient and
efficient, enabling wireless charging without
contacting the power transmission unit with
similar efficiencies to wired chargers.
Beyond using wireless power transfer technology to charge
devices, visionary designers are planning to use WPT to
reduce wiring harnesses, cost, weight and fire hazards.
Source: Efficient Power Conversion
Smartphones are becoming the
information receiver and router
for a vehicle's dashboard
infotainment center.
WPT is shaping the future of infotainment.
Automotive manufacturers are
adopting operating system standards
that enable seamless Android or iOS
interfaces to dashboards.
3 | THE FUTURE OF EVS AND AVS

4. Infotainment mobility is modernizing the in-vehicle
experience from connected driver to connected car
Source: McKinsey
As cars transform into a place for work and entertainment,
wireless charging plays a critical role in powering mobile
devices that remains the gateway of connections for the
driver’s control.
FROM THE CONNECTED DRIVER
Besides the mobile services, the connected car will
exchange information in real-time with the cloud, its
immediate surroundings, including vehicle-to-vehicles
(V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructural elements (V2I).
TO THE CONNECTED CAR
4 | THE FUTURE OF EVS AND AVS

5. Global customer demand for car connectivity has doubled from 20% in 2014
to 40% in 2018.
Consumers are switching car brands for better
connectivity globally
Manufacturers are increasing production and
shipments of connected vehicles globally
The increasing worldwide shipments of connected vehicles with embedded
connectivity demonstrates strong commitment from automotive brands.
76.3
million
2019
2023
(Projected)
Worldwide shipments of connected vehicles
% of respondents
With demands for connectivity features, consumers and
manufacturers are moving towards software-defined vehicles
Source: Mckinsey, IDC Businesswire
51.1
million
40%
20% 40%
20%
2014 2018
5 | THE FUTURE OF EVS AND AVS

6. Manufacturers are
shifting towards
software-oriented
designs
Tesla has optimized always-on connectivity allowing for
over-the-air (OTA) software updates. ​
A traditional vehicle has many of its features
hardwired into the physical car which complicates
the features improvement process. A software-
defined design enables the building of a smart car,
making infotainment and connectivity a possibility.
MIH, Foxconn is aimed at being “software-defined”, the
equivalent of the Android system of the EV industry,
uncaging software for an open ecosystem.
Aptiv’s full-stack Smart Vehicle Architecture system, reduced
the number of engine control units in the vehicle.
Ford's connected vehicles uses Blue Oval Intelligence
integrating features such as the BlueCruise driver-assist and
EV charging ecosystem (Ford Pass).
6 | THE FUTURE OF EVS AND AVS
Source: Reuters, Eetasia, APTIV, JustAuto

7. Consumers stay
connected while
on-the-go with
infotainment
services
Digital services like music streaming to
mobile office sites have now been
integrated into automotives to form an
intelligent and connected vehicle.
Some notable partnerships between automakers and content
service providers include
Increased accessibility to Amazon platform may lead to an increase in
demand for Amazon Products
Increased convenience for voice commands and voice activated controls
in the vehicle
Source: Stellantis, Nissan
7 | THE FUTURE OF EVS AND AVS

8. Recently, the cost of LiDAR sensors,
which includes indium gallium arsenide
or gallium nitride (GaN), has fallen
encouraging more manufacturers to
make use of this technology.
LiDAR is another emerging technology for
Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)
Automakers are partnering with LiDAR
startups to improve navigation and safety.
LiDAR
8 | THE FUTURE OF EVS AND AVS
With higher consumer demand, LiDAR technology
has improved significantly at the component level
with Efficient Power Conversion (EPC)
introducing GaN-based LiDAR technology.
LiDAR is currently one of the most accurate
ranging technologies and is increasingly
used in consumer, automobile, industrial
and other sectors.
LiDAR (light detection and ranging
systems) provides better object
detection and distance measurement
than cameras or radar alone.
Source: All about Circuits, Argus Media
AUTOMAKERS STARTUPS

9. Phase
Shift
In April 2021, Innoviz Technologies (a Vertex Ventures Israel portfolio company) closed a USD 1.4B SPAC deal and is currently trading under NASDAQ: INZ. The InnovizTwo LiDAR sensor is
specifically designed for automakers and robotaxis, shuttles, as well as delivery companies requiring an automotive-grade solution that can be mass-produced.
Pulse
FMCW
(Frequency
modulated
continuous
wave)
Automotive LiDAR players are segmented into these areas
OTHER MECHANICAL OTHER OPTICAL SEQUENTIAL FLASH
MECHANICAL MEMS
OPTICAL-PHASED
ARRAY FLASH
NOT
DISCLOSED
SEQUENTIAL FLASH
IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
RANGING
TECHNOLOGY
Source: Yole Developpment
9 | THE FUTURE OF EVS AND AVS

10. Major automakers are also introducing
autonomous driving features
Tesla, Volkswagen, Ford and other players are developing and/or testing autonomous cars starting with
Level 0 where humans do the driving to Level 5 where the vehicle does all the driving in all circumstances.
Source: TechTarget
LEVEL 0
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 4
LEVEL 5
Human driver does the driving.
Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) assists the human driver.
ADAS controls both steering and braking/accelerating simultaneously under certain circumstances.
Human driver continues to pay attention and performs other driving tasks.
ADAS can perform all driving tasks under certain circumstances. Human driver must be ready to take
the wheel and drive outside of those circumstances.
ADAS can perform all driving tasks and monitor the road in certain circumstances. Lesser attention
required from humans.
ADAS performs all driving tasks under all circumstances. Humans are just passengers and are never involved in driving.
LEVEL 3
10 | THE FUTURE OF EVS AND AVS

11. EVs are driving the growth of AVs
Source: Lord
AVs are expected to be designed as autonomous, connected, electrified and shared.
EVs are driving the advancement and adoption of AVs due to:
Technology-focused early adopters
want both innovations in the same car
Easier to implement
autonomous features on EVs
Wireless charging integrates
seamlessly with autonomy
11 | THE FUTURE OF EVS AND AVS

12. Auto giants are investing in connected car startups
Adapted from: CBINSIGHTS
12 | THE FUTURE OF EVS AND AVS

13. And acquiring connected vehicle technology companies
13 | THE FUTURE OF EVS AND AVS
Adapted from: CBINSIGHTS, Contiental (Argus), Volkswagen, Reuters, APTIV , Continental (Zonar)
In 2017, Continental acquired Argus Cyber Security (Argus) to further strengthen and enhance its
capabilities in automotive cyber security. Argus is a Vertex Ventures Israel portfolio company.
A C Q U I R E D B Y A C Q U I R E D B Y
In 2015, BMW, Audi and Daimler, bought HERE to avoid becoming dependent on third-party mapping providers.
In 2016, Volkswagen partnered with Cymotive Technologies to further develop its core capabilities
in cybersecurity.
A C Q U I R E D B Y
In 2017, APTIV acquired Movimento to create an an industry-leading, end-to-end connected vehicle platform.
A C Q U I R E D B Y
In 2016, Continental acquired a major stake in smart fleet management technology provider
Zonar to expand their portfolio and expertise in mobility services.
A C Q U I R E D B Y

14. 01
02
03
In summary...
LiDAR
COMPLEMENTARY DEVELOPMENTS IN EV & AV
With rising demands for connectivity features, Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is
an emerging technology shaping the future of infotainment.
WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER
LiDAR is an emerging technology for AVs and mobility. Automakers are partnering with
LiDAR startups to improve vehicle navigation and safety.
AVs are expected to be designed as autonomous, connected, electrified, and shared. For this to
happen, EVs are driving the advancement and adoption of AVs as we witness growth in both areas.
14 | THE FUTURE OF EVS AND AVS

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Part 1 : An overview on the EV Landscape
Part 2: Battery Technology & Alternative Innovations
Part 3: Battery Recycling & Power Electronics
Part 4: EV charging and the next frontier
Please refer to the earlier parts below for the full e-mobility series