Some fungal diseases of banana

1. Fungal diseases of Fruit crops-
Banana
Vaishali S.Patil
Assosiate Professor, Department of Botany
Shri Shivaji College of Arts, Commerce & Science
Akola

2. 1.Anthracnose and Fungal scald and Stem-end rot caused by
Colletotrichum musae
Symptoms-At the initial stage, small, circular, black spots develop on
the affected fruits. Then these spots enlarge in size, turn to brown colour.
The skin of the fruit turns black and shrivels and becomes covered with
characteristic pink acervuli. Finally the whole finger is affected. Later the
disease spreads and affects the whole bunch. The disease results in
premature ripening and shriveling of the fruits which are covered with
pink spore masses. Sometimes the main stalk of the bunch may become
diseased. Infected fruits become black and rotten.
Control-Fungicides

3. 2.Armillaria corn rot caused by Armillaria mellea, Armillaria
tabescens
Symptoms- plants slowly decline, leaf yellowing, reduced leaf growth
and twig dieback. presence of cream-coloured fungal growth, sometimes
fan-shaped, just beneath the bark of the crown and large roots, and a
strong mushroom smell. Black, cord-like threads of the fungus often
occur on the surface of the roots, forming a branched network that may
extend 200-300 mm into the soil. Honey-coloured mushrooms with
widely separated gills can form at the base of an affected tree during wet,
cold weather in early winter.
Control- Prepare soil thoroughly, remove as many roots and stumps as
possible before planting, use resistant rootstocks, Fumigate infested soil,
fungicides.

4. 3.Black cross caused by Phyllachora musicola
Symptoms- The spots are black, four-pointed stars, most
clearly seen on the lower surface of older leaves. The long axis
of the star is parallel to the leaf veins, that is, at right angles to
the length of the leaf. The spots are scattered, but sometimes
occur in large groups.A velvet-like mass of spores is produced
on the lower surface of the spots.
Control- reducing shade levels or planting the bananas in
open ground, resistant varieties, fungicides.

5. 4.Black leaf streak (BLS) or Black Sigatoka and Septoria leaf spot
,Yellow Sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis,
Pseudocercospora (Paracercospora) fijiensis, Mycosphaerella eumusae
, Septoria eumusae, Mycosphaerella musicola
Symptoms-Early symptoms appear on the third or fourth leaf from the
top, i.e., on young leaves. Small spindle shaped spots on foliage with
greyish centre and yellowish halo running parallel to veins.If the fruit is
nearing maturity at the time of heavy infection, the flesh ripens but
evenly and individual bananas appear undersized and their flesh develops
a buff pinkish colour, and store poorly.
Control- fungicide.

6. 5.Black root rot caused by Rosellinia bunodes
Symptoms- Brown lesions on roots that progressively darken to
black. Dark discoloration of vascular bundles is visible shortly thereafter.
Once inside the vascular tissue, compromises xylem flow and transport
of nutrients to aerial parts of the host resulting in chlorosis, wilting, dry
die-back, leaf drop, and eventually host death. White, cottony growth on
roots that also progressively darken with age.As mycelia grow, they form
dense mats over roots and at the base of tree trunks that thicken into
irregular knots and aggregate into rhizomorphs. Over time mycelia
darken to form black, branching strands firmly attached to host roots;
occasionally black dots are visible before this color change.
Control- Good soil drainage and appropriate soil fertility, removal of
crop residue, fungicide, crop rotation, soil solarization.

7. 6.Brown blotch caused by Pestalotiopsis leprogena
Symptoms-Occur on leaf blade (leaflets or leaf segments) or only the
petiole and rachis; or, it can develop on both tissues at the same time.
Spots will begin as very small yellow, brown or black spots. the spots
may expand and increase in number until they merge (coalesce) to form a
leaf blight or rachis blight (larger area of affected tissue). Often, the spots
turn a grayish color that are outlined in black. The same type of lesions
occurs on the petiole or rachis
Control- sanitation and water management , diseased leaves should be
pruned and destroyed, fungicides

8. 7.Brown spot caused by Cercospora hayi
Symptoms- lesions occurs on the fruit, stalk, crown cushion,
and fingers. The spots are dark brown, have an irregular
margin, and are surrounded by a halo of water-soaked tissue
Control- Plantation sanitation, good drainage and proper
spacing, fungicides.

9. 8.Ceratocystis fruit rot and Main stalk rot caused by Ceratocystis
paradoxa,Chalara paradoxa
Symptoms- black end and finger-tip rot symptoms are produced. black
lesions on the fruit is the main infection part of the plant. If the pathogen
infects the plant while fruits are still on it, they will prematurely drop.
Discoloration of leaves as well as the seeds also take place. The lesions
on the fruit evolve to become soft rot spots that produce a heinous odor.
The fruit can even get to the point of breakdown.
Control- Heat Treatment , hot-water treated, fungicide .

10. 9.Cigar-end /Verticillium tip rot and Trachysphaera finger
rot caused by Verticillium theobromae, Trachysphaera
fructigena
Symptoms-Attack ripening fruit causing a dry rot of the
flower end that produces an ash grey wrinkled lesion similar to
the burnt end of a cigar. Rotting occurs causing a black
wrinkled necrosis with the fruit eventually becoming
mummified
Control-sanitation and avoiding damage to host tissues,
deflowering and bagging of maturing banana stems, fungicide

11. 10.Cladosporium speckle caused by Cladosporium musae
Symptoms- Pale greenish flecks, ellipsoid to oblong, forming
streaks, pale to blackish brown, turning orange or dark
brown, merging and forming large patches, occasionally
somewhat target-like.
Control- Reduce plant density to lower leaf infection,
Collect, remove and destroy heavily speckled leaves from
plants, Remove shade and weeds, desucker plants, fungicides

12. 11.Corm dry rot caused by Junghuhnia vincta
Symptoms- Yellowing and browning of foliage with older foliage dying
first. Some branches affected before others, giving tree crowns an
uneven, patchy appearance . Small pads of white or pale pink fungal
tissue develop at the base of the tree, and on roots just below the soil
surface. Fruiting bodies in the form of pink encrustations with pores may
develop on the lower stem.
Control- Improved/resistant cultivars and disease free planting stocks,
judicious use of pesticides, irrigation water, removal of diseased plants
and plant parts, proper sanitation in plantation.

13. 12.Cordana leaf spot caused by Cordana johnstonii,
Cordana musae
Symptoms- On the leaf large, pale brown, oval to fusiform
necrotic lesions with pale grey concentric ring patterns, with a
dark brown border surrounded by a bright yellow halo
separating are found.Often, lesions coalesce into large necrotic
patches. The leaves ultimately turn brown and dry out.
Control- fungicides.

14. 13.Crown rot and Peduncle rot caused by Fusarium pallidoroseum,
Colletotrichum musae, Verticillium theobromae, Fusarium spp.,
Acremonium spp. Lasiodiplodia theobromae
Symptoms- Blackening and softening of tissues and begins at or near
the cut surface of the crescent-shaped crown where the hand is detached
from the main fruit stalk. The fungus also extends through cushions and
causes finger stalk rot and finger dropping. The skin becomes soft, black,
wrinkled and encrusted with pycnidia. Infection may lead premature
ripening of the fruits.
Control- fungicides, avoid and injury to the fruits, use of resistant
varieties, storage of fruits at 100 C.

15. 14.Cylindrocladium root rot caused by
Cylindrocladium spp.
Symptoms- Chlorotic lower leaves and a wilted appearance,
onto leaves, dime sized circular brown necrotic lesions
surrounded by yellow halos will eventually form on
leaves.Reddish-brown lesions can be found on root. These
lesions grow rapidly causing total root collapse and rot.
Control- fungicide, removal of infected plants.

16. 15.Damping-off caused by Deightoniella torulosa
Symptoms- On leaves lesions were tan to black. However,
larger oval black lesions with yellow halos also occurred.
Lesions were more prevalent on older leaves. On young
leaves, lesions first appeared along the leaf margin near the tip
of the leaf on one side of the central vein. Lesions expanded to
the entire leaf as the disease progressed, but were more
prevalent along leaf margins.
Control- fungicide

17. 16.Deightoniella fruit speckle, leaf spot and tip rot caused
by Deightoniella torulosa
Symptoms- On the leaves, it causes oval, tan spots with a
black border, usually on the older leaves . On the fruit, sunken
dark brown or black spots, surrounded by a dark green halo.
Spotting of the fruit is greatest towards the tips of the fingers.
The fungus does not produce spores on the fruit. The fungus
also attacks the flower parts.
Control- Remove dead or dying leaves , fungicides

18. 17.Diamond spot caused by Cercospora hayi, Fusarium spp
Symptoms- The spots are oval to diamond-shaped, and at
right angles to the length of the leaf . They are brown on the
upper surface, zoned, with yellow margins, and grey to brown
below. The spots often merge, covering large areas of the leaf;
this occurs particularly at the margin of the leaf giving a band
of dead tissue with a zigzag yellow border between diseased
and healthy parts. Some time the spots appear greyish-brown
and hairy.
Control- Resistant varieties, fungicides.

19. 18.Dwarf Cavendish tip rot caused by Nattrassia
mangiferae= Hendersonula toruloidea
Symptoms- Lodging, partial or complete wilting of the plant,
and rotting (dry or soft) of roots. It also cause pit canker and
spot on the stem of plants or fruits, as well as internal black rot
of fruits,
Control- fungicides.

20. 19.Eyespot and Leaf spot caused by Drechslera gigantea,
Drechslera musae-sapientum
Symptoms- mature lesion has a white or grey centre and a
narrow, well‐defined, brown border.
Control-Provide good drainage, Aerate to eliminate soil
compaction, Avoid herbicide applications, Water adequately,
but not excessively, fungicide.

21. 20.Fruit freckle (freckle) caused by Guignardia musae,
Phyllosticta musarum
Symptoms- Spots clustering in lines running horizontally
across leaf which down veins of leaf. Dense aggregations of
spots cause black blemishes on skin of fruit. Although
detracting from the appearance of the fruit, the eating qualities
are not affected.
Control- cutting out infected leaves, the paper bag method,
fungicide application, and proper sanitation techniques.

22. 21.Fruit rot caused by Botryosphaeria ribis
Symptoms- elongated black spots and the entire fruit became
rotten.
Control-Soil treatment involving fumigation, soil solarization
or sanitation, Soil preparation, fungicide

23. 22.Fungal root-rot caused by Fusarium solani, Nectria
haematococca, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia spp.
Symptoms-Wilting, stunting and chlorosis or lesions on the
stem and/or leaves.Narrow, long, red to brown lesions on the
stems, and lengthwise cracks often develop. Lesions extend
down the main taproot, which may shrivel, decay and die.
Control- crop rotation and timing of planting, resistant
varieties.

24. 23.Leaf rust caused by Uredo musae, Uromyces musae
Symptoms-Dark brown to black streaks appear on the leaves,
often surrounded by yellow halos. The streaks are more
numerous on the lower surface of the leaves. They are slightly
raised, and feel rough to the touch due to the spore masses of
the fungus. If the disease is severe, the leaves may turn yellow.
Mainly the older leaves are affected.
Control-fungicides.

25. 24.Leaf speckle caused by Acrodontium simplex
Symptoms- The lesions first appear as brown to dark brown
tiny specks with elongate into black fine streaks parallel to the
veinlets. The affected areas become necrotic and the infected
leaves eventually die.
Control-fungicides

26. 25.Leaf spot caused by Curvularia eragrostidis
Symptoms-leaf spot starts as very small round tan lesions on
leaves. Lesions often have a brown border and can be
surrounded by a yellow halo . A few lesions scattered across
leaves to lesions densely covering large sections of leaves.
Symptoms can be observed at any growth stage.
Control-residue decomposition, crop rotating, hybrid
resistance.

27. 26.Leaf spot caused by Leptosphaeria musarum
Symptoms-Light greenish-brown, somewhat indistinct,
narrow streaks or less in diameter. The brown stage, in which
the spot expands laterally to become elliptical and turns first
light and then dark brown to almost black; the leaf has dried
out at severity. the grey centre stage, in which the elliptical
lesion dries out to a light grey, with the bases of the old
fructifications showing up as scattered black dots.
Control-fungicides

28. 27.Leaf spot caused by Pestalotiopsis disseminata
Symptoms- small yellow, brown or black discoloration of the
leaves. The disease can be restricted to the leaf blade or may
only appear on the petiole and rachis right away. The spots
will often turn a grayish color and will be outlined in black.
Extreme wilting and a drying appearance on the leaves.
Control- sanitation and irrigation management, Wounds and
damage to the plan, eliminating overhead irrigation, Nutrient
management, pruning the leaves, fungicides.

29. 28.Malayan leaf spot caused by Haplobasidion musae
Symptoms-diamond-shaped, greyish-white spots on the
upper leaf surface. The spots, which sometimes have brown
centres, were surrounded by a black border. On the
undersurface of the leaf, the lesion could be covered with a
dense, velvety brown mass (Water-soaked areas, often several
times the size of the spot, have been observed surrounding
lesions .
The lesions were often pale on the upper leaf surface and
darker on the lower surface, with dark purple borders.
Control-reduce shade and humidity levels

30. 29.Marasmiellus rot caused by Marasmiellus inoderma
= Marasmius semiustus
Symptoms- Rotted patches on rhizome and pseudo stem,
gradual wilting of leaves from lower area to upper part,
diminutive growth, strange foliage and bunches, toppling of
crown, fruiting body adhere on pseudo-stem are the major
syndromes of disease
Control-Fungicides

31. 30.Panama disease (Fusarium wilt) caused by Fusarium oxysporum
f.sp. cubense
Symptoms- Yellowing of the lower most leaves starting from margin to
midrib of the leaves. Yellowing extends upwards and finally heart leaf
alone remains green for some time and it is also affected.The leaves
break near the base and hang down around pseudostem.
Longitudinal splitting of pseudostem. Discolouration of vascular vessels
as red or brown streaks.
Control- use of soil fumigants, sanitation, resistant varieties, Crop
rotation, Fungicides.

32. 31.Pestalotiopsis leaf spot caused by Pestalotiopsis
palmarum
Symptoms- Water-soaked symptoms appeared first. The
infected site developed into a black–brown lesion. In the later
stage of infection, the diseased area turned into an elliptical or
irregular shaped grey lesion with a golden yellow margin.
Control- fungicides.

33. 32.Phaeoseptoria leaf spot caused by Phaeoseptoria musae
Symptoms-small necrotic, lentis shape and dark brown spots
similar Sigatoka symptoms, which soon later enlarge rapidly
and become rot.
Control- fungicides.

34. 33.Pitting caused by Pyricularia grisea
Symptoms- Blast lesions on young leaves, transition leaves, mid rib,
petioles, peduncle, maturing bunches, bunch stalks and cushions. The
distinct small pitting spots on maturing bunches reduced the visual
appeal of mature fruits. Appearance of pitting symptoms on fruits in
relation with age of fruits and their distribution pattern on bunch and
fingers is also seen.
Control- fungicides.

35. 34.Pseudostem heart rot caused by Fusarium moniliforme, Gibberella
fujikuroi
Symptoms-Severe tip rot with pronounced brown to blackening of
young rolled central leaves tissues. These may remain folded or become
nearly fully unrolled as they emerge
from the crown. This decay was sometimes present only in the upper
portion
of the pseudostem but it could be tending to take a downward direction
in
the core of the pseudostem
Control-fungicides.

36. 35.Root & rhizome rot caused by Cylindrocarpon musae
Symptoms- Rotting of fleshy roots and rhizomes takes
place. The stem break. The disease affects the outer layers of
the pseudostem. A strong odour is associated with the rotting.
Control- fungicides.

37. 36.Sclerotinia fruit rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Symptoms-water-soaked spots on fruits, stems, leaves, or petioles which usually have
an irregular shape. These spots enlarge and a cottony mycelium covers the affected
area. The fungus spreads and the plant becomes a soft, slimy, water-soaked mass. The
cottony mycelium usually produces numerous sclerotia, black seed-like reproductive
structures, a reliable diagnostic sign of Sclerotinia (these usually do not form until after
host death). Dry lesions appear on the stalk, stems, or branches.The lesions enlarge and
girdle the plant part. Distal portions of the plant become yellow, then brown, then die.
The girdled portion is often the base of the plant which causes the plant to die. Sclerotia
form within the stem pith cavities, fruit cavities, or between tissues (i.e., bark and
xylem).
Control-biological control , fungicides, Crop rotation, Resistant varieties, fungicides.

38. 37.Sooty mold caused by Limacinula tenuis
Symptoms-A black, powdery coating adhering to plants. It
merely blocks sunlight, and very rarely may stunt a plant's
growth and yellow its foliage
Control-wash affected plant parts with lukewarm water and
soap, insecticidal soap or dish soap, using formulations
of neem oil.

39. 38.Speckle caused by Mycosphaerella musae
Symptoms-Leaf spots first visible as pale greenish flecks, ellipsoid to
oblong, forming streaks pale to blackish brown, turning orange or dark
brown, merging and forming large patches, occasionally somewhat
target-like. Spread is by airborne spores.Light brown irregular blotches
on the lower surface of the leaf, darkening to dark purple to black, and
becoming visible on both leaf surfaces. May coalesce to give large
bleached necrotic areas . Present only on leaves five and six and
older before flowering. When infection is severe, there is a loss of leaves
and bunches are small, and ripening is uneven.
Control- Reduce plant density to lower leaf infection, Collect, remove
and destroy heavily speckled leaves from plants, as well as tras, Remove
shade and weeds, fungicides.

40. 39.Squirter (black end disease) caused by Nigrospora
sphaerica
Symptoms- Spots initially appear brown, circular and
irregularly distributed on the leaves and they eventually
coalesce. Fruiting twig and shoot blight developed from the
tips toward the base.
Control-plantation sanitation and fungicide.

41. 40.Tropical speckle and Leaf speckle caused by Ramichloridium
musae= Veronaea musae= Periconiella musae
Symptoms- Diffuse irregular or circular, grey, brown or black blotches,
especially on underside of older leaves . Similar symptoms also occur on
leaf and fruit stalks. Leaves are covered with small, evenly spread
aggregations of black spots that are individually the size of a pinhead.
On the older leaves the dots may merge to form blotches". It also
appear on young foliage as tan coloured circular blotches on the
underside of the leaf . Similar symptoms are also found on leaf midribs
and fruit stalks.
Control-