Project on Sustainable Development

1. NARAYANA SCHOOL,HALDIA
Sustainable Development
SOCIAL SCIENCE PROJECT
─
NAME-Purbesh Mondal
CLASS-X
ADMISSION NO.-5313076
SESSION-2020-2021

2. Acknowledgement
I am overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to
acknowledge my depth to all those who have helped me to put these
ideas, well above the level of simplicity and into something concrete.
I would like to express my special thanks giving gratitude to our SST
teacher Mrs. Debolina Mandal, who helped me out in various ways in
making this project as well as our Principal of the school who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project, which also helped
me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new
things.
Any attempt at any level can’t be satisfactorily completed without the
support and guidance of my parents and friends. I would like to thank
them for helping me a lot in gathering different information, collecting
data, and guiding me from time to time in making this project, despite
their busy schedules.

3. Overview
Through the column of the project, I would like to draw
out the role of Sustainable development, in the present scenario of
human activities.
In this project, we will discuss several points related to sustainable
development which were adopted by United States in September 2015
to address major global problem such as global warming, growing
inequalities, poverty, gender discrimination, violence and conflicts,
global economic crisis, epidemics, ozone layer depletion, etc.
This study will include sustainability, definition, concepts, principle,
pillars, importance, indicators, goals, outcomes, examples and barriers
of Sustainable Development.

4. Content
Sl. no. Topic Page no.
1 Introduction 1
2 Sustainability 2
3 Sustainable development 3
4 Concepts 5
5 Evolution of the concept 7
6 Principle 9
7 Pillars 12
8 Importance 14
9 Indicators 15
10 Goals 19
11 Outcomes 21
12 Examples 22
13 Barriers 24
14 Conclusion 25

5. 1
Introduction
From the very beginning of
Human history, we got to see that
humans always tried to make this earth a
more comfortable place to live. They
developed themselves gradually and
became stronger and more advanced.
This process of development brought out
the difference between good and bad
and unfolded the human potential.
But this process of development also had many bad effects. In the goal
of making the earth more comfortable, people started destroying the
natural resources of earth and started to disbalance its ecosystem. The
resources of the earth started getting exhausted. This growing problem
brought us to a new concept of Sustainability.

6. 2
Sustainability
Sustainability is the process of
maintaining changes in a balanced way, in
which the exploitation of resources, the
direction of investments, the orientation
of technological development and
institutional change are all in harmony and
enhance both current and future potential
to meet human needs and aspirations.

7. 3
Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is
the development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development has
continued to evolve as that of
protecting the world’s resources
while its true agenda is to control the
world’s resources.
So Environmentally sustainable economic growth refers to economic
development that meets the needs of all without leaving future
generations with fewer natural resources than those we enjoy today.
The term "sustainable development" first came to prominence in the
world Conservation Strategy (WCS) in1980.
It achieved a new status with the publication of two significant reports
by Brundtalnd on: North and South: a programme for survival and
common crisis (1985) and Our Common Future (1983) and has gained
even greater attention since the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in
June 1992.
Gro Harlem Brundtland first introduced the
concept of sustainable development in 1987.
She was then the Prime Minister of Norway
and chairman of the World Commission on
Environment and Development.

8. 4
She describes “Sustainable development is development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.” .
Sustainable development aims to balance our economic,
environmental, and social needs, allowing prosperity for now and
future generations. Sustainable development consists of a long-term,
integrated approach to developing and achieving a healthy community
by jointly addressing economic, environmental, and social issues, whilst
avoiding the overconsumption of key natural resources.

9. 5
Concepts of Sustainable Development
The concept of sustainability consist of two main keys concepts-
➔ The concept of 'needs,' in particular the essential needs of the
world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given.
➔ "The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and
social organization on the environment's ability to meet present
and future needs.
Thus the goals of economic and social development must be defined in
terms of sustainability in all countries - developed or developing,
market-oriented or centrally planned. Interpretations will vary, but
must share certain general features and must flow from a consensus
on the basic concept of sustainable development and on a broad
strategic framework for achieving it.
Development involves a progressive transformation of economy and
society. A development path that is sustainable in a physical sense
could theoretically be pursued even in a rigid social and the political
setting. But physical sustainability cannot be secured unless
development policies pay attention to such considerations as changes
in access to resources and in the distribution of costs and benefits.
Even the narrow notion of physical sustainability implies a concern for
social equity between generations, a concern that must logically be
extended to equity within each generation.
Sustainability broadly includes these three parameters for sustainable
development.

10. 6
1. Environment
2. Social
3. Economic
Four Major components:-
● The climatic change.
● Nutrient cycles.
● Hydrological cycle.
● Biodiversity.
Aim:-
➔ Maximizing the development in a sustainable way.
➔ Minimizing the chances of environmental degradation.

11. 7
Evolution of the Sustainable Development Concept
➔ The landmark event in the evolution of the concept of
sustainable development had been the 1972' Stockholm
Conference on the Human Environment convened by the United
Nations, the report of the World Commission on Environment
and Development (WCED).
➔ Our Common Future and the 1992 United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) or Rio Earth Summit as
it is commonly referred to. The many activities between
successive landmark events sought to build on the outcome of
the previous event, to clarify issues, and to provide inputs into
the preparatory process of the following events.
➔ The UN established the Commission on Sustainable
Development (CSD) in December 1992 to ensure an effective
follow-up of UNCED and to monitor and report on the
implementation of the Earth Summit agreements at the local,
national, regional, and international levels.
➔ A (Rio+5) Special Session of the General Assembly, held in June
1997, adopted a comprehensive program for further
implementation of Agenda 21 as well as the work programme of
the CSD for 1997- 2002.

12. 8
➔ The Kyoto Protocol adopted in December 1997 and the
Conferences of the Parties (COPs), held over the years, have
made some advances relating to clarification of various aspects
of financing and implementing sustainable development globally.

13. 9
Principle of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development
means to take economic benefit which
can help to raise the living standard of
the present generation without
affecting the need for future
generations. It means to conserve
resources without affecting its quantity
and quality. The main aim of
sustainable development is to balance
among the population, various
resources, various aspects of
environment and development.
1. Conservation of Ecosystem
The ultimate aim of sustainable development is to conserve the earth.
It is to make the ecological system durable. Preservation of terrestrial
and aquatic ecosystems is necessary for this purpose.
2. Sustainable Development of Society
Sustainability of society depends on the availability of healthy
residence, balanced diet, adequate health service, employment and
quality education. If these elements are developed and become
available to the people in society, it becomes a sustainable society. It
assists in developing their positive attitude towards nature and living
beings. The society is driven towards conserving the environment.

14. 10
3. Conservation of Biodiversity
It is necessary to conserve all the living beings in the world. People
should learn to conserve natural resources in order to protect the
living beings. Sustainable development focuses on it. National and
international programs for the conservation of biodiversity should be
conducted. There must be the coordination among the programmes.
4. Population Control
People maintain their life by utilizing the limited means and resources
found on the earth. Due to population growth, human needs like food,
clothing, housing etc. increases, the means and resources available in
the world cannot be increased to meet the requirements. So,
population control and management are essential for sustainable
development. It will support the environmental balance.
5. Conservation of Human Resource
People can play a vital role in the utilization and conservation of the
environment. The knowledge and skill of caring for the earth should be
developed. Human resources are to be developed by providing
education, health care and training. Human resource contributes to
adopt the principles of sustainable development.
6. Increase in Peoples' Participation
Sustainable development cannot be maintained personally. A joint
effort of every individual is indispensable. In order to translate the
concept of sustainable development into action, public participation
should be increased. Therefore, positive attitudes of public should be
developed in every programme of sustainable development.

15. 11
7. Conservation of Cultural heritage
Sustainable development has emphasized the conservation of social
traditions, customs, religious places and cultural aspects of people.
Diverse cultural heritage is the invaluable contribution to society, but
superstition should be avoided. Conservation of cultural heritage is our
duty . Its conservation supports sustainable development.
8. Included within Carrying Capacity of Earth
Development work must be within the carrying capacity of the earth.
People cannot get those entire things that they require from the earth
immediately. The earth has limited resources. The limited means and
resources on the earth cannot be enough for the unlimited means of
people. Over-exploitation of the resources has negative effects on the
environment.

16. 12
Pillars of Sustainability
The three pillars of sustainability are a powerful tool for
defining the Sustainable Development problem. This consists of three
parameters: Economic, Social, and Environmental pillars. If any one
pillar is weak then the system as a whole is unsustainable.
Economic Development: - This is the issue that proves the most
problematic as most people disagree on political ideology, what is and
is not economically sound, and how it will affect businesses and by
extension, jobs, and employability. It is also about providing incentives
for businesses and other organizations to adhere to sustainability
guidelines beyond their normal legislative requirements.
Social Development: - There are many facets to this pillar. Most
importantly is awareness of and legislation protection of the health of
people from pollution and other harmful activities of the business and
other organizations. It is also about maintaining access to basic
resources without compromising the quality of life. The biggest hot
topic for many people right now is sustainable housing and how we
can better build the homes we live in from sustainable material. The
final element is education - encouraging people to participate in
environmental sustainability and teaching them about the effects of
environmental protection as well as warning of the dangers if we
cannot achieve our goals.
Environmental Protection: - We all know what we need to do to
protect the environment, whether that is recycling, reducing our power
consumption by switching electronic devices off rather than using
standby, by walking short journeys instead of taking the bus.
Businesses are regulated to prevent pollution and to keep their carbon
emissions low. There are incentives to install renewable power sources

17. 13
in our homes and businesses. Environmental protection is the third
pillar and to many, the primary concern of the future of humanity. It
defines how we should study and protect ecosystems, air quality,
integrity, and sustainability of our resources and focus on the elements
that place stress on the environment.

18. 14
Importance of Sustainable Development
From the last two or three decades, we have seen that
for the sake of economic growth, the health of the environment has
taken a toll. As a result, there has been an impact on the environment
such as decline in air quality and climate change due to greenhouse
gases.
All these factors led to the need for sustainable development, as if left
unchecked it can cause irreversible damage to the environment.
Following are the importance of sustainable development:
1. Using the available resources judiciously and working towards
maintaining the ecological balance.
2.To prevent degradation of the environment and lay emphasis on
protecting the environment.
3. To prevent overexploitation of resources.

19. 15
Indicators of Sustainable Development
Poverty
1. Proportion of population living below national poverty line
2. Ratio of share in national income of highest to lowest percentile
3. Proportion of population using improved sanitation facilities
4. Proportion of population using an improved water source
5. Share of households without electricity or other modern energy
services
6. Proportion of urban population living in slums
Governance
1. Percentage of population having paid bribes
2. Number of intentional killing of person per 100,000 population
Health
1. Under-five death rate
2. Life expectancy at birth
3. Percent of population with access to primary health care facilities
4. Immunization against infectious childhood diseases
5. Nutritional status of children
6. the rate of major diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria etc.
Education

20. 16
1. Gross intake ratio to last grade of primary education
2. Net enrolment rate in primary education
3. Adult secondary (tertiary) schooling attainment level
4. Adult literacy rate
Demographics
1. Population growth rate
2. Dependency ratio
Natural Hazards
Percentage of population living in hazard prone areas
Atmosphere
1. Carbon dioxide emissions
2. Consumption of ozone depleting substances
3. Ambient concentration of air pollutants in urban areas
Land
1. Arable and permanent cropland area
2. Proportion of land area covered by forests
Oceans, seas and coasts
1. Percentage of total population living coastal areas
2. Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
3. Proportion of marine area protected
Freshwater

21. 17
1. Proportion of total water resources used
2. Water use intensity by economic activity
3. Presence of fecal coliforms in freshwater
Biodiversity
1. Proportion of terrestrial area protected, total and by ecological
region
2. Change in threat status of species
Economic development
1. GDP per capita
2. Investment share in GDP
3. Debt to Gross national income ratio
4. Employment-population ratio
5. Labor productivity and unit labor costs
6. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
7. Internet users per 100,000 population
8. Tourism contribution to GDP
Global Economic Partnership
1. Current account deficit (negative net sales abroad i.e imports of
goods is more than exports of goods) as percentage of GDP
2. Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) like Loan given or
received as a percentage of GNI
Consumption and Production Patterns
1. Material intensity of the economy

22. 18
2. Annual energy consumption, total and by main user category
3. Intensity of energy use, total and by economic activity
4. Generation of hazardous waste
5. Waste treatment and disposal
6. Modal split of passenger transportation

23. 19
Goals of Sustainable Development
The Global Challenge for Government Transparency: The
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2030 Agenda
In 2015, 195 nations agreed with the United Nation that
they can change the world for the better. This will be accomplished by
bringing together their respective governments, businesses, media,
institutions of higher education, and local NGOs to improve the lives of
the people in their country by the year 2030.
Here’s the 2030 Agenda:
● Eliminate Poverty
● Erase Hunger
● Establish Good Health and
Well-Being
● Provide Quality Education
● Enforce Gender Equality
● Improve Clean Water and
Sanitation
● Grow Affordable and Clean
Energy
● Create Decent Work and
Economic Growth
● Increase Industry, Innovation,
and Infrastructure
● Reduce Inequality
● Mobilize Sustainable Cities and Communities

24. 20
● Influence Responsible Consumption and Production
● Organize Climate Action
● Develop Life Below Water
● Advance Life On Land
● Guarantee Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
● Build Partnerships for the Goals
Sustainable strategies-
● Low-Carbon Models
● Adaptation to Climate Change as a Social Cause
● Economically Profitable Approach
● Technology Transfer

25. 21
Outcomes
● Clean water & air
● Fertile soil and good food
● A livelihood and a healthy economy
● An optimum population size
● Halting global warming
● Safety from poverty and disease
● Social contact & a sense of community
● Work, rest and celebration
● Opportunities to learn

26. 22
Examples
Solar Energy
The greatest advantages of solar energy are that it is completely free
and is available in a limitless supply. Both of these factors provide a
huge benefit to consumers and help reduce pollution. Replacing
non-renewable energy with this type of energy is both environmentally
and financially effective.
Wind Energy
It is another readily available Wind Energy source. Harnessing the
power of wind energy necessitates the use of windmills; however, due
to construction cost and finding a suitable location, this kind of energy
is meant to service more than just the individual. Wind energy can
supplement or even replace the cost of grid power, and therefore may
be a good investment and remains a great example of sustainable
development.
Crop Rotation
This farming practice is beneficial in several ways, most notably
because it is chemical-free. Crop rotation has been proven to maximize
the growth potential of land, while also preventing disease and insects
in the soil. Not only can this form of development benefit commercial
farmers, but it can also aid those who garden at home.

27. 23
Efficient Water Fixtures
According to the EPA, it takes a lot of energy to produce and transport
water and to process waste water, and since less than one percent of
the Earth's available water supply is fresh water, it is important that
sustainable water use is employed at the individual and societal level.
Green Space
According to the UW-Madison Department of Urban and Regional
Planning, advantages of green spaces include, helping regulate air
quality and climate ... reducing energy consumption by countering the
warming effects of paved surfaces .. recharging groundwater supplies
and protecting lakes and streams from polluted runoff.

28. 24
Barriers to sustainability
Common barriers to change toward sustainability include:
● Competing priorities of managers – profit and growth prioritised over
environment and human capital
● Organisational systems not up to managing the task
● Lack of capital to invest in new ways of design and managing
operations
● Organisational culture not open to new ideas and innovation
● Failure to enable employees to be autonomous
● High staff turnover and cynicism as to whether the organisation really
wants to change
● Senior leadership group not leading the change or not committed to
change
● Little acknowledgement of the sustainability issues in the business
global supply chains (up to 80% of corporate carbon footprint is
located in supply chain)
● Failure to acknowledge the human rights and social issues linked to
global supply chains (human rights and social issues will affect
corporate reputation and negatively impact human sustainability in the
organisation)
● Inadequate systems to manage information
● Failure to keep up with technological innovations
● Not being able to form partnerships with civil society to address
ethical, social and environmental issues.
● Economic and financial priorities of business overshadow human
sustainability issues.

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Conclusion
Economic development achieved so far has adopted
various techniques which have proved harmful for the environment in
which we reside. The crying need is for sustainable development which
aims at the development which does not have a negative impact on the
environment. At the core of the idea of sustainability is the matter of
meeting people’s needs for home, job, etc. If we don’t take care of the
environment in which we live now, we won’t have anything to leave
behind us for future generations. We need to spread social awareness
to bring massive change in social attitude. Action must be taken against
the backdrop of serious inequities and their impact on the
environment. Environment mistakes of the past need not to be
repeated, as past patterns of degradation are not inevitable.
Let's come together, and make this earth a better place to live!

30. 26
Bibliography
Links used:-
● Sustainable development (slideshare.net)
● Introduction to sustainable development (slideshare.net)
● "The barriers to sustainable development" | Insight
(insightweb.it)
● Our contribution to UN Sustainable Development Goals -
Borregaard
● Importance of Sustainable Development (byjus.com)
● Sustainable development - Wikipedia
Books used:-
● Understanding Economic Development- Social science textbook
for class-10
● Contemporary India- Textbook in Geography for class-10
I would also like to thank Debanka Sabud for his immense help
throughout the project, which, the project would be so difficult to
complete.
THANK YOU