1. Grammar Book Bruno Gathercole

2. Table of Contents Preterite Trigger Words Car, Gar, Zar Spock Verbs Cucaracha Verbs Snake and Snakey Imperfect Imperfect Irregular Trigger Words Preterite vs. Imperfect Verbs Like Gustar Ser Estar Comparatives and Superlatives Transition Words Future Trigger Words Irregulars Por Para

3. Preterite Past tense arer/ir Corrí a la playa con mi amigo. I ran to the beach with my friend.

4. Trigger Words Ayer Anteayer Anoche La Semana Pasada El Mes Pasado El Año Pasado El Fin de Semana Pasado

5. Car, Gar, Zar

6. Spock Verbs

7. Cucaracha Verbs Andar anduv + Estar  estuv + Poner  pus + Poder  pud + Querer  quis + Saber  sup + Tener  tuv + Venir  vin + Conducir  conduj+ Producir  produj + Traducir  traduj + Decir  dij + Traer  traj +

8. Snake and Snakey Verbs

9. Imperfect Verbs Used: Past actions that happen repeatedly “Yo caminaba cada dia” Actions over time “Comía frecuentamente las papas.” Set stage for preterite “Corríamos en el bosque cuando vimos a Julio.”

10. Imperfect Irregulars Only three; Ser, Ver, and Ir: Ser: eraeraseraéramoseraiseran Ver: veíaveíasveíaveíamosveíaisveían Ir: ibaibasibaíbamosibaisiban

11. Imperfect Triggers Triggers for the imperfect include: A veces Cada ___ De vez en cuando Muchas veces Mucho Nunca Siempre Todos los ___ Generalmente Frecuentamente

12. Preterite v. Imperfect

13. Verbs Like Gustar Aburrir Encantar Faltar Fascinar Importar Interesar Molestar Quedar Caerbien/mal Doler Disgustar Hacerfalta Preocupar Soprender Apetecer

14. Ser D- Description O- Origin C- Characteristics T- Time O- Occupation R- Relationship P- Possession E- Event D- Date

15. Estar H- Health E- Emotions L- Location P- Present Condition ING- verbs ending in “ing”

16. Comparatives and Superlatives Más + adjective + que (more ____ than) Menos + adjective + que (less ____ than) El/La más + adjective + de (the most ____ of) El/La menos + adjective + de (the least ___ of)

17. Transition Words Used to connect phrases; examples: Aunque Tambien Mientras A pesar de Pero Por lo tanto Sin Embargo (No obstante) Even though Also While In spite of But Therefore Nevertheless

18. Future Verbs Used: For anything in the future Actions “to-be-completed”

19. Future Triggers Very few triggers for the future tense, it’s a fairly obvious one: Proxima dia Proxima semana Proximo año Mañana Next day Next week Next year Tomorrow

20. Future Irregulars Irregulars in the future tense have the same endings; only their bases change: Decir Hacer Poner Salir Tener Valer Poder Querer Saber Caber Haber Dir- Har- Pondr- Saldr- Tendr- Valdr- Podr- Querr- Sabr- Cabr- Habr-

21. Por Por is used when dealing with: Passing through (PORtal) Location (PORtugal) How long something lasts (PORever) Cause of something (PORpuse) Exchanges (imPORt, exPORt) Doing something in place of someone else (I’m POR, pay for me) A means of Transportation (TransPORtation) Numbers / time

22. Para Para is used when dealing with: For whom something is done (surprise PARAty) Destination (to PARAguay) Purpose for which something is done To express an opinion (PARAdon me, but..) To contrast or compare (comPARAson) To express an idea of deadline (PARAmedic) Basically means “in order to”