3. Group Members
Noshiza Nazir BB-09-052
Anum Shaukat BB-09-064
Wajeeha Hasnain BB-09-066
M. Abdullah Rao BB-09-074
Zaheer Javed BB-09-080
M.Umar Hayyat Kanju BB-09-088

5. Did World War I change the
world?
What was the world like What was the world like after
before World War I? World War I?
1. The world before 1914. 1. Effects of the war on the
2. What caused the war. world.
5

6. 6
In a Nutshell
When did it happen? 1914–1918
Where did it happen? Europe, Africa and the Middle East
Who fought in the war? 1) Allied Powers
(Leading member: Britain)
2) Central Powers
(Leading member: Germany)
Who won? The Allied Powers
How many died? Soldiers: 8 million
Civilians or people who were not
soldiers: 6 million

7. Allied Powers
Central Powers
• Britain
• France • Germany
• Serbia vs • Austria-Hungary
• Russia • Ottoman Turkey
• Italy (joined after May 1915)
7

8. Alliances
Powerful among the
countries great powers
What was the
world like before Strong feelings
Competition
for colonies World War I? of nationalism
Assassination
Arms and of Archduke of
naval race Austria-
Hungary
8

9. Powerful countries
• Britain  Largest colonial empire in the world.
 Most powerful navy.
• France  Defeated by Germans in 1871 Franco-
Prussian War.
 Lost rich resource.
 Looked for ways to recover it.
• Russia  Largest empire in Europe.
 Largest army.
9

10. Powerful countries
• Austria-  Large, unstable and divided empire.
Hungary  Different ethnic groups often attempted to
break away to form own nation-states.
• Germany  Economy grew rapidly after 1871
 Army best-trained and equipped in Europe.
 Kaiser Wilhelm II’s ambition.
• Ottoman  Empire stretched from Europe to the
Turkey Middle East and Asia.(1299)
 Central government too weak to control all
parts of its empire.
10

11. Germany:
• Rapid growth in economy and
Britain: power after 1871 reunification.
• Largest colonial empire
in the world. • Best-trained and equipped army
in Europe.
• Most powerful navy.
• Huge territorial ambition.
Russia:
• Largest empire in Europe.
• Largest army.
• Less advanced industrialization.
The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman
France: Turkey):
• Lost rich resources in • Empire stretched from Europe
the 1871 Franco- to the Middle East and Asia.
Prussian War.
Austria-Hungary: • Central government too weak to
• Looked for ways • Large, unstable and divided control all parts of its empire.
to recover it. empire.
• Different ethnic groups often
attempted to break away to
form their own nation-states.
11 Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I
Copyright 2006

12. Competition for colonies
• Acquire colonies to:
-- further national security.
-- enhance national prestige.
-- obtain raw materials.
-- gain access to markets for
manufactured goods.
12

13. Competition for colonies
• Britain and France
already in control
of most of Africa
and Asia.
• Very little left for
Germany.
• Competition for
colonies.
13

14. Arms and naval race
Germany
• Germany’s ambition to expand army and navy to
rival its enemies.
• Powerful military as bargaining voice, bragging rights
and able to fulfill expansionist policy?
“Germany is a young and growing empire. She takes part in trade that is
Austria-
rapidly expanding. Germany must have a powerful fleet to protectHungary
that trade. She must be able to fight for her interests in any part of
the world. Only those powers that have great navies will be listened
to with respect.”
Kaiser Wilhelm II in an interview published in the British newspaper The Daily
Telegraph in November 1908
14

15. Britain
Arms and naval race France
• Britain, France and Russia felt the threat
posed by an ambitious Germany.
• Also increased army and navy to maintain
balance of military power.
The race is on!
Russia
15

16. Arms and naval race
Size of great powers' armies
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000 700,000
600,000
400,000
403,000 380,000 1870
302,000
247,000
200,000
0
Russia Germany France Britain Austria-
Hungary
16

17. Arms and naval race
Size of great powers' armies
1,400,000 1,300,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
812,000 846,000
800,000 700,000
600,000
424,000 1870
403,000 380,000 381,000
400,000 302,000 1914
247,000
200,000
0
Russia Germany France Britain Austria-
Hungary
17

18. Alliances among the
great powers
The Balance of Power:
The great powers thought that forming alliances could deter countries
from starting a war. This was because such a war would not be easy to
win as it would quickly escalate as more countries joined the fight via
the alliances.
1882 1907
(Triple Alliance Agreement) (Triple Entente Agreement)
Austria-Hungary, Germany Britain, France and Russia
and Italy allied to form the allied to become the Allied
Central Powers. Powers.
18

19. Alliances among the
great powers
• Instead, these alliances meant that a war between two countries
would soon involve their allies and become a bigger conflict.
• Played an important part in causing World War I.
19 Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I
Copyright 2006

20. Strong feelings of nationalism
• Having an extreme pride in your country
• Prior to WWI many countries felt an extreme
sense of nationalism
• This nationalism resulted in a dislike for other
countries
• Serbian nationalism inspired plans for
creation of larger Serbian state (Serbia
and Bosnia).
Austria-Hungary threatened by
prospect of larger Serbian state
south of its border.
20

21. Serbian nationalism to the
south of Austria-Hungary’s
border created a threat for
Austria-Hungary.
21 Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I
Copyright 2006

22. Strong feelings of nationalism
• 1908  Austria-Hungary conquered Bosnia.
• Many Slavs decided to set up
secret societies
 goal was to force Austria-Hungary
out of Bosnia.
22

23. Assassination of Archduke of Austria-
Hungary
• 28 June 1914  Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, heir apparent to the chairman of
Austria-Hungary, was shot in Bosnia.
• Killer was member of ‘Black Hand’, a secret
society based in Serbia.
• The perfect excuse for Austria-Hungary to
remove Serbian threat once and for all.
 accused Serbia of planning the murder.
23

24. Critical Thinking
Alliances among the
Powerful countries?
great powers?
Competition for What really Strong feelings of
colonies? caused World nationalism?
War I?
Assassination of
Arms and naval race? Archduke of Austria-
Hungary?
24

25. What really caused World War I?
Which view do you agree with?
25

26. What really caused World War I?
Which view do you agree with?
26

27. What really caused World War I?
Which view do you agree with?
27

29. The Two Sides
Triple Alliance Triple Entente
Germany England
Austria-Hungary France
Italy Russia
Central Powers Allied Powers
Germany England, France, Russia,
Austria-Hungary United
Ottoman Empire States, Italy, Serbia, Bel
gium, Switzerland

30. Rules of World War 1
• 1. A country must declare war before attacking another
country.
• 2. Each side must wear uniforms or identify themselves
to each other before attacking. Soldiers wearing an
enemy uniform will be shot as a spy.
• 3. Commanding officers should not be targeted

31. RULES OF WORLD WAR 1
4. Civilians, Surrendering Soldiers and Medical
Personnel will not be attacked.
5. Hand to Hand combat is honorable, shooting from
a distance is cowardly
6. Soldiers must be given the
opportunity to surrender honorably.

32. Summer of 1914
Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions
• July 23rd Austria Hungary Presented Serbia with
an ultimatum
• July 28th Austria-Hungary declared war on
Serbia
• July 29th Russia Mobilized its troops
• August 1, 1914 Germany mobilized troops.

33. Summer of 1914
Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions
• August 2nd Germany declared war on Russia
Germany invades Poland and
Luxemburg, invasion of France starts
• August 3: Germany declared war on France
• August 4: Germany declared war on Belgium and
invades it,
• August 4:England declared war on Germany
• August 5: Austria declared war on Russia and
Great Britain

34. Who Declared War on Who?
• Austria-Hungary Declared War on Serbia
• Russia Declared War on Austria Hungary
• Germany Declared War on Russia
• Germany Declared War on France
• England Declared War on Germany and
Austria Hungary

36. Technology used in World War 1
• Chemical weapons
• U-boat submarines
• Aircrafts
• Tanks
• Flame throwers

37. Technology:
The U-boat (Submarine)
• Germany’s secret weapon during the
war
• Sank dozens of British ships,
controlled the oceans.

38. Why would the British think the U-
boat was breaking the rules of War ?

39. West ---------------------------------------------------East
England Serbia
Austria –Hungry
U.S Germany
France Russia

40. The Great War
Western Front
• Germans, Austria-Hungarians vs.
French, British and later Americans
• Germany developed the Schlieffen Plan
• Battle of the Marne (1914- German Defeat)
• Trench Warfare on the Western Front

41. 41
Germany risked having to fight the Allied
Powers on both the Eastern front and the
Western front.
The Schlieffen Plan called for surprise
occupation of neutral Belgium and
lightning attack and defeat of France
through Belgium.

42. Western Front: Battles
• Battle of Verdun
– Ten months long
– French and German armies.
– Estimated 540,000 French and
430,000 German casualties
– No strategic advantages were gained
for either side.
• Battle of Somme
– English and French vs Germany
– Six months of fighting
– Five miles of advancement for Allies
– 1 million men killed

43. Eastern Front
• Russians and Serbs vs.
Germans and Austria-
Hungarians
• War more mobile but still a
stalemate
• Russia’s disadvantages
– Not Industrialized
– Short on Supplies
• Russia’s advantage
– People

44. Eastern Front: Battles
• Battle of Tannenberg:
– August 1914- First major eastern battle.
– Russia was badly defeated and pushed back.
– Russia lost millions of men against
Germany, undersupplied, under gunned

45. Other Fronts
• Japan, Australia, India join Allies
• Ottoman Turks, Bulgaria join Central Powers
• Gallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman Empire
• Battles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial
Possessions

46. Russia Exits the War
• In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicates his
throne,
• the Russian Duma continued to fight.
• In October 1917: Lenin and the
Bolsheviks took command: The
Soviet Union is created.
• March 1918: Soviets and Germans
sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the
war in the East.

47. US claims Neutrality
I didn’t raise my boy to be a soldier
I brought him up to be my pride and joy
Who dares to place a musket on his
shoulder,
To shoot some other mother’s darling boy?

48. True Story…
Nations 1914 1915 1916
Britain $594,271,863 $911,794,954 $1,526,685,102
France $159,818,924 $364,397,170 $628,851,988
Germany $344,794,276 $28,863,354 $288,899

49. US Road to War
• British Blockade
did not allow products to leave or enter Germany
• German U-Boat Response
counter to blockade, destroy all boats headed for
British shores

50. US Road to War
May 7th 1915
Sinking of the Lusitania

51. 1916 Presidential Election
And the Winner is…
Woodrow Wilson
Because
“he kept us out
of the war”

52. US Declares War
• Senate Declared War April 4th 1917
• House of Representatives Declared
War April 6th 1917
• Wilson’s reasoning for War
make the world “Safe for
Democracy”

53. War on the Homefront
• World War I as a Total War
– All Resources devoted to homefront
• Gov’t took over factories to make Military
goods
• All had to work (Women took place of men
in factories)
• Rationing- limit consumption of
resources/goods necessary for the war
effort
• Propaganda- one-sided information to
keep support for the war

54. Propaganda
US

55. Propaganda
Great Britain

56. Propaganda
Germany

57. Ending the War 1917-1918
• US Enters the War in April of 1917
• March 1918 Russia and Germany sign the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Germans now use all resources on Western
Front
• March of 1918 Germany begins a massive
attack on France

58. Ending the War (1918)
The Tide Turns
• German troops fatigued
• US had 140,000 “fresh” troops
• 2nd Battle of the Marne (June 1918)
• Central Powers Crumble
– Revolutions in Austria Hungary
– Ottoman Empire surrenders
– German soldiers mutiny, public turns
against Kaiser Wilhelm II

59. Ending the War (1918)
• Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on
November 9th 1918
• 11th hour of the 11th day of the
11th month in 1918 Germany
agreed to a cease-fire
• 8.5 million soldiers dead
• 21 million soldiers wounded
• Cost of 338 billion dollars

60. Ending the War
The Paris Peace Conference
• Meeting of the “Big Four” at the Paris Peace
Conference
• Wilson Proposed his “14 points”
• “Big Four” created Treaty of Versailles
• War Guilt Clause
• Break up of
German, Austrian, Russian and
Ottoman Empire
• Reparations
• Legacy of bitterness and betrayal

61. Effects of World War I
• Before World War I feeling of optimism and
progress of Human Kind
• After the War feelings of pessimism
–New forms of Art, Literature, Philosophy and
Science
»(ex. Surrealism, “Lost”
Generation, Psychoanalysis, Existentialism)

63. Millions of
dead, wound Changes to
ed or society
homeless
people
What was the
world like after World
Four empires
broke up
World War I? economy
damaged
New nation-
states were
set up

64. Millions of dead, wounded or
homeless people
• Nearly 8 million soldiers killed
• Millions of young men wounded and
permanently disabled by gas or exploding
shells

65. Millions of dead, wounded or
homeless people
Casualty Figures from World War I
750,000 1,400,000
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
1,700,000 1,800,000

66. Four empires broke up
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman
Empire and Russia broke up into smaller
countries

67. New nation-states were set up
Lithuania
Latvia
Yugoslavia
Estonia
Poland Hungary

68. Effects of WW1 upon England
TRADE
LOSS

69. Effects of WW1 upon France
Loss of Manpower

70. Effects on Germany
Blockade of Germany

71. American’s Economy
Increased
Employment
Wages
Profits to Industry

72. World economy damaged
• World trade disrupted
• Resources of great powers depleted
• Farms, factories and industrial areas destroyed  no
production
• Infrastructure destroyed
• Massive unemployment
• Countries were in huge debts

73. Changes to society
Changes to the position of women
 Women’s expectations about their role in society
changed  equal rights, equal opportunities
73

74. Women working as street car
drivers

75. Working on a project

76. Working in fields and daily activities

77. What was the world like
after World War I?

78. What does this picture tell you about the
impact of World War I?
Homeless people:
There were numerous
displaced refugees who had
lost almost everything.

79. Destroyed infrastructure:
A lengthy restoration was
required and the economy
was damaged.

80. Changes to position of
women in society:
They expected equal
rights, equal opportunities.

81. Unemployment:
Many jobs were
displaced by the war.

83. World War II (1939-1945)

84. Start of war..
• On September 1, 1939 Hitler sent troops into
Poland after repeatedly being told NOT to try
and take over neighboring countries by Britain
and France.
• They declared war on September 3, 1939.

85. The Participants:
• Allied Powers
• Axis Powers

86. The Participants:
• Allied Powers • Axis Powers
• -England • -Italy
• -Soviet Union • -Germany
• -France • -Japan
• -United States

87. Causes of the Second World War:

88. Causes for World War II
UNDERLYING: DIRECT:
• Treaty of Versailles • Germany invading
• Nationalism Poland on
• Worldwide September
Depression 1st, 1939
• Dictatorships
• The policy of
appeasement
• American
Isolationism

89. Causes of the Second World War:
1)German and Japanese
Agendas:
The key cause of the war
in Europe was Hitler's
agenda of conquest and
Japan's expansionism.

90. 2)Hitler’s Aims
• To unite German speaking
people
• He wanted living space in
order to gain self-sufficiency.
• He wanted to dominate on all
the Europe and the World.

91. 3) Failure of the Treaty of Versailles.
• The size of Germany's
military was severely
restricted.
• Germany lost territory in
Europe and was forced to
give up territories from its
overseas colonies.
• Germany was ordered to
pay $33 billion in
reparations (war damages).

92. 4)Expansionism:
• The war was caused by the expansionist
desires of Hitler, Mussolini and the Japanese
imperialists.
• Germany, Italy and Japan wanted to conquer
new territories and enslave or exterminate the
peoples living there.

93. 5)Economic Depression and
Instability:
 The Great World
Depression in 1929
became a very
important cause of the
war.
It sent the German
economy into a great
disaster, causing a
humongous number of
unemployed people.

94. 6) Democratic powers were passive
• USA – Isolated
• France – France was
unlikely, and reluctant, to
intervene against
Germany, because it could
not rely on Britain’s and
America’s support.
• Britain – Between 1934
and 1937, Britain was
sympathetic to German
recovery.

95. 7)Japanese Expansion
• Sought total control
of Pacific (resources)
• 1931- military
occupation of
Manchuria
• 1936- Japan signs
Pact with
Germany, Italy.

96. 8)United States and Japan
• Japan wanted to extend
influence in Far East
• July 1940: U.S. embargo
of raw materials to Japan
• 1941: Lend-Lease aid to
Japanese attack on China
Pearl Harbor
• Anticipating attack in the
Philippines
• December 7, 1941: Japan
attacks Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii

97. 9)Mobilizing for War
• 1940- Economy focuses on
military mobilization
• Massive industrial output
(twice as productive as
Germany, 5 times Japan)
• Primary focus:
tanks, planes, battleships
• War Production Board
• Military draft, training
Wartime propaganda

98. Muhammad Abdullah
Rao
Muhammad Abdullah Rao
BB-09-74
BB-09-74

100. World War
• Affected world's most powerful and populous
countries
• Battle of multiple countries on multiple
continents

101. Brief Information
When did it happen? 1 September 1939 – 2 September
1945
Where did it happen? Europe, Africa, Middle East,
Pacific, China, North & South
America, South East Asia
Who fought in the war? 1) Allied
(Leading member: Soviet Union)
2) Axis
(Leading member: Germany)
Who won? Allied
How many died? Soldiers: 24 Million
Civilians or people who were not
soldiers: 49 Million

102. World War 2
• Second World War
• 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945
• 6 years,1 day
• Involved majority of the world’s nations
• Great powers
• Most widespread war of world in history

103. Dark Green: Allies before the Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor
Light Green: Allied countries that entered the
war after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Blue: Axis Powers that had to choose a side in
order to stay independent.
Gray: Neutral countries during WWII

104. • Two opposing Military Alliances
• Allies & Axis
• Allies (France, Poland, UK) along with British
dominions (Australia, Canada, New Zealand &
South Africa), Brazil, Norway, China, US, Soviet
Union
• Axis ( Germany, Italy, Japan)
• Economic, industrial and scientific capabilities
• Nuclear weapons

105. Allies Axis
• Soviet Union • Germany
• United States • Japan
• United Kingdom • Italy
• France • Hungary
• China • Romania
• Poland • Bulgaria
• Canada
• Australia
• South Africa

106. Location of World War 2
• Europe
• Pacific
• Atlantic
• South & Middle East
• China
• Africa
• North & South America

108. History
• Empire of Japan wanted to dominate East
Asia, 1937
• Germany attack on Poland September 1, 1939

110. • From late 1939 to early 1941 Germany
alliance with Italy
• UK and British were major allied against axis
• North Africa Atlantic Battle
• June 1941 European invasion of Soviet Union
(Largest Land War of World)
• December 1941 Japan joined Axis.
• Axis were defeated in North Africa

111. Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
• Hawaii Operation or Battle of Pearl Harbor
• Intelligence Section, power station, shipyard,& fuel
storage, Naval base
• December 7,1941 Japan on defensive Combat Air
Patrol
• Attack for the purpose to save Japan from
UK., Netherland & US.
• 353 Japanese fighters attacked on base
• 2402 Americans were killed, 65 Japanese were killed
• American entry into WW2 in both the Pacific & Europe
• America declared war on 8th December 1941.

114. • In 1943 Germans defeats in Eastern Europe, Allied
invasion of Italy & American victory in Pacific.
• 1944, the Western Allies invaded France
• Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses
• Soviet Union invaded Germany and its allies.
• During 1944 and 1945, United States captured
Western Pacific islands by defeating Japanese Navy.
• The war in Europe ended by German unconditional
surrender on 8 May 1945.

115. Atomic Attack on Hiroshima &
Nagasaki
• The United States dropped atomic bombs on
the Japanese cities of Hiroshima on 6
August, and Nagasaki on 9 August 1945.
• Only use of nuclear weapons to date
• United States called for a surrender of Japan
in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945
• Threatening Japan with "prompt and utter
destruction". The Japanese government
ignored this ultimatum.
• Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945, ending

120. Adolf Hitler
• Austrian-born German Politician
• Leader of Nazi Party
• Chancellor of Germany from 1933-1945
• Hitler against anti communism
• Soldier, artist and writer
• Roman Catholic
• Killed Jews, 11-14 million people, 6 million of
them were Jewish.

121. Result of World War 2
• Primary Victors United States, UK & Soviet Union
• WW2 altered the political & social structure of the world
• Establishment of United Nations (UN)
• Promoted international cooperation & prevent future
conflicts
• Victors of the war (Great Powers), permanent member of
UNSC (United Nations Security Council) US, Soviet
Union,China,UK & France
• United States and Soviet Union emerged as rival
superpowers
• Cold War began and last for 46 years

122. Trade of countries in the era of World
War 2
• Germany: Farm production, food supplies export were
cut off from eastern Germany (controlled by the
Soviets).
• Japan: Lack of oil, rubber and other natural resources.
Import of metal, oil and other materials from U.S.
• China: Silk, Chrome, chemical fertilizer and finished
steel products
• America: Electronics, Aircrafts, machines and
pharmaceuticals
• South Africa: Gold Metal, coffee, cocoa, cotton and
rubber.
• Norway: Fisheries and Agriculture Sector.

124. General Effects and Results
of WWII

125. Social Effects - Psychological Trauma
• There was psychological shock, but it
was less than WWI because people
knew:
– What to expect
– Feared the worst
– There was a need for the war
– The price of failure was
unacceptable

126. Social Effects - Women
• Women took on many of the roles that had
traditionally belonged to men
• Many people belonging to minority groups also
took on jobs that traditionally they had not
• Women took on jobs in the war
effort, including those such as:
– Military nurses – working near battles
around the world to save wounded men
– Factory workers – building the machines
necessary to fight wars
– Journalists – reporting the happenings of
the battle front to news agencies in their
home countries

127. Social Effects - Women
• The most common job for
a woman to take on during
the World War I or II was
that of a nurse
• At first men doubted that
the women would work
well in a battle situation,
but those doubts quickly
disappeared after the
nurses proved themselves

128. Social/Economic Effects
• Women were not the government's only target
for recruitment
• The government also decided to begin
recruiting more minorities for many of the
same reasons it began recruiting women
• In World War II, they recruited nearly over a
million African Americans to be in the military
and work in the factories
• However, strikes occurred protesting their rise
in status

129. Social Effects - Minorities
• African-American soldiers played a significant role in
World War II

130. Social Effects - Minorities
• Despite the numbers they faced racial
discrimination:
– Racially segregated forces
– Blacks were often classified as unfit for
combat and were not allowed on the
front lines
– Blacks were mostly given support duties
– No blacks were given the Medal of
Honor during either world war

131. Social Effects – Women & Minorities
• The first and second World Wars did much to
awaken the women and minority groups
• For the first time since the Civil War era, African
American rights became an issue
• It is now common place for women to hold
jobs, their role in society has expanded greatly since
the era prior to World War I

132. Economic Effects
• When the men came back and
many women went back to the
kitchen
• There was a huge growth in
munitions/ aircraft industries –
other industries (eg house
building) were put on hold
• There was a huge emphasis on
food production – Dig for Victory

133. Increase of Scientific and Technological
Development
• War led to an increase in
scientific and technological
development
– V-2 rocket
– Nuclear weapons

134. Economic Effects
• Rationing – notably of oil and food
• Shortages of workers –
– Schedule of Protected Occupations – prevented
the call-up of key workers to the armed services
– Essential Works Order – allowed the government
to conscript people to certain work
• The Government had to take control of the
economy – eg who worked
where, trade, railways, shipping, banking, etc.
• Training of workers was disrupted, so there was a
lack of good management

135. Economic Effects - Creation of the
IMF, WTO, and World Bank
• The Bretton Woods Conference (1944) set up the:
– International Monetary Fund to try to prevent another
world economic depression. It keeps track of the flow of
goods going to and from countries and stabilizes the
exchange rate
– The World Bank was established to provide finance
(loans) and advice to reduce poverty
– The International Trade Organization (ITO) was formed
to try to regulate and insure free trade

136. Economic Effects
• Massive government debts were
accumulated, particularly to America (Lend-
Lease)
• Huge losses of merchant shipping to
submarines
• Destruction of factories/machines – in 1945
Britain lost 12% of her productive capacity
• Destruction by bombing created a need for
massive house building after the war

137. Destruction
• Immense destruction of infrastructure
– 1/3 of the homes in Britain were destroyed
– Coal production was at 40% prewar levels
– 23% of Europe’s farmland was out of production
• This led to a severe crisis during the winter of
1946-7

138. Displaced People
• millions of people had been
uprooted from their homes
and were displaced because:
– Refugees who fled before
invading armies
– Slave-workers were taken to
Germany and Austria
– Prisoners in concentration and
death camps

139. Deaths
• More than 60 million people were killed

140. United Nations
• Created in 1945 to replace the League of
Nations
• Main purposes are:
– Maintain world peace
– Develop good relations between countries
– Promote cooperation in solving the world’s
problems
– Encourage respect for human rights
• Was more successful because it included more
nations than the League

141. Internal Stresses
• Within formerly
occupied
countries, there was
internal stress between
those who had
collaborated and those
who had resisted
• In Greece, this led to a
civil war

142. Origins of the Cold War – Superpower
Status After WWII
• With the serious weakening of Britain and
France as world powers, only the U.S. and
USSR were left as superpowers

143. End of European Domination
• The U.S. emerged clearly as the world
superpower
– Germany was destroyed as a great power
– Britain and France were destroyed as great
imperial powers

144. Rise of USSR
• The USSR had:
– Recovered and expanded its empire
– Became the dominant military power on the
continent of Europe
– Acquired enormous prestige as the chief
opponent and victor over Nazism
– Was the leading communist power
– Found itself the only one of the former Great
Powers able to resist U.S. domination

145. New Nations
Pakistan, Jordan,
Palestine, India,
Sri Lanka, Myanmar,
Egypt, Laos,
Cambodia, Vietnam,
Egypt, China,
Afghanistan and many more

147. Death of old Powers
Rise of new Powers
Birth of future Powers