1.       Why are codes of ethics needed? Who benefits? A code of ethics is important because it clearly lays out the rules for behavior and provides the groundwork for a preemptive warning. Regardless of size, businesses count on their management staff to set a standard of ethical conduct for other employees to follow. 2.       Advocacy has been included in the 2005 code of ethics? Is this needed?  Why? Give several examples of times when career counselors in various settings might need to become advocates? Advocating for your client is extremely important. In a lot of situations, you are the only person that they have to speak up and fight for them, as they may not be able to do it themselves. An example where this would be a case that was in Maryland. There was a mother, struggling to survive and only living from each paycheck and couldn’t afford health insurance and she couldn’t take her child to the dentist. Tragically, the tooth became infected, spread to the child’s brain and he died. In this situation, the counselor could help the mother find a better job, get her into a program to gain skills for a better job, and lastly, the local dept of human resources building could be contacted, to see what type of benefits the mother would be eligible for. 3.       How could a career counselor do harm to his/her clients? Boundaries are extremely important in a counseling session. Setting boundaries and limits in therapy sessions represents an ethical decision that is set by each counselor, when entering a therapeutic relationship. Physical contact with the client and self-disclosure to the client is not illegal; however, as self-disclosure is a form of boundary that is within the therapist’s theoretical approach and the touch is client’s verbally expressed need, both have to be monitored as they could be misinterpreted by the client. If the need for touch is not verbalized by the client, therapist should not assume that that what the client needs as the whole processed could be damaged. The use or lack of the use of touch and self-disclosure could be crucial in the therapeutic process. The therapists need to be aware of when and if it is appropriate to touch the client and self-disclose some of personal experiences to them; and always keep in mind of a big possibility of misinterpretation. 4        What aspects of career counseling practice might, if not properly done, result in a liability suit? There is a need for clear boundaries to protect the therapeutic process and to keep the relationship professional. Boundaries protect clients from getting taken advantage of due to vulnerability. Boundaries also protect therapists from being sued by patients.  Early Egypt By 5500 B.C.E. farming communities were established along the Nile River Divided in to Upper and Lower regions United in 3100 B.C.E. Old Kingdom – 2700 – 2200 B.C.E. Middle Kingdom –2052 – 1786 B.C.E. New Kingdom – 1575 – 1087 B.C.E. Old Kingdom 2700 – 2150 B.C..

1. 1. Why are codes of ethics needed? Who benefits?
A code of ethics is important because it clearly lays out the
rules for behavior and provides the groundwork for a
preemptive warning. Regardless of size, businesses count on
their management staff to set a standard of ethical conduct for
other employees to follow.
2. Advocacy has been included in the 2005 code of ethics?
Is this needed? Why? Give several examples of times when
career counselors in various settings might need to become
advocates?
Advocating for your client is extremely important. In a lot of
situations, you are the only person that they have to speak up
and fight for them, as they may not be able to do it themselves.
An example where this would be a case that was in Maryland.
There was a mother, struggling to survive and only living from
each paycheck and couldn’t afford health insurance and she
couldn’t take her child to the dentist. Tragically, the tooth
became infected, spread to the child’s brain and he died. In this
situation, the counselor could help the mother find a better job,
get her into a program to gain skills for a better job, and lastly,
the local dept of human resources building could be contacted,
to see what type of benefits the mother would be eligible for.
3. How could a career counselor do harm to his/her clients?
Boundaries are extremely important in a counseling session.
Setting boundaries and limits in therapy sessions represents an
ethical decision that is set by each counselor, when entering a
therapeutic relationship. Physical contact with the client and
self-disclosure to the client is not illegal; however, as self-
disclosure is a form of boundary that is within the therapist’s
theoretical approach and the touch is client’s verbally expressed
need, both have to be monitored as they could be misinterpreted
by the client. If the need for touch is not verbalized by the

2. client, therapist should not assume that that what the client
needs as the whole processed could be damaged. The use or lack
of the use of touch and self-disclosure could be crucial in the
therapeutic process. The therapists need to be aware of when
and if it is appropriate to touch the client and self-disclose some
of personal experiences to them; and always keep in mind of a
big possibility of misinterpretation.
4 What aspects of career counseling practice might, if not
properly done, result in a liability suit?
There is a need for clear boundaries to protect the therapeutic
process and to keep the relationship professional. Boundaries
protect clients from getting taken advantage of due to
vulnerability. Boundaries also protect therapists from being
sued by patients.
Early Egypt
By 5500 B.C.E. farming communities were established along
the Nile River
Divided in to Upper and Lower regions
United in 3100 B.C.E.
Old Kingdom – 2700 – 2200 B.C.E.
Middle Kingdom –2052 – 1786 B.C.E.
New Kingdom – 1575 – 1087 B.C.E.
Old Kingdom
2700 – 2150 B.C.E.
Established its capital at Memphis
Creation of hieroglyphics, or writing about 3200 B.C.E.
Great Pyramids of Giza built circa 2560 B.C.E.

3. Mummification of kings and elites practiced
Middle Kingdom
2052 – 1786 B.C.E.
Rulers of Thebes reunite Egypt
Osiris became a central religious god
Expanded control into Nubia and the Sinai
Declined after a series of weak kings and drought
New Kingdom
1575 – 1087 B.C.E.
Known as the “empire period” of Egypt
Most prosperous period of Egypt
Peak of Egyptian power
The title “pharaoh” came into use
Declined due to continued warfare
Near East circa 1290 B.C.E.
Hittite Kingdom established around 1500 B.C.E. in central
Anatolia
Hittite Empire peaked 1400 – 1200 B.C.E.
Egyptians and Hittites clash in the struggle for dominance in
the region in 1274 B.C.E. at the Battle of Kadesh
The battle halted the expansion of both empires

4. Indus River Valley Civilization
By 2600 B.C.E. communities were widespread in the valley
By 2300 B.C.E. Harappa became a leading urban center
Harappan Culture became widespread by 2100 B.C.E.
Drought led to the decline of the culture by 1900 B.C.E.
Vedic Aryan Civilization
1500 – 500 B.C.E.
Drought forced nomadic tribes to seek new herding lands
By 1800 B.C.E. the Aryans began to occupy areas of the Indus
River Valley
Known as the Vedic Period
Named for the Vedas, the earliest scriptures of Hinduism
The Rigvedic Age
1700 – 1000 B.C.E.
Around 1700 B.C.E. migrating Aryan nomadic tribes settled in
the Indus River Valley
Period filled with internal and external conflicts
New scriptures were added to the Vedas
Later Vedic or Brahmanic Age
1000 – 500 B.C.E.
By 1000 B.C.E. many Vedic tribes were turning to farming
Expanded into the Ganges River Valley
New scriptures led to the Varna, or caste, social system
Brahman priest and nobility were the 1st Estate

5. Yellow River Valley
By 2600 B.C.E. communities were widespread in the valley
Referred to as the mother river of China and the cradle of
Chinese civilization
Earliest Chinese kingdoms and empires originated in the valley
United under the Xia Dynasty
around 2100 B.C.E.
Xia Dynasty
2100 – 1600 B.C.E.
The Xia consolidated their power in north central China
Considered to be the 1st traditional dynasty in modern Chinese
history
Declined due to internal and external threats and natural
disasters
Shang Dynasty
1600 – 1050 B.C.E.
The Shang kingdom rose to power with the decline of the Xia
Brought stability to the region
New technologies included metallurgy, the calendar and writing
Set the standard for future dynasties
Mesoamerica Civilizations
Settled agriculture became widespread by 8000 B.C.E.
Establishment of cultural centers around 4000 B.C.E.

6. By 3500 B.C.E. cultivation of maize was widespread
By 2500 B.C.E. pottery was used for storage of food stuffs
Formative Period
2000 B.C.E. – 150 C.E.
By 2000 B.C.E. tribal communities were established
By 1800 B.C.E. Mayan civilization began to emerge on the
Yucatan Peninsula
The Olmec emerged as a leading culture along the Gulf of
Mexico around 1400 B.C.E.
Classic Period
150 – 900 C.E.
Large complex cities created city-states
Cities laid out in a grid pattern
Mayan city-states gained control of the Yucatan Peninsula
Use of the Long Count Calendar
Post – Classic Period
900 – 1521 C.E.
By 900 C.E. drought and civil wars led to the decline of Mayan
cities
Around 1200 C.E. the Aztecs were established in central
Mexico
Established the capital at Tenochtitlan
The Aztec Empire was at its peak in 1519 C.E.

7. Arrival of the Spanish
1519 C.E.
Hernan Cortes and 500 troops land near Vera Cruz in July 1519
Welcomed by the Aztec chief, Montezuma – one year later he is
killed
Spanish take control of Tenochtitlan in August 1521 ending the
Aztec Empire
What is Civilization?
How do we define it?
Architecture
Culture
Technology
Urban Centers
Beginnings of Mankind
Fossils of early bipedal hominids in Africa date to nearly 6
million years ago
As hunters and gatherers, early humans survived by following
food and water sources

8. The necessity of following food sources led to the migration of
early humans across regions of Africa
Early humans developed family and clan, or band, units for
defense and survival
Africa
Covers six percent of the world’s land mass
Second largest continent
Second most populace continent today
Oldest inhabited land
Origin of the human species
Early Humans
An Australopithecus skeleton named Lucy has been dated to
3.2 million years ago
Lucy was discovered in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia on
November 24, 1974
Lucy had a small brain and was bipedal
The Cradle of Mankind
Thought to be the oldest occupied land on earth
Origin of early humans around 1.5 – 1.8 million years ago
Modern humans, or homo-sapiens, evolved around 100,000
years ago

9. Early Africa
Sahara region occupied by nomadic tribes
Sahara region started becoming more arid around 6000 B.C.E.
Around 5000 B.C.E. peoples began migrating from the Sahara
region
By 1000 B.C.E. the Sahara region was a desert dividing Africa
Early Humans
During the Paleolithic Era, or Old Stone Age, 2.6 million years
ago to about 12,000 years ago, early humans survived by
hunting and gathering
Early humans lived in small family units known as bands or
clans
Early humans developed stone tools for specific uses
Paleolithic Era
Human population was low and widespread
Human population was nomadic
New technologies led to bone, stone and wood tools for
everyday use
Tools included spears, knives, axes and digging tools
Around 2 million years ago humanoids began migrating from
Africa into Eurasia and China
Development of Mankind
During the Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age, 12,000 – 4,000

10. B.C.E., humans developed social structures, communities and
new technologies
Humans became more stationary
New specialized stone tools were developed to assist in
everyday life
Neolithic Era
Between 12,000 to 10,000 B.C.E. in areas of the Near East
known as the “Fertile Crescent,” people began utilizing wild
grains
Advancements in technologies led to settled agriculture, or
farming
By 8,000 B.C.E. small farming communities were spread across
the Fertile Crescent
Pottery was developed for storing food stuffs
Beginnings of Civilization
The development of systematic agriculture, or farming
The domestication of plants and animals
Establishment of societies and urban centers
Development of political, economic, social, military, cultural,
intellectual, religious and scientific structures and institutions
Creation of writing
Creation of the wheel
Cradle of Civilization
Between 4000 – 3000 B.C.E. early civilizations were
established along the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys
(modern – day Iraq)

11. About 3000 B.C.E. the Sumerians created cuneiform, a form of
writing
These ideas spread to the river valleys of Egypt, India and
China
The Sumerians
3000 – 2370 B.C.E.
By 4000 B.C.E. Sumerian communities began to spread
throughout Mesopotamia
Uruk, the first city of its kind, was established around 3500
B.C.E.
Dynastic ruling families began to gain control by 2100 B.C.E.
The Akkadians
2334– 2154 B.C.E.
In 2334 B.C.E. Sargon unified all Sumerian speaking peoples
under one ruler
His successors gained control over much of Mesopotamia
The empire’s collapse led to a decline of the region
The Amorites/Babylonians
1894 – 1595 B.C.E.
In 1894 B.C.E. the city-state of Babylon emerged as a regional
power
Hammurabi (1792 – 1750 B.C.E.) expanded the empire
Declined following the death of Hammurabi

12. The Hittites
1600 – 1178 B.C.E.
Hittite kingdom was established around 1600 B.C.E.
Internal quarrels limited their expansion
Conquered Babylon in 1531 B.C.E.
Hittite Empire reached its peak around 1350 B.C.E.
The Assyrians
1000 – 612 B.C.E.
Consolidation of Assyrian power around 1000 B.C.E.
Peak of Assyrian Empire by 665 B.C.E.
Destruction of the capital at Nineveh in 612 B.C.E. marked the
end of the empire
Page 1 of 3
Comprehensive Career Assessment Paper
General Instructions

13. Create an assessment battery for a hypothetical client seeking
career counseling and guidance.
use and the
rationale for your choice of
each assessment.
assessments (i.e. clinical
interview, card sort etc.)
terms of the
appropriateness of use with your client and should include
statistical data to support your
decision such as the population on which the assessment was
normed, the validity and
reliability of using the assessment with your client, and any
limitations the assessment
would have if used with diverse and special populations.
as O*NET and CAGS as
well as the Dictionary of Occupational Titles to describe the
mental, physical, and
vocational preparation for work.
should include additional
resources and references other than the text book. You may use
yourself as the
hypothetical client.
The Following are headings to be incorporated in your paper:

14. -Directed Search
n or counselor's impression (this would be
information you would gain
during the initial interview with the client)
go to either the Bureau of
Labor statistics and/or ONET to get the job requirements,
physical and mental demands,
the numbers of these jobs in the national economy, and how this
will affect your client in
the geographical area in which they live.
ed for the jobs you cite in the
previous section, how will the
client acquire those skills

15. Submit your paper to the Turnitin link below. The paper must be
submitted in Microsoft Word;
Times New Roman font; 12 pt. font size; margins 1” on all
sides; double-spaced. The
assignment should be written on a graduate level and references
used should be cited within
the discussion and documented in a reference list using APA
styling.
Page 2 of 3
Post your paper, as a single document, to the grade book
through Turnitin.com. An originality
score greater than 25% will result in a severe penalty.
Scoring Guidelines
Points available: 200
Component Unacceptable Revisions Required Target
Assessment Battery
for a client seeking
career counseling and
guidance. Include the
types of assessments
and rationale for your
choice (CACREP F.4.e,

16. F.4.h, F. 4.i, F.7.i)
Assessment battery
does not provide a
proper balanced of
quantitative and
qualitative data; too
few assessments are
utilized; rationale one
or more assessment is
missing (0 points)
Assessment battery
includes at least 3
quantitative
assessments and 2
qualitative
assessments; rationale
for each is provided
but not well supported
(15 points)
Assessment battery
includes at least 3
quantitative
assessments and 2
qualitative
assessments; strong

17. rationale for each is
provided and well
supported (30 points)
Assessments
Well-developed
descriptions include
information on
appropriateness for
client, validity and
reliability data, and
possible limitations
(CACREP F.4.e, F.4.h,
F. 4.i, F.7.i)
Description is missing
or unclear, and key
ideas are not well
supported (0 points)
Description is

18. provided, but
explanations of key
ideas are vague or
incomplete, or not well
supported (20 points)
Description provided is
comprehensive and
complete; key ideas
are clearly stated,
explained, and well
supported (40 points)
Source Use
Descriptions of how to
use O*NET, CAGS as
well as the Dictionary of
Occupational Titles
(CACREP F.4.e, F.4.h,
F. 4.i, F.7.i)

19. Description is missing
or unclear, and key
ideas are not well
supported (0 points)
Description is
provided, but
explanations of key
ideas are vague or
incomplete, or not well
supported (15 points)
Description provided is
comprehensive and
complete; key ideas
are clearly stated,
explained, and well
supported (30 points)

20. Page 3 of 3
Component Unacceptable Revisions Required Target
Summary
Includes jobs that would
meet the client’s
abilities, talents, and
skills. (CACREP F.4.e,
F.4.h, F. 4.i, F.7.i)
Summary is missing or
describes client
options that are
inappropriate (0 points)
Summary includes
relevant information
that describes client
options (20 points)

21. Excellent summary
of relevant
information that
clearly describes
client options;
includes a personal
development plan
(40 points)
Is correct sentence
structure utilized?
Contains multiple and
serious errors of
sentence structure: i.e.
fragments, run-ons;
unable to write simple
sentences (0 points)
Formulaic sentence
patterns or overuse of
simple sentences;
errors in sentence

22. structure (10 points)
Effective and varied
sentences; errors (if
present) due to lack of
careful proofreading
(20 points)
Are proper mechanics
utilized?
Numerous errors in
spelling and
capitalization; intrusive
and/or inaccurate
punctuation;
communication is
hindered (0 points)
Contains several
punctuation, spelling,

23. and/or capitalization
errors (up to 6); errors
may or may not
interfere with meaning
(10 points)
Virtually free of
punctuation, spelling,
capitalization errors
(no more than 3);
errors do not interfere
with meaning (20
points)
Is APA format
followed?
Contains many and/or
serious APA format
errors (0 points)
Contains several minor

24. APA format errors (up
to 3) (10 points)
Both in-text citations
and reference list are
free from errors (20
points)