Disaster is the crisis situation that far exceeds the capabilities. DEFINITION WHO definition of disaster is – • “Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruptions, loss of human life and deterioration of health and health services, on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community.”  DISASTER CLASSIFICATION 1. According to Cause  Natural (Metrological, typological, telluric or teutonic, biological )  Manmade ( sudden & unintended, incidious & unintended, incidious & intended, sudden & intended) 2. According to Extent of damage  Large scale  Small scale 3. According to onset  Slow  Sudden  PHASES OF DISASTER  Non disaster or inter disaster phase  Pre-Disaster Or pre Impact Phase  Impact Phase  Post Impact Phase or Emergency Stage  Past Impact Or rehabilitation Phase  EFFECTS OF DISASTER Loss of life, Severe physical injuries, Psychological trauma, Property damage, Environmental destruction, Economic and business loss, Climatic exposures, Extremes of temperature, Food and nutrition – scarcity, Post-traumatic stress disorder - acute mental illness, anxiety, neurosis , depression, Water supply problems, Diarrhea diseases, measles, malaria, scabies, respiratory complaints etc.,Damage to health infrastructure,Damage or interruption in communication system  DISASTER MANAGEMENT It is the discipline that deals with and avoid risks and impact of a disaster. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE Triage categories Triage categories separate patients according to the severity of injury and use a color coded tagging system so that the triage category is immediately obvious there are several triage systems in use across the country. It consists of 4 colors (red, yellow, green, black) each color signifies a different level of priority. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A DISASTER NURSE  D- Disseminate information on the prevention and control of environmental Hazards  I- Interpret health laws and regulations  S- Serve yourself of self-survival  A- Accepts directions and take orders from an organized authority  S- Serve the best of the MOST  T- Teach the meaning of warning signals  E- Exercise leadership  R- Refer to appropriate agencies

4. Why is Disaster Management Important
to Us?

5. 57% of the land area is prone to Earthquakes
12% to Floods
8% to Cyclones
70% of the cultivable land is prone to drought
85% of the land area is vulnerable to number
of natural hazards
22 states are prone to multi hazards.
WHY? And WHAT about Man made Disasters?

6. W H O : Any occurrence that causes
damage, ecological disruption, loss of
human life and deterioration of health and
health services on a scale sufficient to
warrant an extraordinary response from
outside the affected community
DEFINITION

7. AMERICAN RED CROSS
DEFINES A DISASTER AS “ AN OCCURRENCE
, EITHER NATURAL OR MAN MADE THAT
CAUSES HUMAN SUFFERING AND CREATES
HUMAN NEEDS THAT VICTIMS CANNOT
ALLEVIATE WITHOUT ASSISTANCE”.

8. DISASTER
D- DESTRUCTION
I- INCIDENTS
S- SUFFERINGS
A- ADMINISTRATIVE, FINANCIAL FAILURE
S- SENTIMENTS
T- TRAGEDIES
E- ERRUPTION OF COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
R- RESEACH PROGRAMME AND ITS
IMPLEMENTATION

9. TYPES OF DISASTER:

10. DISASTER CLASSIFICATION
1. According to Cause
 Natural
 Manmade
2. According to Extent of damage
 Large scale
 Small scale
3. According to onset
 Slow
 Sudden

11. NATURAL DISASTER
Meteorological Disasters : various kind of storms,
cold spells, drought, heat waves
Typological Disaster : Landslides, floods
Telluric and Teutonic Disasters : earthquakes, tsunamis ,
volcanic eruption
Biological Disaster : insect swarms, epidemics of
communicable diseases

13. LANDSLIDES

14. VOLCANO ERRUPTION

15. TROPICAL CYCLONES

18. EARTHQUAKE
ZONES
IN INDIA

19. FLOOD
ZONES
IN INDIA

20. WIND AND
CYCLONE
ZONES IN
INDIA

21. LANDSLIDE
AFFECTED
STATES

22. MANMADE DISASTERS
1. SUDDEN & UNINTENDED- (or techlological) unplanned release of
nuclear energy, fires or explosion of any chemical substance
2. INCIDIOUS & UNINTENDED- slow leakage of poisonous gases from
factories release their toxic byproducts into river seas.
3. INCIDIOUS & INTENDED- world war.
4. SUDDEN & INTENDED- terrorist attacks

27. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

28. CHEMICALAND INDUSTRIAL
ACCIDENTS

29. PHASES OF DISASTER
 NON DISASTER OR INTER DISASTER
PHASE
 PRE-DISASTER OR PRE IMPACT PHASE
 IMPACT PHASE
 POST IMPACT PHASE OR EMERGENCY
STAGE
 PAST IMPACT OR REHABILITATION PHASE

30. POST IMPACT PHASE
Heroic phase
Honeymoon phase
Disillusionment phase
Reconstruction phase

31. EFFECTS OF DISASTER
 LOSS OF LIFE
 SEVERE PHYSICAL INJURIES
 PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA
 PROPERTY DAMAGE
 ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION
 ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS LOSS

32. EFFECTS OF DISASTER
 CLIMATIC EXPOSURES
 EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE
 FOOD AND NUTRITION WATER SUPPLY-
SCARCITY
 PROBLEMS IN LARGE SCALE
DISTRIBUTON
 PTSD

33. EFFECTS OF DISASTER
DIARRHEA DISEASES, SCABIES,
RESPIRATORY COMPLAINTS ETC.
SOCIAL REACTION- FOR OBVIOUS
REASONS
DAMAGE TO HEALTH INFRASTRUCURE

34. OBJECTIVES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 TO ENSURE THAT APPROPRIATE SYSTEMS, PROCEDURES AND RESOURCES ARE
IN PLACE TO PROVIDE PROMPT, EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE TO DISASTER VICTIMS,
 REDUCE THE IMPACT OF THE LIFE OF THE INDIVIDUALS AND HEALTH IN ADDITION
TO EMERGENCY SERVICES

35. PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER PLANNING
 –
 Should be a continuous process
 Should reduce the unknown in a problematic situation by
foreseeing what is likely to happen.
 Plan must evoke appropriate response.
 Plan must be based on valid knowledge.
 Plan must focus on general principles.
 Plan should serve as an educational activity.

36. PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER PLANNING
 Greater the preparedness, more effective is the relief operations.
 Plan must be tested.
 Plans must be clearly written.

37. DISASTER PROCESS
FOUR PHASES
 MITIGATION
 PRERAREDNESS
 RESPONSE
 RECOVERY

38. MITIGATION
NON-STUCTURAL
 FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICIES
 IDENTIFFING HIGH RISK ZONES
 LAYING VARIOUS SAFETY CODE OF CONDUCT
STRUCTURAL
 ESTABLISHMENT OF MONITORING SYSTEM
 CONSTRUCTION OF DISASTER SHELTERS

39. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS : -
 It refers to the proactive planning efforts designed to structure the disaster
response prior to its occurrence. Measures which enable governments,
organization, communities & individuals to respond rapidly and efficiently to
disaster situations.
 Preparedness is including the formulation of viable disasters plans, the
maintenance of resources & training of personnel. Personal preparedness,
professional preparedness and community preparedness

40. RESPONSE
TO SAVE LIFE AND PROTECT PROPERTY
 MEASURES TAKEN IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO AND FOLLOWING DISASTER
 PROPER AND TIMELY WARNING USING MEDIA, ROVING LOUDSPEAKERS etc.
 DEPLOYMENT OF SKILLED PERSONS
 RESCUE WORK
 MEDICAL CARE
 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY
 RESTORE ALL SORTS OF COMMUNICATION

41. RECOVERY
 AIM IS TO RETURN TO NORMAL FUNCTIONS
 ASSISTED BY COMMUNITIES AND NATIONS
 IT IS A LONG PROCESS OFTEN TAKES YEARS

42. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

43. TRIAGE
 Process used in sorting patients or victims
into categories of priorities for care and
transport based on the severity of injuries and
medical emergencies
 The categorization of patients based on the
severity of their injuries can be aided with the
use of printed triage tags or colored flagging.

44. TRIAGE TAGS

45. TRIAGE CON…
 S.T.A.R.T. (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) is
a simple triage system that can be performed by
lightly-trained lay and emergency personnel in
emergencies. It is not intended to supersede or
instruct medical personnel or techniques.

46. ADVANCED TRIAGE
 In advanced triage, doctors may decide that some seriously
injured people should not receive advanced care Advanced
care will be used on patients with less severe injuries.
 It is used to divert scarce resources away from patients with
little chance of survival in order to increase the chances of
survival of others who are more likely to survive.

47. PRINCIPLES:
CARDINAL RULE: “Do the greatest good for the
greatest number”
 Preservation of life takes precedence over
preservation of limbs
 immediate threats to life: HEMORRHAGE

48. TRIAGE CATEGORIES
 FIRST PRIORITY
-immediate, red tag
-victims with serious injuries that are life
threatening but has a high probability of
survival if they received immediate care

49. RED TAG
 THEY REQUIRE IMMEDIATE SURGERY OR OTHER LIFE-
SAVING INTERVENTION, AND HAVE FIRST PRIORITY FOR
SURGICAL TEAMS OR TRANSPORT TO ADVANCED
FACILITIES; THEY "CANNOT WAIT" BUT ARE LIKELY TO
SURVIVE WITH IMMEDIATE TREATMENT.
 THEIR CONDITION IS STABLE FOR THE MOMENT BUT
REQUIRES WATCHING BY TRAINED PERSONS AND
FREQUENT RE-TRIAGE, WILL NEED HOSPITAL CARE (AND
WOULD RECEIVE IMMEDIATE PRIORITY CARE UNDER
"NORMAL" CIRCUMSTANCES).

50. SECOND PRIORITY
-Intermediate, observation yellow tag
-Victims who are seriously injured and whose life are not
immediately threatened
-Can delay transport and treatment for 2 hours

51. YELLOW TAG
 They will require a doctor's care in several hours or
days but not immediately, may wait for a number of
hours or be told to go home and come back the next
day (broken bones without compound fractures, many
soft tissue injuries).

52. GREEN TAG
LOW PRIORITY
Wait (walking wounded)
-delayed, green tag
-patients/victims whose care and transport can be delayed until
last.
-hold care; can delay transport up to 3 hours

53. LOWEST PRIORITY
Dismiss (walking wounded)
-patients/victims who doesn’t require care
- They have minor injuries; first aid and home care are
sufficient, a doctor's care is not required. Injuries are along
the lines of cuts and scrapes, or minor burns.

54. Black
They are so severely injured that they will die of their
injuries, possibly in hours or days (large-body burns,
severe trauma, lethal radiation dose), or in life-
threatening medical crisis that they are unlikely to
survive given the care available (cardiac arrest, septic
shock, severe head or chest wounds);
They should be taken to a holding area and given
painkillers as required to reduce suffering.

55. DISASTER NURSING
 The adaptation of Professional Nursing KNOWLEDGE , Skills and
ATTITUDE in recognizing and MEETING the nursing and MEDICAL
NEEDS of DISASTER VICTIMS

56. BASIC PRINCIPLES IN PLANNING
FOR DISASTER NURSING
 N- nursing Plans should be integrated and
coordinated
 U- update physical and Psychological
preparedness
 R- responsible for Organizing, Teaching and
Supervision
 S- stimulate Community Participation
 E- exercise Competence

57. NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES
A. PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
1. KNOW AND UNDERSTAND CITYWIDE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN.
2. UPDATE THE DISASTER PLAN PER NEED.
3. DEVELOP AND PROVIDE EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL RELEVANT TO
DISASTER SPECIFIC TO THE AREA.
4. ORGANIZE DISASTER DRILLS WITH THE HELP OF GOVT AND NON
GOVT ORGANIZATIONS.

58. 5. COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE KEEPS UP TO DATE RECORDS OF
VULNERABLE POPULATION WITHIN THE COMMUNITY.
6. UNDERSTAND WHAT ARE THE AVAILABLE COMMUNITY RESOURCES
AND HOW THE COMMUNITY WILL WORK TOGETHER WHEN DISASTER
STRIKES.
7. MAN MADE DISASTER PARTICULARLY PREVENTABLE BY
ENFORCEMENT OF GOOD BUILDING CODES OR BY PROPER LAND
AND WATER MANAGEMENT

59. 8. THE DISASTERS WHICH ARE NOT PREVENTABLE THEIR
IMPACT CAN BE MITIGATED BY PUBLIC EDUCATION TO THE
PEOPLES STAYING IN DISASTER PRONE AREAS.
9. MUST INVOLVE IN GIVING INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING
PROPER SAFETY PRECAUTIONS , PROPER STORAGE OF
EMERGENCY SUPPLIES AND BASICS FIRST AID COURSE
TO PREPARE THE PUBLIC TO CARE FOR INJURIES IN THE
ACTUAL EVENT.

60. 10. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND HOW PEOPLE CAN
OBTAIN INFORMATION IN THE EVENT OF AN ACTUAL DISASTER
SITUATION E.G.RADIO, TELEVISION ETC.
11. EARLY WARNING SYSTEM ALERTS THE PUBLIC ABOUT
IMMEDIATE DANGER AND HELP TO REDUCE THE IMPACT E.G.
CYCLONE, HEAVY RAIN ETC.
12. LESSENING THE UNSAFE CONDITION IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE
IMPACT PREVENTS FURTHER CASUALITIES E.G. CONTAMINATION
OF FOOD AND WATER , UNSTABLE BUILDING.

61. B. RESCUE AND EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE
1. LOCATE THE TRAPPED VICTIMS AND EVALUATE THEM TO ASAFE
PLACE.
2. DISASTER SERVICE PERSONNEL AND EMS PERSONNEL CALLED TO
RESPOND.
3. TRIAGE OR SORTING
4. MANY PERSONNEL ARE INVOLVED IN THE TRIAGE OPERATION AND
EACH PERSON MUST KNOW HER EXACT ROLE.
5. NURSES AND OTHER EMERGENCY PERSONNEL AREUSED AS
TRIAGE OFFICER AND PHYSICAN ARE ADMINISTRATING
EMERGENCY CARE TO MORE CRITICAL VICTIMS.

62. C. DISASTER RESPONES
1. NURSE WORKING AS MEMBER OF ASSESSMENT
TEAM NEED TO FEEDBACK ACCURATE
INFORMATION TO RELIEF MANAGERS TO
FACILITATE RAPID RESCUE AND RECOVERY.

63. D. RECOVERY STAGE
 THE MAIN OBJECTIVE DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN
THIS STAGE IS TO INVOLVE ALL AGENCIES AND
RESOURCES TO RESTORE THE ECONOMIC AND
CIVIL LIFE OF COMMUNITY.

64.  NURSES NEED TO BE ALERT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH HAZARDS DURING RECOVERY PHASE OF
DISASTER.
 SHE MUST OBSERVE CONTINUOSLY FAULTY HOUSING
STRUCTURE , LACK OF WATER AND ELECTRICITY
OBJECTS BLOWN BY THE FLOOD MAY BE DANGEROUS
MUST BE REMOVED.

65. NATIONAL POLICY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 On 23rd December 2005, the Government of India took a defining step by
enacting the disaster management act,2005.
 which envisaged the creation of the National disaster management
authority headed by Prime Minister, state disaster management authorities,
headed by chief ministers and district disaster management authorities
headed by District Collector to spearhead and adopt a holistic and
integrated approach to the disaster management.

66.  The National Vision is, to build a Safer and Disaster Resilient India,
by developing a Holistic, Proactive, Multi-hazard and Technology-
Driven Strategy for DM.
 This will be achieved through a Culture of Prevention, Mitigation and
Preparedness to generate, a prompt and efficient Response at the
time of Disasters. The entire process will Centre-Stage the
Community and will be provided Momentum and Sustenance
through Collective efforts of all Government Agencies and Non-
Governmental Organisations.
VISION

69. References
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70. “EVERY DISASTER
MUST BE TREATED
AS
AN OPPORTUNITY
TO BUILD BACK BETTER”

74. “A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a
society, causing widespread human, material, or
environmental losses which exceed the ability of affected
society to cope using only its own resources .”