Medical ethics aims to define right and wrong in medical practice. It draws on ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology, and situational ethics. Key principles of medical ethics include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and informed consent. Doctors have a duty to treat patients compassionately and respect their rights and privacy. Ethical issues arise when there are conflicts between values or responsibilities. Medical ethics provides frameworks for resolving dilemmas in a fair and just manner.
Medical Ethics is what every physician and healthcare worker should know. We need to understand Ethics and its application in various cultures, societies and its changes according to norms and values. Once society will be given health education regarding Medical Ethics many issues can be resolved in a decent manner. It ultimately gives a very positive impression of all the actions which a healthcare worker performs otherwise at times seems inappropriate by society. This is not for the sake of healthcare worker or for the patients it is primarily for the whole community.
What are the rights of patient? role of ethical committee and parameters of a physician all need to be addressed properly.
Medical Ethics is what every physician and healthcare worker should know. We need to understand Ethics and its application in various cultures, societies and its changes according to norms and values. Once society will be given health education regarding Medical Ethics many issues can be resolved in a decent manner. It ultimately gives a very positive impression of all the actions which a healthcare worker performs otherwise at times seems inappropriate by society. This is not for the sake of healthcare worker or for the patients it is primarily for the whole community.
What are the rights of patient? role of ethical committee and parameters of a physician all need to be addressed properly.
A system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine
MCI amended their guidelines of professional conduct, etiquette and ethics for the Doctors
The presentation explains the principles of medical ethics and describes important terms on the subject. Brief descriptions of codes of medical ethics are covered but for details actual documents may be referred.
This powerpoint covers the topics that pertain to the ethics of the medical fields and how they are used. We have provided articles, videos, and pictures for better understanding.
This is the course on Medical/clinical ethics presented to the MBE (Master of Bioethics) students at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. It includes the main topics only. Please note that the sources of almost all slides are listed as links at the bottom of the slide itself.
A system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine
MCI amended their guidelines of professional conduct, etiquette and ethics for the Doctors
The presentation explains the principles of medical ethics and describes important terms on the subject. Brief descriptions of codes of medical ethics are covered but for details actual documents may be referred.
This powerpoint covers the topics that pertain to the ethics of the medical fields and how they are used. We have provided articles, videos, and pictures for better understanding.
This is the course on Medical/clinical ethics presented to the MBE (Master of Bioethics) students at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. It includes the main topics only. Please note that the sources of almost all slides are listed as links at the bottom of the slide itself.
OUTLINE:
Definition of ethics, bioethics and medical ethics.
What is an ethical issue in healthcare?
International approaches to medical ethics
Islamic approaches to medical ethics
Chapter 15Healthcare EthicsLearning Objectives (1 of 2).docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 15
Healthcare Ethics
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
Describe the concepts of ethics and morality.
Describe how an understanding of ethical theories, principles, virtues, and values is helpful in resolving ethical dilemmas.
Explain the relationship between spirituality and religion.
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
Discuss situational ethics and how one’s moral character can change as circumstances change.
Explain how one’s reasoning skills influence the decision-making process.
Discuss the purpose of an ethics committee and its consultative role in the delivery of patient care.
Any Good I Can Do
I expect to pass through the world but once.
Any good therefore that I can do, or any kindness I can show to any creature, let me do it now.
Let me not defer it, for I shall not pass this way again.
—Stephen Grellet, French-American Religious Leader (1773–1855)
Words Are “Tools of Thought”
The following is true of the study of any new subject:
New vocabulary and an understanding of abstract theories and principles of ethics will be necessary.
Such knowledge will arm the decision maker with the information necessary to help make difficult care decisions.
Ethics
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with values relating to human conduct with respect to rightness and wrongness of actions and goodness and badness of motives and ends.
It involves the study of morality, virtues, and values, and how they affect one’s character.
It involves how individuals decide to live within accepted boundaries and how we live in harmony with one another and nature.
Scope of Ethics
Micro-ethics: Individual’s view of right and wrong
Macro-ethics: Global view of right and wrong
Ethics from Various Perspectives
Ethics is used in different but related ways.
Philosophical ethics involves inquiry about ways of life and rules of conduct.
Ethics may also be a general pattern or way of life (e.g., religious ethics).
Ethics may refer to moral codes.
Why Study Ethics?
To recognize healthcare dilemmas
To provide tools for constructive deliberation and conflict resolution
To make sound judgments
To better understand the goodness and badness of motives and ends
Morality
Aim above Morality.
Be not simply good;
be good for something.
—Henry David Thoreau
What Is Morality?
Morality is a code of conduct.
It implies the quality of being in accord with standards of right and good conduct.
It describes a class of rules held by society to govern the conduct of its individual members.
Morals
Ideas about what is right and wrong
Guides to behavior that rational persons put forward for governing their behavior
Moral Judgments (1 of 3)
Judgments concerned with what an individual or group believes to be right or proper behavior in a given situation
Involve assessment of another person’s moral character based on how he or she conforms to moral convictions established by the individual and/or group
Moral Judgments (2 of 3)
Lack of conformity ...
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4. Medical ethics
Learning Objectives
– To define the Medical Ethics .
– To understand the theories of Ethics
– To apply the ethical principle
– To know how to deal with ethical dilemma
– To understand the concept of informed consent
– To recognize the best way for making desion
6. The difference between Ethics and Moral
The word “Morals” and “Ethics” originally meant
much same thing:
Ethics came from “Greek” while Morals came
from “Latin” Both words refer to the general area
of right and wrongs in the theory and practice of
human behavior.
Morals refer to standards of behavior actually
held or followed by individuals and groups while
Ethics refer to the science or study of morals
and its activity in the academic context .
7. What is Ethics?
A system of moral principles or standards governing
conduct.
a system of principles by which human actions and
proposals may be judged good or bad, right or wrong;
A set of rules or a standard governing the conduct of
a particular class of human action or profession;
Any set of moral principles or values recognized by
a particular religion, belief or philosophy;
The principles of right conduct of an individual.
(UNESCO/IUBS/Eubios Living Bioethics Dictionary version 1.4)
8. What makes an action moral or not ??
–The act itself “ What ”
–The motive “ Why ”
–The circumstances: when, where, how,
to whom and how often.
9. Ethical Terms
Morals: standards of right and wrong
learned by socialization and based on
religious believes
Statement of etiquette: describe expected
professional behaviors established in ethical
codesدستور او ميثاق
10. Ethical Terms
Values: concepts or ideals that give meaning to life and
provide frame work for decisions and action
Laws: rules of social conduct designed to prevent the
actions of infringing on the right of others.
Rights: entitlements that one deserves according to just
claims, legal guarantee, or moral lower principles.
Categories of rights:
1.Option rights: freedom of choice (cloths)
2.Welfare rights: legal rights (speech)
3.Ethical rights: moral rights (health care)
11. Ethical Terms
Ethical dilemma: situation requires a choice
between two equally unfavorable alternatives.
Accountability: answerability or responsibility:
1. Personal: to one self and patient.
2. Public: to employer and society.
12. Ethical Terms
Attitude
manner , way,
position and feeling
toward a person
hypothetical
construct of like or
dislike (expression of
favor or disfavor)
toward a person,
place, thing, idea or
event
13. Ethical Terms
behaviour :
is the range of actions
and mannerisms made by
organisms, systems, or
artificial entities in
conjunction with their
environment
14. Ethical Terms
Believes: building blocks or attitude , the
strength of attitude depend on how strongly
believes are held to the extent to which they
are consistent to each other.
Attitude are changeable and easy to change
Values are difficult to change
16. Where does the ethics comes from.?
Tradition :
– That's the way its always been
Religion/Authority :
– That’s the way I was thought to do it
Reasons
– That’s the way reality determine to believe
18. What is Bioethics?
It is derived from Greek bio- life and ethicos moral.
The science/art that aims at identification, analysis,
and resolution of the ethical issues in almost any field
that is related to human life and health.
deciding what we should do (what decisions are
morally right or acceptable);
explaining why we should do it (how do we justify
our decision in moral terms); and
describing how we should do it (the method or
manner of our response when we act on our
decision).
19. Medical ethics
Medical ethics
– is a system of moral principles that apply
values and judgments to the practice
of medicine .
– It is the branch of bioethics that is related to
the identification, analysis, and resolution of
moral problems that arise in the healthcare of
individual patients.
21. Comparing Law and Ethics
Law, ethics, and bioethics are different but
related concepts.
Laws are mandatory to which all citizens must
adhere or risk civil or criminal liability.
– some actions that are illegal may not be unethical (kill)
– some actions that are unethical may not be illegal (secret)
– laws can be unethical or immoral ( colonialism)
22. Reasons to discuss ethics
We face ethical dilemmas everyday
Ethical issues are often harder to deal with
than clinical.
There are often no black or whites, but greys
It has been recognised as an area important
in medical education.
If dealt with poorly can lead us into sticky
situations
23. Why is Ethics an Increasing Issue for
Health Care?
an increasingly technological society with
complicated issues that never had to be
considered before.
the changing fabric of society, particularly in
terms of family structure.
health-care has become a consumer-driven
system based on clients becoming more
knowledgeable.
24. What is an “ Ethical Issue ” or a “Moral
Problem”?
There is an ethical issue when:
– we encounter conflicting values, beliefs, goals, or
responsibilities
– we are concerned that persons or their rights are not
being respected
– we are concerned about fairness and justice
– we are unsure what we should do or why we should do
it, morally speaking
25. Doctors Mission
Doctor's primary goals are :
–To treat and cure where possible
–To bring relief in suffering
–To help the patient cope with illness,
disability and death
26. The duties of a doctor GMC
– make the care of your patient your first concern .
– treat every patient politely and considerately .
– respect patients' dignity and privacy .
– listen to patients and respect their views .
– give patients information in a way they can
understand .
– respect the rights of patients to be fully involved in
decisions about their care .
– keep your professional knowledge and skills up to
date .
– recognise the limits of your professional competence.
27. The duties of a doctor GMC
– be honest and trustworthy .
– respect and protect confidential information .
– make sure that your personal beliefs do not
prejudice your patients' care .
– act quickly to protect patients from risk if you have
good reason to believe that you or a colleague
may not be fit to practise .
– avoid abusing your position as a doctor; and
– work with colleagues in the ways that best serve
patients' interests .
GMC
28. Scope of ethics in Medical Practice
1. Historical background
• Hippocratic oath
• Geneva (1947)
• Sydney (1968)
• Tokyo (1975)
• Lisbon (1981)
• AMA Revised principle (2001)
2. Multidisciplinary nature
29. Ethical Theories
Teleology / Consequentialism
Deontology
Situational Theory
Caring-Based Theory - focuses on emotions,
feelings, and attitudes.
30. Ethical Theories
Consequentialism: Also called Teleological,
Greek word, Telos, meaning end or
consequence.
Actions are determined and justified by the
consequence of the act. Consequentialists
consider all the consequences of what they
are about to do prior to deciding a right
action. This also answers the question:
What should I do and why should I do it?
31. Ethical Theories
Deontology /Nonconsequentialism:
Derived from the Greek word, Deon, meaning
duty.
Considers that some acts are right or wrong
independent of their consequences. Looks to
one’s obligation to determine what is ethical
and answers the question:
What should I do and why should I do it?
32. Ethical Theories
Situational Theory
–holds that there are no set rules or
norms. Each situation must be
considered individually
34. What Are Ethical Principles, and
How Do They Help With Decision
Making?
35. Ethical principles
{ Codes that direct or govern actions}.
Conflict is inevitable, Ethical principles
provide the framework/ tools which may
facilitate individuals and society to resolve
conflict in a fair, just and moral manner.
37. Autonomy االستقاللية
Autonomy can be defined as
the ability of the person to
make his or her own
decisions.
The right to participate in
and decide on a course of
action without undue
influence.
استبداد يكون الفردية على يقضي ما
عليه نطلقه الذي االسم كان مهما...
…………ميل ستيوارت جون
38. Paternalism الضعفاء حماية
- One individual assumes the right
to make decisions for another.
- Justifiable if patient at risk of
significant preventable harm,
paternalistic action will prevent
harm, benefits outweigh risks
and the least autonomy-
restrictive course of action is
used
39. Autonomy vs. Paternalism
The Central Conflict in Medical Ethics
Autnomy
– Agents have the right
to be self-determining,
individuals have a right
to conduct their lives
as the see fit.
– Autonomy is typically
taken to be core
component of a good
practice
Paternalism
– It is sometimes legitimate
to restrict agent
autonomy, for their own
good.
– Soft paternalism- agent
is incompetent in some
relevant way.
– Hard paternalism-agent
has less than ideal value.
40. Beneficence (Doing Good) الفائدة
The principle and obligation
of doing good and avoiding
harm.
A practitioner should act in
the best interest of the
patient
41. Nonmaleficence األذى منع
Many consider that should be the main
or primary consideration Much harm has
been done to patients as a result, as in
the saying, "The treatment was a
success, but the patient died."
It is not only more important to do no
harm than to do good; it is also
important to know how likely it is that
your treatment will harm a patient
"above all, do no harm"
42. Justice العدالة
- The principle that deals with fairness,
equity and equality and provides for an
individual to claim that to which they are
entitled.
- and the decision of who gets what
treatment
– Comparative Justice: Making a decision based
on criteria and outcomes. ie: How to determine
who qualifies for one available kidney. 55 year
old male with three children versus a 13 old
girl.
– Noncomparative Justice: ie: a method of
distributing needed kidneys using a lottery
system.
43. Veracity الحقيقة قول
The duty to tell the truth.
Truth-telling, honesty.
الحقي على خطورة أكثر الراسخة القناعاتقة
األكاذيب من...
نيتشه فريدريك
44. Fidelity بالعهد الوفاء
Strict observance of promises
or duties.
The need to keep promises
This principle, as well as other
principles, should be honored
by both provider and client.
نخون عندما....فضمائرنا إال نخون ال نحن…
كونراد جوزيف
47. Informed consent
Definition: A patient’s willing acceptance of a medical
intervention after adequate disclosure from their MD of
the nature of the intervention, risks, benefits and
alternative treatment options .
What constitutes informed consent?
Disclosure: information to allow reasonable person to make a
decision
Understanding: comprehension of the information given
Voluntary: no coercion or incentive to accept or deny a treatment
Agreement: verbal or written (preferred) to discussed intervention
Many are screening patients for HIV without informed
consent ?
.
48. Ethical Dilemma
Situations necessitating a
choice between two equal
(usually undesirable)
alternatives.
A conflict between two or
more ethical principles.
In an ethical dilemma, there is
no “correct” decision.
49. Major Types of Ethical Dilemma
Euthanasia.
Refusal of Treatment.
Scarcity of Resources.
50. Euthanasia
Intentional action or lack of action that
causes the merciful death of someone
suffering from a terminal illness or
incurable condition.
51. Euthanasia
Active: an active intervention to end life
Passive: deliberately withholding treatment that
might help a patient live longer
Voluntary :euthanasia is performed following a
request from a patient
Doctor assisted suicide: a doctor prescribes a
lethal drug which is self administered by the patient
Non-voluntary :ending the life of a patient who is not
capable of giving permission
Involuntary: ending life against a patients will
52. Refusal of Treatment
Based on the principle of autonomy.
A patient’s rights to refuse treatment
and to die often challenge the values of
most health care providers.
53. Scarcity of Resources
The allocation of scarce resources
(e.g. organs, specialists) is emerging
as a major medical dilemma.
54. To make appropriate ethical
decisions:
The doctor must
use a professional
approach that
eliminates trial and
error and focuses
on proven decision-
making models or
problem-solving
processes.
55. Ethical Decision Making
EVALUATION
Evaluation of outcome of moral actions
"Were the actions ethical?" "What were the consequences?"
IMPLEMENTATION
Carrying out selected moral actions
PLANNING
Consideration of priorities of claims
Consideration of consequences of alternatives
ANALYSIS & DIAGNOSIS
Identification of problem: Statement of ethical dilemma
ASSESSMENT
Determination of claims and parties
57. Ethics Committees
Decision making in health care often
involves more than just medical facts of the
case
Ethical principles and values will be the
determining factor in which course of action
to take.
Many health care facilities have established
Ethics committees.
59. CONCLUSION
“If a structured approach to problem solving
is used, data gathering is adequate, and
multiple alternatives are analyzed, even
with a poor outcome, the manager should
accept that the best possible decision was
made at that time with the information and
resources available.”
60. Respect for persons
The patient and the person treating the patient
have the right to be treated with dignity.