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A Pyranometer for Solar Radiation Measurement-Review
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A Pyranometer for Solar Radiation Measurement-Review
Oyelami, S1., Azeez, N. A2., Adedigba, S. A2., Akinola, O. J2 and Ajayi, R.M2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Nigeria
Corresponding Author: azeezna@federalpolyede.edu.ng
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Received: September / 2020
Revised: September / 2020
Accepted: November / 2020
Published:December / 2020
There is a problem of availability of sufficient and functional instruments for measuring
solar radiation in Nigeria due to higher importation costs and maintenance. So, it is
preferred to construct devices from locally available equipment. This paper reviews the
pyranometer to measure solar radiation, to assess the availability of solar energy arriving
on Earth, it is important to measure solar radiation at some locations. From the reviewed
existing research works, Silicon Photodiode-based pyranometers are preferred to
thermopile-based pyranometers as the former has lower cost, more portable and requires
little maintenance.
Keywords: Photodiode,
Pyranometer, Solar Radiation,
Thermopile
1. INTRODUCTION
Solar irradiance is an important parameter to be measured for both atmospheric science and renewable energy system design. Since
the technology is rapidly developing, a large number of pyranometers have been proposed (Moiz et al., 2020; Kipp & Zonen, 2018)
but both their cost and the maintenance requirements tend to be expensive. Hence, there is need of a monitoring instrument that is
robust,accurate, less expensive and capable of unattended long time operations.
Instruments designed to measure radiation of any type are called radiometers. Two types of radiometers used to measure solar
irradiance are pyrheliometers and pyranometers. Pyranometer measures various components of radiation. Their ability to receiv e solar
radiation from two distinct parts of the sky sets their designs apart. Pyrheliometers are used to measure Direct Normal Irradiance
(DNI) and pyranometers are used to measure Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI), or plan e-of-
array (POA) irradiances. A standard instrument for measuring the combined direct and diffuse components of the solar irradiance is
the global solar pyranometer. The pyranometer is an instrument used for measuring solar radiation from a solid angle of 2π steradians
into a plane surface with a spectral range of 0.3 to 3.0µm (Dissawa et al., 2017). Pyranometers are widely used by meteorologists,
climatologists, atmospheric scientists,and renewable energy researchers (Shenoy et al., 2018).
Pyranometers suitable for measurements of solar energy fall into one of two categories: those that measure the temperature rise of a
black surface referenced against a thermal mass or a reflective white surface, as well as those that directly convert radiant energy to
electrical energy, that is, photometric types (Eikeland, 2019). The black surface pyranometers typically offer spectrally uniform
response from 300 to 3000 nm and some meet or exceed the world meteorological organization (WMO) specifications suggested for
high quality instruments suitable for use as secondary standard measurements (Michalsky and Long, 2016).
The photometric types, although less expensive to manufacture, have spectral responses governed by the semiconductor material,
typically silicon, and are not classified by the WMO for reference-grade applications (Tohsing et al. 2019)
Adeleke University Journal of Engineering and Technology
[AUJET] Vol. 3, No 1, 61-68 (2020)
Aujet.adelekeuniversity.edu.ng
ISSN: 2714-
2450

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2. CLASSIFICATION, CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
Meteorologists and climatologists use different sensor types, depending on the type of solar radiation that they aim to monit or. The
measurement of the intensity of solar irradiation is based on pyranometer, pyrheliometer, sunshine monitor, and quantum sensors.
Thermopile pyranometers: A thermopile pyranometer is a thermopile-based sensor designed to measure the density of the solar flux in
the broadband. A thermopile pyranometer with broad, flat spectral sensitivity measures 300 to 2800 nm. Irradiation is calculated from
the differential measurement between sun-exposed black-sector temperature and white-sector temperature not exposed to the sun or in
shades (Figure 1). In all thermopile technology, irradiation is proportional to the difference between light exposed area temperature
and sun exposed area and the temperature of shadowarea.
Figure 1: Block Diagram of Thermopile Pyranomter
Source: Shenoy et al. (2018)
Pyranometer based on photodiodes: it is also known as a silicon pyranometer. A photodiode-based pyranometer can detect solar
spectrum portion between 400 nm and 900 nm, with the highest performance detection ranging from 350 nm to 1100 nm (Table 1).
The photodiode transforms frequencies of the solar spectrum into high speed current based on the photoelectric effect. Photovoltaic
pyranometer: A photodiode pyranometer derivative. The main part of the sensor is a photovoltaic cell which operates in near-short-
circuit condition. The generated current is in a range between 350 nm and 1150 nm directly proportional to the incident of so lar
radiation on cell (Table 1). Photodiode-based pyranometers need less maintenance and are less expensive than the thermopile
(Okonkwo and Onwuala, 2002).
S/N Specifications Thermophile
Pyranometer
Photodiode
Pyranometer
Photovoltaic
Pyranometer
1 Main Component Used Thermocouple Photodiode Photovoltaic Cell
2 Sensitivity Range 300nm to 2800nm 400nm to 900nm 350nm to1150nm
3 Cost Expensive Reliable Moderate
4 Accuracy Highest Moderate High
Source: Shenoy et al.2018
3. PREVIOUS WORK
Moiz et al. (2020) designed of Silicon Nanowire Array for polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS)-Silicon Nanowire-Based Hybrid
Solar Cell (SiNW). They mainly focus on the current research trends for the general, electrical, optical and photovoltaic des ign issues
associated with Silicon Nanowire (SiNW) array for PEDOT: PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cells. The foremost features including the
morphology, surface traps, doping of SiNW, which limit the efficiency of the PEDOT: PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cell, will be addressed
and reviewed. Finally, the SiNW design issues for boosting up the fill-factor, short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage. The
coverage of PEDOT: PSS along a SiNW is a very serious concern and degraded the photovoltaic response, which can be improved b y
removing the top agglomeration of SiNW by using the alkali treatment of SiNWs for hybrid solar cell.
John et al. (2019) presented the design and implementation of an electronic pyranometer for measuring solar radiation (MJ/m²/day).
The constructed pyranometer possesses similar characteristics to those of standard pyranometers using the solar radiation equation

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(Rs) which is programmed into a microcontroller with J (latitude) been inputted manually according to location and the
maximum/minimum solar temperature measured through the sensor and all are inputted into the Rs formula to calculate the avera ge
solar radiation at a particular time.
Tejada et al. (2019) constructed and evaluated a low-cost pyranometer to measure solar irradiance using a commercial Peltier cell
TEC-12705 as a thermo-electric generator (TEG), an absolute temperature sensor and a feedforward neural network. In this work, a
Peltier cell '4' TEC1-12705 is used as a sensor element. The results were compared with one of the best thermopile pyranometers
available in the market, using four statistics that measure the performance of the pyranometer compared to the KPP & ZONEN
CMP22.
Tohsing et al. (2019) designed inexpensive and reliable pyranometer for measuring broadband solar irradiance. A BPX43 – 4
phototransistors are used as a light detector, which has the spectral response in the range approximately 450 to 1100 nm. This system
is controlled by an Arduino pro mini ATmega328P (5 V, 16 MHz) microcontroller and all components are located inside a FB05 black
box. Due to a high level of solar radiation in the different environmental conditions, the pyranometer encountered the voltage
saturation. Therefore, a 0.25 mm thick of Teflon is selected for attenuating the sunlight. After investigating against a reference sensor,
the transmittance of this attenuator was found to be about 12.5%. Finally, the experimental results fromthe system are compared with
a standard pyranometer performed at Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC,
46.800N, 9.83 0E and 1,610 meters above sea level), Switzerland. The results demonstrate a satisfactory agreement between the global
irradiance obtained from our proposed pyranometer and the standard pyranometer.
Osinowo et al. (2019) worked on the “Development of a Low-Cost Pyrometer using Locally Sourced Materials” which Instrument or
device consists of photodiode (BPW34) housed inside 40 with bulb that is perfectly seal, solar irradiance sensor amplifier, 1 6-bit
analog-to-digital converter (ADS1115), arduino mega2560, and liquid crystal display (LCD) and microSD card shield. The design
amplifier has offsetting voltage of 0.8676 mV. The sensitivity of solar irradiance was amplifier 868.19 Wm-2V-1 with correct factor
27.77 Wm-2. The output range of developed instrument is between 0.1 mV to 1.4 V with maximum 1200 Wm-2. The possible error of
the instrument is 9.67%.
Rus-Casas et al. (2019) studied the development of a Utility Model for the Measurement of Global Radiation in Photovoltaic
Applications in the Internet of Things (IoT). This device measures the global radiation on a horizontal surface. Once calibra ted with a
reference pyranometer and tested, it has obtained a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9945, a value that confirms the reliability of the
designed utility model. The latter will be especially suitable for photovoltaic solar energy applications since it provides, apart from
great accuracy, good characteristics for its integration in the monitoring of photovoltaic systems. For the evaluation, it has been
subjected to real operating conditions. The utility model is completed with a data acquisition system in which sensor’s frequency
signal is directly connected to the interruption of the microprocessor of the Arduino UNO board. This solution allows a measurement
of the signal by the microprocessor (16 MHz), which will be a priority.
Barros et al. (2018) examined the low-Cost Solar Irradiance Meter using LDR Sensors. The most used incidence irradiance meters
are: thermopile pyranometer, photodiode and pyrheliometer. Although these sensors measure with a high sensitivity, they present high
costs of acquisition, as well as of maintenance. Thus, photosensitive technologies such as Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors
may be alternatives to these instruments. Therefore, a low-cost project with measures compatible with conventional solar irradiance
meters is proposed in this work. A calibration of the LDR sensors will be done based on a photodiode pyranometer. Thus, statistical
analyzes of regressions between the collected points are done from the data collected via data logger. Different values of resistance in
the acquisition circuit indicate better readings for different ranges of solar irradiance. The results show the validity of the system based
on statistical analysis performed through relative errors and correlation.
Walter-Shea et al. (2018) researched on the improving of the calibration of silicon photodiode pyranometers. Non-adjusted linear and
adjusted calibrations were applied at different times of the year to determine sources of estimated errors in global irradian ce due to the
two calibration approaches, calibration time, and sensor age. Sensors performed best in the months in which they were calibrated
when using the linear calibration approach. With the solar zenith angle adjusted calibration approach, certain calibration mo nths
provide a defendable validation for the following 12 months [ranging an average of 13.5–17.4 W m−2 standard error (SE)], while
other calibration months do not provide consistent results and sometimes result in very poor validation (31.1–242.7 W m−2 SE). Older
sensors (greater than 6 years) in general become more sensitive to solar zenith angle and their response drifts over time, while newer
Silicon Pyranometer (SiPs) performed better than older sensors. Calibrations which accounted for solar zenith angle effects improved
global irradiance estimates for older SiPs. These results indicate that solar zenith angle correct ion is not needed for largely diffuse
components under cloudy conditions, so that in the future, a “smart” calibration may be possible, where diffuse radiation fra ctions are
known.
Avallone et al. (2018) designed a simple and low-cost version of thermal pyranometer and analyzed its response time froma dynamic
model. This model uses a numerical solution of the energy balance on heat exchange between the aluminum disc and the environment.
A blackened aluminum disk is used as a hot junction, and the cold junction is exposed to ambient air. These devices utilize thermal

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radiation for comparison and determination of their efficiency. In this work, a low cost wireless data logging pyranometer with inbuilt
temperature and humidity monitoring systemwas developed.
Awasthil and Poudya (2018) estimated the daily global solar radiation (GSR) using CMP6 pyranometer at low altitude of Simara
Airport (lat. 2709’33” N and long. 84058’48” E, Alt.137m respectively). A number of multi linear regression equations were
developed to predict the relationship between GSR with one or more combinations of meteorological parameters using the regression
technique and calculate the empirical constants from Tiwari & Sangeeta model which is the best empirical model among other tested
models. The performance of each model was analyzed by calculating Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Coefficient of Determination
(R2) Mean Bias Error (MBE), and Mean Percent Error (MPE). The finding empirical constants 0.30 and 0.52 can be utili zed to
estimate the GSR where there is no measured data of GSR at similar meteorological sites of Nepal. The obtained empirical constants
and sunshine duration could be utilized to predict the GSR for the years to come at similar geographical locations whe re there is no
measured solar radiation data.
Vignola et al. (2018) examined performance of photodiode-based pyranometers and reference solar cells. The angle-of-incidence
effects are minimized because the instruments are oriented normally to the incident radiation. By removing the angle-of-incidence
effects inherent in earlier studies, the change in the sensor’s clear sky responsivity can be more clearly identified. It was found that the
photodiode-based pyranometers demonstrate a larger change in responsivity than the reference solar cells. Spectral measurements are
recommended to verify the cause of this difference.
Orsetti et al. (2016) presented an innovative low cost sensor and algorithm for the monitoring and measurement of solar irradiance
employing Photovoltaic cells and a digital sensor interface that shows satisfactory performances. This parameter is usually e stimated
using pyranometers, often based on thermopile. The system is able to evaluate the solar irradiance (IRRS) with a dedicated algorithm
implementing the constitutive relation and compared the results with those provided by the DPA053, a typical thermopile
pyranometer, resulting in a good agreement.
Michalsky et al. (2017) studied significant Improvements in Pyranometer Nighttime Offsets Using High-Flow DC Ventilation. The
study examine different ventilation strategies for the several commercial single-black-detector pyranometers with ventilators
examined here, high-flow-rate [50 cubic feet per minute (CFM) and higher] 12-VDC (where VDC refers to voltage direct current) fans
lower the offsets, lower the scatter, and improve the predictability of the offsets during the night compared with lower-flow-rate (35
CFM) 120-VAC (where VAC refers to voltage alternating current) fans operated in the same ventilator housings. Black -and-white
pyranometers sometimes show improvement with DC ventilation, but in some cases DC ventilation makes the offsets slightly worse.
Since the offsets for these black-and-white pyranometers are always small, usually no more than 1Wm22, whether AC or DC
ventilated, changing their ventilation to higher CFM DC ventilation is not imperative.
Parthasarathy and Anandkumar (2016) designed a low cost pyranometer for solar irradiation measurement using BPW34 photo
diode and signal conditioning and amplifying was done using IC LM308N. The designed pyranometer possesses similar
characteristics to those ofstandard pyranometers based on thermopiles at a significant lower price
Agawa and Ibrahim (2016) carried out a research on “Development of Micro Controller-Based Monitoring System for a Stand-
Alone Photovoltaic System” which obtains PV system parameters (i.e. PV panel temperature, irradiance, PV battery voltage, ambient
temperature and humidity and PV system load current) in real time, display and store the parameters in personal computer. The system
uses electronic sensors to obtain the PV system parameters, which are then processed by a microcontroller with Arduino Board and
the parameters displayed on personal computer. Computer language was used for the microcontroller programming. From the
experimental results obtained from the work, it shows that the parameters obtained using the developed systems have good
correlations with those obtained using standard commercial instruments used in meteorological stations and laboratory for
measurements of the same parameters. The mean bias error of the para-meters obtained using the developed system to those obtained
using meteorological/laboratory instruments are 0.043%, 0.0412%, - 0.297% and 0.024% for solar radiation intensity, temperature,
humidity and PV battery voltage measurements respectively.
Nwankwo and Nnabuchi (2015) constructed a pyranometer using a silicon photodiode. Designed pyranometer was which was
calibrated against a standard pyranometer using the Kipp and calibration equation. The significant difference between both
Pyranometers was 0.000 indicating that the newly developed instrument competes favourably with the standard instrument.
Dumitrescu et al. (2015) constructed a solid state device-based pyranometer designated to broadband irradiance measurements and
calibrate the prototype device by means of a professional pyranometer Delta OHM LP PYRA 03 as a reference instrument. It is
theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed that the voltage drops across a diode passed through a constant forward current
linearly decreases with the temperature of the junction.
Shariff et al. (2015) researched based on the implementation of a web-based wireless monitoring system for grid-connected
Photovoltaic converter. The study obtained solar radiation, temperature, PV voltage, PV current, grid voltage and grid current using

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data acquisition method which consists of different electronic sensors. Implementation results showed that the system was able to
function with good performance.
Fuentes et al. (2014) developed a microcontroller-based data acquisition systemfor remote PV plant. The measurement system uses a
silicon-cell pyranometer as a solar radiation sensor. The data obtained from the sensor was passed to an internal A/D converter of th e
microcontroller and stored in a serial I2C EEPROM and then uploaded to a portable computer. The results showed that the logical
operation of the system was clear.
Daniel and Odinakach (2014) worked on designing, constructing and calibrating a digital solar radiation meter for measuring solar
radiation intensity. It incorporates a small rectangular silicon photocell as the sensor. On exposure to solar radiation, ele ctromotive
force which is proportional to radiation intensity was developed within the circuit. The device correlates voltage developed with
available solar intensity. A standard solarimeter was therefore used to calibrate the device to translate the unit of its reading from Volt
to Watt per square meter. The results obtained are similar to those obtained by Medugu et al. (2013). The device can be used to collect
reliable irradiance data which are both comparable and compatible with that obtained by a standard solarimeter.
Fernando et al. (2014) did a novel design for a Low-Cost Sensor (Pyranometer) to measure Solar Irradiance in the North of Chile.
The main characteristic of this sensor was the low-cost of all its components. The design of the sensor was based on using the PT202C
phototransistor. This device is its better sensitiveness to solar irradiance, allowing an excellent respons e of the sensor in a range from
approximately 300 to 1200 nm.
Hafid et al. (2014) presented a pyranometer for a large spectrum measurement from 300 to 2500 nm. The cell is based on the use of a
Peltier effect thermopile with a graphite material on one side in order to increase the absorption of the solar radiation. Experimental
results have shown that the designed device exhibit good response from solar radiation in the range of 400 to 1000 w/m2 for large
spectrum (300 to 3000 nm).
Koutroulis and Kalaitzakis (2013) presented an Integrated Data-Acquisition for Renewable Sources System Monitoring; a set of
sensors were used for measuring both meteorological data and electrical parameters (i.e. temperature, humidity, voltage and current)
of the PV system. LabView program was used to further process, display and store the collected data in the PC disk. This system has
advantages ofrapid development and flexibility and can be easily used for controlling the renewable energy systemoperation.
Patil et al. (2013) presented the design and construction of a photodiode-based pyranometer for measuring solar irradiance (W=m2) or
solar radiation flux density within the visible spectral range (approx. 400 to 750 nm). This device can compete with the traditionally
available thermopile based pyranometers at a much lower price. This proposed pyranometer can communicate with a system(typic ally
a PC, weather station, etc.) using communication protocols USART, I2C, SPI, RS232, RS485 which can enab le remote sensing, data
logging applications.
Awasthi and Mor (2012) proposed low cost solar radiance measurement system using embedded internet based Data acquisition
systemincluded the reliable packet transmission model of TCP/IP as our real time data transportation model devise a new approach in
which the real time solar radiance data can be monitored over Local Area Network or Web. In order to reduce the cost of this solar
radiometer, we developed system hardware and software based around a cheap ATmega32 microcontroller, ENC28J60 and some
analogue circuits for preprocessing of signal from solar cells.
Nwankwo et al. (2012) presented the Construction, Characterization and Testing of a reliable locally developed Pyranometer for
measuring global solar radiation. The Einstrain lungs pyranometer model GN01-30-96 was used to calibrate the system. The
constructed and the Einstrain Lung sensor (Spektron-100) pyranometers were simultaneously used in measuring global solar radiation
for two weeks. The tests carried out on the Constructed Pyranometer show that it can compete favourably with the Standard
Pyranometer (GN01-30-96) and there was no significant difference between the performances of the Constructed and the Reference
pyranometers.
Medugu et al. (2010) developed an instrument used for the measurement of solar radiation called a reliable model pyranometer
(RMP001). The sensor element used is a silicon diode, mounted on a plastic base, covered with a Teflon diffuser. The whole un it is
placed on a base with a level control to ensure horizontality. The reliable model pyranometer (RMP001) was then calibrated ag ainst a
reference high quality pyranometer, Kipp and Zonen CMP 3 whose calibration was trusted (14.71± 0.36 μV-1Wm-2).
Laghrouche et al. (2010) proposed a new low-cost solar radiation sensing transducer to individuate the direction corresponding to
maximum insulation and to measure the solar radiation components. The experiment results show that our embedded systemhas go od
sensibility is accurate about 0.1%. Also Presented a microcontroller-based radiation data-acquisition system was devised in our
laboratory. This system, described in the next sections, is able to work alone for one month. The data so recorded are then c arried in a
nonvolatile random access memory (NOVRAM) cartridge and transferred to a personal computer via Zigbee wireless terminal.

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Macome et al. (2009) presented the design, construction and characterization of a multiple sensors solar radiation detector for ISES
and the objective of the research work is to evaluate the use of a weighted combination of photodiodes measurements with a ro tating
shadowband for monitoring simultaneously diffuse and beam solar radiation and thus be able to estimate global radiation as well.
Martínez et al. (2009) work on the design, construction and testing of a new pyranometer for measuring global solar irradiance
(W/m2) or global solar radiation flux density within the visible spectral range (approx. 400 to 750 nm) using suitable BPW21
photodiode and analyses on the selected photodiodes (namely, BPW21, OSD 5, OSD 15 and S9219-01). The sensor element is a
silicon diode, mounted on a plastic base, covered with a TeflonTM diffuser.
Okonkwo and Onwualu (2002) work on the design, construction and evaluation of a pyranometer for radiation measurement. The
design was built around PNP OCP71 phototransistor and was compared to standard instrument applied integrated pyranometer mode l
PSP-14875PF
Beaubien et al. (1998) examined and compared the three types of black surface thermal-converting pyranometers: two designs
employ conventional double-domed enclosures and a third uses a diffusing fore -optic. Three types of temperature measurement are
examined; Platinum Resistance Thermometers (PRTs), a bismuth telluride thermopile, and a thin film bismuth antimonide ther mopile.
The three pyranometers are similar in performance in that they all offer very low azimuth errors, are generally insensitive to changes
in ambient temperature, and offer the spectrally uniform 300–3000-nm response of the black surfaces. The PRT instrument meets or
exceeds the WMO specifications for a ‘‘high quality’’ pyranometer, and the bismuth telluride and bismuth antimony thermopile units
meet the WMO requirements for use in networks.
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a review of existing solar radiation monitoring systems reported in the literature has been presented in terms of sensors
being used as well as data acquisition systems. It is believed that the acquaintance of information provided in this review is crucial for
the development of an effective, Low cost solar radiation monitoring system viable even for small and medium-sized photovoltaic
plants, without sacrificing the necessary efficiency. Hence, it can be concluded that photodiode based pyranometer is the most suitable
device which can be used to measure solar radiation for developing countries because the cost of making the device as well as the cost
of maintenance is low. Above appraisal of the previous and existing work done on pyranometer will also serve as guides and template
for further work and a bid for researchers to improve on the existing designs for better, lower cost,more effective and acceptable one.
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