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2. Chickpea & Lentil diseases.ppt
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- 2. Diseases Casual organism Ascochytablight Ascochyta rabiei Phoma blight Phoma medicaginis Botrytis grey blight Botrytis cinerea Alternaria blight Alternaria alternata Rust Uromyces ciceris-arietini Powdery mildew Leveillula taurica Sclerotinia stem rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri Dry root rot Macrophomina phaseolina Wet root rot Rhizoctonia solani Bean leaf roll virus Transmission by Aphis craccivora Phyllody Phytoplasma
- 3. Ascochyta blight Ascochyta rabiei Aerial parts Dark brown lesions at the base of the stem Affected seedlings die Brownish lesions on all parts of the plants Pods – Lesions: round, concentric rings Brown discoloration with deep, round or irregular cankers develop on the seeds Pycnidia and pycnidiospores Sexual stage: The fungus produces ascus and ascospores
- 4. Typical leaf lesionscaused by Ascochyta blight. These are seen as round spots with brown margins.
- 6. • Seed borne- Left over debris (source) • Wet and warm weather and dense crop canopy are conducive for the disease • All the above ground plant parts are affected Ascochyta blight – Ascochyta rabiei (Perfect stage: Mycosphaerella rabiei)
- 7. Pathogenic characters • Brownand septate mycelium • Pycnidia are spherical to sub-globose with a prominent ostiole. • Pycnidiospores are hyaline, oval to oblong, slightly curved & single celled
- 8. Mode of spread:Infected debris, seed-borne and air- borne conidia and rain splashes Management • Late Sowing • Deep sowing • Use disease-free seeds. • Remove and destroy dead plant debris. • Intercrop with wheat, barley, mustard. • Treat seeds with benomyl @ 2g/ kg • Foliar spray of Bordeaux mixture or wettable sulphur or zineb or chlorothalonil
- 9. 2. Phoma blight Phomamedicaginis Lesions on stem, leaves and pods Pycnidial bodies on pods • Seed borne disease. • Usually affects the crop during the reproductive phase. Symptoms • Irregular, light brown lesions on the leaves, stems and pods have dark margins • Seeds from infected pods are discolored and shriveled. Management A minor disease and does not require any specific control measure.
- 10. Seed borne disease. Symptoms Lackof pod setting is the first indication of the disease. Lesions girdle the stem completely. Rotting of affected leaves and flowers. Water-soaked and irregular lesions on the pod. The pods contain either small, shriveled seeds or no seeds at all. 3. Botrytis grey blight Botrytis cinerea Lesions on leaves, stem and pods
- 11. Seed borne disease. Symptoms Water-soaked,small, circular and purple lesions surrounded by chlorotic tissues on leaflets . Lesions later turn brown to dark brown. The infected flowers die. Circular, slightly sunken, and irregularly scattered lesions on the pods. The pods contain shriveled seeds. 4. Alternaria blight Alternaria alternata
- 12. Ascochyta blight Phoma blight Botrytis blight Alternaria blight Stem, leaf, podStem, leaf, pod Stem, leaf, pod Stem, leaf, pod Brown lesion with brownish red margin, stem girdle Brown lesion Brown lesion, stem girdle Purple lesion- Rotting of leaf and flowers Circular lesion on pod with concentric dot- pycnidia Lesion on pod with dark brown margin Sunken circular spot with dark brown margin Sunken scattered lesion on pod Cankers on pod Shriveled and discolored seeds Shriveled seeds Shriveled seeds
- 13. Rust Uromyces ciceris-arietini Symptoms Small, roundor oval, cinnamon brown, powdery pustules on leaves. Sometimes a ring of small pustules can be seen around larger pustules, which occur on both leaf surfaces but more frequently on the lower one. Occasionally pustules can be seen on stems. Plants may dry up prematurely.
- 15. Pathogen Survives as uredosporesin weed, Trigonella polycerata Management Spraying of wettable sulphur1kg/ha
- 16. Symptoms Small patches ofwhite powdery coating initially develop on both surfaces of older leaves. These patches grow and may cover a large area. Affected leaves turn purple and then die. When infection is severe, stems, young leaves, and pods are also covered with the powdery coating. Powdery mildew Leveillula taurica
- 17. Rotting of branches Lesionson the stem and drying branches Sclerotinia stem rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Symptoms Chlorotic or drying branches or whole plants The plants normally rot at the collar region or at any point on the branch. A web of white mycelial strands appears at the collar region Whitish or brownish mycelial strands on branches or inside the stem .
- 18. Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. ciceri • Seed and soil-borne • Incidence is higher in warmer and drier climates Symptoms • Field - patches • within 2 weeks of sowing • Seedlings collapse and lie flat • When uprooted, plants show uneven shrinking of the stem above and below the collar region
- 19. Dark brown toblack discoloration tissues Management • Use disease-free seeds. • Avoid sowing when temperatures are high. • Follow 6-year crop rotation. • Treat seeds with carbendazim or Benomyl 2 g/kg or Trichoderma viride 4 g/kg or P. fluorescens 10 g/kg • Application of organic manure or green manure
- 20. Symptoms Flowering and poddingtime is more susceptible Drooping of petioles and leaflets. The tap root is dark, shows signs of rotting, and is devoid of most of its lateral and finer roots. Management Treat seeds with captan/ thiram or T. viride 4 g/kg or P. fluorescens 10 g/kg or benomyl at 2 g/kg Dry root rot Macrophomina phaseolina
- 21. Wet root rot Rhizoctoniasolani Symptoms The disease occurs at 30-80% soil moisture and at high nitrogen levels. Affected seedlings turn yellow. Petioles and leaves droop. A distinct dark brown lesion appears above the collar region on the main stem and can extend to lower branches. Management Treat seeds with captan, thiram or T. viride 4 g /kg or P. fluorescens 10 g/kg
- 22. Stunt – Bean(Pea) leaf roll virus (Luteovirus) (Transmission by Aphis craccivora and A. pisum) The most characteristic symptom of stunt is phloem browning A transverse cut reveals a brown ring or a split through the collar region reveals brown streaks of discolored phloem vessels Management Delay in the date of sowing reduce the disease in northern India.
- 23. Symptoms Excessive proliferation of brancheswith smaller leaflets, giving a bushy appearance to the plant. The flowers are converted into leafy structures. Phyllody - Phytoplasma
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- 25. Major Diseases inLentil Diseases Casual organism Ascochyta blight Ascochvta lentis Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis Botrytis grey mold Botrytis cinerea Rust Uromyces viciae-fabae
- 26. Ascochyta blight Ascochyta lentis •Lesions on leaves, petioles, stems and pods • Lesions - girdle the stem, breakage & death of all tissues above the lesion • Seed - Shriveled, reduced in size, & discolored
- 27. Ascochyta blight • Seed-borne •Cool, moist weather, leaf wetness Management • Crop rotation • Disease-free seed • Early sowing • Fungicides: benomyl, carbendazim, and thiobendazole @ 0.1%
- 28. Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. lentis • Field – patches • Seedling wilt - sudden drooping, drying of leaves and death. • Roots appear healthy, reduced proliferation and no discoloration of the vascular system • Adult wilt – flowering to late pod-filling stage sudden drooping of top leaflets & premature shedding, • Seeds from plants affected - shrivelled
- 29. Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. lentis • Favoured by low soil temperature • Absence of host - period of 3-4 years • Crop rotation with cereal crops • Antagonistic microflora
- 30. Botrytis grey mold Botrytiscinerea • Lower foliage as discrete lesions on leaves which enlarge and coalesce to whole leaflets • Seed-borne inoculum
- 31. Rust Uromyces viciae-fabae • Rustpustules • coalesce to form larger • Plants dry prematurely • Autoecious
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