2. INTRODUCTION
We do not expect disasters , but they happen.
The word disaster derives from Greek prefix ‘dus’ which means
bad and ‘taster’ which means star.
Developing countries suffer the greatest when a disaster hits.
95% of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing
countries
loses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater in developing
countries.
3. DEFINITION
Disaster is defined as any occurrence that causes
damage, economic destruction, loss of human life,
and deterioration in health and health services on a
scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary
response from outside the affected community or
area.
-WHO
4. A disaster is the tragedy of a
natural or human made hazard, a
hazard is a situation which poses
a level of threat to life, property,
or environment that negatively
affects society or environment.
5. TYPES OF DISASTER
Bonet classifies disasters based on a numeric categorization,
Minor disasters-
upper limit of 25 person injured or killed.
Moderate disasters-
up to 100 person injured or killed.
Major disasters-
it exceeds 100 person injured or killed.
6. CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER
Natural Disasters:
Disasters of acute onset such as earth quake,
cyclones, tsunamis, floods.
Disasters of chronic onset such as drought, famine,
deforestation, chronic exposure to toxic substances.
7. Human made Disasters:
Technological disasters such as engineering failure,
transport disasters.
Sociological disasters have a strong human motive
such as criminal acts, riots, wars.
Other Disasters:
Effect of loose policies which allows use of tobacco,
sale of harmful drugs etc.
9. Setting of fires
Epidemic
Deforestation
Chemical pollution
Wars
Road traffic accidents
Riots
Food poisoning
Industrial disasters
Environmental pollution
Major man
made
disasters
Minor man made
disasters
11. NON-DISASTER PHASE /INTER DISASTER
PHASE/PRE-IMPACT PHASE
Phase for preparedness
Disaster prevention measures and conduct disaster
training and education programme for community.
Activities are:
- mapping the potential locations
- vulnerability analysis
- inventory of existing resources
- planning appropriate preventive, preparedness
and mitigation measures
12. PRE DISASTER/WARNING PHASE
Before disaster strikes
o timely warning,
o take protective actions,
o evacuate the population as possible
o preparing temporary shelters
o safe water supply
o sanitation facilities in the shelter places.
13. THE IMPACT PHASE
Destruction, injuries and death occurs.
Last for few seconds to few days.
The impact on human health varies according to
the nature of the disaster
population density
predisaster health and nutritional status
organization of health services.
15. EMERGENCY/ RELIEF OR ISOLATION PHASE
Start immediately after the impact
Activities include
- search and rescue operations
- first aid
- emergency medical assistance
- restoration of emergency communication and transportation
network
- public health surveillance
- evacuation from areas still vulnerable to the hazard
16. RECONSTRUCTION/REHABILITATION
PHASE/POST IMPACT PHASE
Restoration of pre disaster condition begins
Involves reestablishing normal health services, and
assessing ,repairing, and reconstructing damaged
facilities and buildings.
Time to think about the lesson learned from the
recent disaster.
Time span for this phase is difficult to define, it may
start fairly early, even during the emergency period
and may last for many years.
18. OBJECTIVES OF DISASTER NURSING
To effectively reduce the impact of disaster on
human life and health.
To participate in the co ordinated efforts of all
groups to reduce
loss of life
property damage
social and economic disruption.
To initiate rehabilitation.
20. PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Prevention of occurrence
Minimizing casualty number
Preventing further casualties
Rescuing the injured
Providing first aid
Evacuating the injured
Providing definitive care
Facilitating recovery- reconstrution
23. Preparedness
Disaster response
Efforts to minimize the hazards
Mitigation
minimizing the effects of disaster
Recovery
Returning community to normal
a )Personal preparedness
b) Professional preparedness
c) Community Preparedness
25. Unexpected number of deaths, injuries and illnesses
Adverse effects on environment and population
Affect the psychological and social behavior
Shortage of food with nutritional consequences
Large spontaneous or organized population movements,
morbidity, mortality and communicable diseases.
26. COMMON REACTIONS TO CHILDREN
Regressive behaviors ( bed wetting,
thumb sucking, crying and clinging to
parents )
Nightmares
School related problems like inability
to concentrate, refusal to go back to
school
28. Extreme sense of urgency
Panic and fear
Disbelief
Disorientation and
numbing
Reluctance to abandon
property
Difficulty in decision
making
Anger and blaming
Insomnia
Headaches
Apathy and depression
Sense of powerlessness
Guilt
Moody and irritable
Jealousy
Domestic violence
EARLY REACTIONS
DELAYED REACTIONS
29. POST DISASTER STRESS RESPONSE
Definition
Is a response to witnessing a
traumatic event that involves
interpersonal violence or some
natural disaster.
Person’s will have
intense fear,
helplessness, or horror,
impairment in social,
occupational or other
functioning.
30. Cluster of symptoms for at least 1 month
after the event
1.Reexperience the event and have
flashbacks that last for few seconds
2.Avoidance behavior
3. Complain of symptom of increased
physiological arousal
Women, lack of social support,
experience of chronic fear, lack of
political or religious affiliation and prior
history of psychiatric illness are at risk
for PTSD
32. LEVELS OF DISASTER PREVENTION
PRIMARY PREVENTION
- Awareness of risk factors
- Individual and community preparedness
- Safety practices
SECONDARY PREVENTION
- Immediate rescue
- Prevention of additional injury and death
- First aid, definitive medical care, shelters
- Organized community response
TERTIARY PREVENTION
- Actions for rehabilitation and disability limitation
- Long term alternative shelters, Relocation services
- Family and community rehabilitation
34. PURPOSES
Promote confidence
Develop skills
Co ordinate activities
Coordinate participants
To familarize with roles and
responsibilities
To point out weakness or
Omissions in the plan
36. SETTING UP DISASTER MANAGEMENT TEAM
IN INDIA- National level
Ministry of home affairs is the nodal ministry
(central relief commissioner (CRC) is the nodal officer. Ministries/
Departments/ Organizations concerned are:
India meteorological dept
Central water commission
Ministry of home affairs
Ministry of defense
Ministry of finance
Ministry of rural and urban development
Department of communication
Ministry of health
Ministry of information and broadcasting
Ministry of railways etc
37. STATE LEVEL
Department of relief and rehabilitation
-State crisis management committee under the
chairmanship of Chief secretary.
- Control room is established
District level:
Collector /Dy. Commissioner is the chief
administrator.
District level co ordination and relief committee is
constituted.
38. INTER GOVERMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS:
ECHO
OAS
CCPN
CDER
NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS:
CARE
ICRC
ICVA
IFRC
IMC
VITA
39. RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
o Transportation facilities
o Communication facilities
o Public work and engineering
o Fire fighting
o Information and planning
o Health and medical services
o Manpower
o Food and water supply
o Financial support
40. AGENCIES INVOLVED IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES ARE:
OCHA
WHO
UNICEF
WFP
FAO