The Three Trunks

The Skeletal System Excercise Essay
University of Phoenix Material The Skeletal System Exercises After viewing the animation answer these questions. * Exercise 5.1: Coloring
Exercise * * Scan completed coloring exercise and submit as a separate document. * * * Exercise 5.2: Appositional Bone Growth * After viewing
the animation, answer the following questions: 1. Define appositional bone growth. Formation of new bone on the surface of older bone or cartilage
2. Which cells produce bone material? osteoblasts 3. How is a tunnel formed around a blood vessel? Groove is transformed when the bone built on the
adjacent ridges meet 4. How is the tunnel filled in to produce a new osteon? Production of concentric lamellae... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
E. Thoracic vertebra . F. humerus . G. Costal cartilage . H. ribs . I. Skeleton of upper limbs . J. Vertebral column . K. Lumbar vertebra . L. ulna . M.
radius . N. Pelvic girdle . O. Hip bone . P. sacrum . Q. Carpal bone . R. coccyx . S. metacarpals . T. Phalanges of finger . U. femur . V. Appendicular
skeleton
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Slap Tear
SLAP Lesion Tear
A SLAP lesion tear is an injury to the shoulder. This can cause painful symptoms and difficulty with overhead activities whether they be athletic or
those of daily living. In 1985, Andrews et al were the first to describe the superior labrum tear. In their experience, they identified tears of the labrum
from throwing athletes located anterosuperor near the origin of the bicep tendon. The cause of the lesion to tear was the bicep tendon being pulled
off the labrum from the force generated during the throwing motion. As time went on, the labral tears got categorized into four different types of
classifications called SLAP lesions by Snyder in 1990. A SLAP lesion, as described by Snyder involves tears of the superior... Show more content on
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SLAP lesion can develop due to the repetitive forces of the throwing motion. Athletes that are involved in overhead activities tend to develop a struggle
in glenohumeral internal rotation. Both internal impingement and peel back mechanisms can cause that to happen.
Walch et al first described the internal impingement as an intraarticular impingement of the rotator cuff in the abducted and externally rotated shoulder.
With 90 degrees of both abduction and external rotation, the articular surface of the posterior superior rotator cuff becomes pinched between the labrum
and the greater tuberosity.5 The authors separated the labral lesions from SLAP lesions which extended anteriorly to the biceps anchor at the
supraglenoid tubercle, concluding that internal impingement may be responsible for a subset of patients with isolated posterior SLAP tears.5
Burkhart et. al presented the peel back (posterior superior) mechanism that causes SLAP lesions. The peel back has its origin in a biceps vector change
in the position of abduction and external rotation resulting in torsional forces to the labra–bicipital complex.6 Once the posterior superior labrum gets
fatigued, it will start to rotate medially over the upper rim of the glenoid. This could happen in a late cocking position of

Glenohumeral Joint Research Paper
The Glenohumeral Joint and its
Function Within the Human Body
The glenohumeral joint, or shoulder joint, is one of the human body's appendicular joints and boasts the greatest ROM (range of motion) of any joint
in the body. An appendicular joint is a joint that is part of the appendicular skeleton which includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limb bones.
The appendicular joints typically have a larger range of motion, but due to this are often weaker than those found in the axial skeleton. The
glenohumeral joint is responsible for articulating movement of the upper arm by way of pivoting the humerus at the point that it meets with the
scapula. There are many different classifications of joints within the human body and the glenohumeral joint is classified as a ball–and–socket joint
which is one of six different synovial joints present in the body. A synovial joint is a joint that contains articular cartilage, joint capsules, and synovial
membranes. A ball–and–socket joint is a joint that can be described as a ball that fits into a cup shaped dock allowing motion in all directions. This
arrangement allows the bone to employ three different types of movement, angular, rotation, and circumduction. This structure is what allows... Show
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This is due in large part to the significant presence of a synovial membrane nestled between the ball (humerus) and the socket (scapula). The synovial
membrane is particular to freely movable joint cavities and is a cushion between the two bones. As briefly mentioned previously, synovial joints contain
articular cartilage –which covers bones at the joint–, joint capsules –a sac that covers the ends of bones–, and synovial membranes –fluid that serves to
reduce friction, provide shock cushioning, and lubricates. These features are key in the glenohumeral joint because it has such a large ROM and is
subject to more shock than many other joints in the

Surface Muscle Case Study
Identify the major surface muscles located in the body. Where are the orgins and insertions of these muscles? List the intended actions as well as an
exercise or movement for each. A minimum of fifteen muscles is required.
The major muscle groups consist of the upper body, Rotator cuffmuscle, Upper arm, Quadriceps, Hamstring group, Lower leg and Midsection. The
Upper Body consists of the Trapezious muscle which Orgin is located near the base of skull, occipital protuberance and posterior ligaments of neck.
The middle spinous process of 7c and T1 – T3. The lower spinous process of T4–T12. The insertion of the upper Trapezius is located in the posterial
aspect of the lateral clavicle. The middle Trapezius is located in the medial border... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The intended action for the upper part of this muscle is to elecate the scapula and extend the head at neck. The intended action for the Middle part of
this muscle is to create elevation upward rotation and adduction of the scapula. The intended action for the lowerpart of this muscle is to create
depression adduction, upward rotation of the scapula. Workouts that target these areas would be Barbell Shrugs, Cable shrugs and Dumbbell Shrug.
The Rhomboid Orgin is located near the spinous process of C7 and T1–T5 and the insertion is located near the medial boarder of scapula below the
spine. This action intended for this muscle is to draw the scapula toward spinal column creating a downward rotation and a elevation of the mthe
anterior deltoiuts that target this muscle Rhomboid row and the isometric contraction. The third muscle is called the pectoralis minor. The orgin of this
muscle is located near the Anterior surfaces 3rd to 5th ribs. The Insertion is located near the Coracoid process of the scapula. The action of this muscle
is to draw the scapula forwad in a downward rotation and depress the muscle. Workouts that target the pectorials minor are the dumbbell

Supraspinatus Tendonitis Essay
Supraspinatus tendonitis typically occurs when there is an impingement of the supraspinatus muscle of the shoulder joint between the acromion as it
passes by the acromion and humerus head. In response, the supraspinatus tendon and the contiguous peritendinous soft tissues become inflamed. The
supraspinatus is a muscle located in the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula located in the shoulder and is largely affected by supraspinatus tendonitis.
The supraspinatus allows for the abduction of the shoulder and its insertion is the greater tuberosity of the humerus. Tendonitis is the inflammation of a
tendon and commonly occurs in the elbows, knees, and shoulders. Therefore, supraspinatus tendonitis is the inflammation of the supraspinatus. This
condition is a very common inflammatory problem because it can be caused by the abduction of the arm, which is involved in many sports and
activities. The supraspinatus muscle, the head of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, people who play volleyball tend to get supraspinatus tendonitis because they have to constantly raise their hand and apply force to the
volleyball. Other hobbies like weightlifting, swimming, rowing, painting, and tennis are all activities that can cause supraspinatus tendonitis because it
makes it more likely for the supraspinatus to pass under the acromion. Although this condition occurs more often in athletes and active individuals,
people who are between 30 to 60 years old also commonly get this condition as well. Older people get supraspinatus tendonitis, due to supraspinatus
tendinosis, which is when there is chronic degeneration without any inflammation. This can cause supraspinatus tendonitis because this condition can
occur over time and slowly weaken the shoulder. Additionally, any long term joint disease like like osteoarthritis can cause supraspinatus tendonitis in
older individuals because it can also abate the

The Three Trunks Of The Plexus
Rick Winstead
Steve Hammons
PTA 150
2/13/15
Brachial Plexus At first glance, the brachial plexus may be a bit intimidating. The nerves arising from it and the muscles of the trunk and upper
extremity of which it innervates may seem overwhelming, but as one begins the process of adding all of the components together in an orderly
fashion, it begins to be seen in a much more easily understood manner. The first step in this process is to gain a grasp on the basic main structure of
the plexus, and then gradually build on that foundation. The basic organization is split into five areas. These are the roots, trunks, divisions, cords,
and terminal branches. The five roots originate from spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1. It is important to remember that these five areas contain
both motor and sensory components. Next are the three trunks of the plexus. The roots of C5 and C6 combine to form the upper trunk, C7 continues
on its own to form the middle trunk, and the lower trunk is formed by C8 and T1. Each trunk then divides into an anterior and posterior division. The
divisions then combine to form cords. The anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunk combine to form the lateral cord, the anterior division of
the lower trunk forms the medial cord, and all three posterior divisions combine to make the posterior cord. Finally, the cords give way to the terminal
branches of the brachial plexus. The lateral cord splits and becomes the musculocutaneous nerve, and a

Scapular Dyskinesia Case Study
Background and Purpose: Scapular dyskinesia is defined as abnormal positioning or motion of the scapula during scapulohumeral movement.
Dysfunction of the scapula is multifactorial and can lead to a variety of symptoms. The purpose of this case report is to present a successful
conservative treatment approach for scapular dyskinesia in conjunction with neural tension and neck and shoulder pain.
Case Description: The patient was a 28 year–old female who sustained a upper extremity injury while working as a preschool teacher, resulting in
immediate pain in the right upper thoracic region and upper trapezius muscle. Her primary impairments consisted of insufficient scapular upward
rotation, mal–positioning of the humeral head, and hypomobility

The 2000 Meter Row Case Study
The 2000–Meter Row: A Case in Homeostasis
Adapted from the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science* by Nathan Strong
At the start 1. Recall that Jim's heart and respiratory rate are increased, he was sweating and that his mouth was dry before the raise began. Explain
what is happening to his autonomic nervous system (including which division is the most active) and specify exactly how those ANS responses are
creating the symptoms noted. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this time? (8 points)
In his autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic division was the most active before and during the race because it is what prepares your body for
extra somatic activity. It activated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now, pick one of those muscles and trace their control from the appropriate brain structure all the way to the NMJ. Be sure to include all intermediate
structures, synapses, plexuses and nerves.
(8 points)
Movement of the deltoid begins in the cerebrum of the brain, but more specifically: in the frontal lobe, the premotor cortex is relaying instructions to
the primary motor cortex. The primary motor cortex contains the upper motor neurons whose axons will travel down the pyramids of the medulla
oblongata and synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior gray horns of spinal cord segments C5–C6. From there, the ventral rami of spinal nerves
C5–C6 form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus, which splits into two divisions. We will follow the posterior division that supplies to extensor
muscles. This posterior division then runs into the posterior cord from which the axillary nerve is derived. The axillary nerve's motor end innervates
the deltoid through its neuromuscular junction.
4. Rowing full speed is putting maximum demands on Jim's muscles. What metabolic process is providing most of the energy for Jim's muscles at this
point and why do Jim's muscles feel like they are burning? (5 points)
As Jim's muscles are at maximum demand, his mitochondria are unable to produce the needed ATP through aerobic respiration because oxygen is
unable to diffuse fast enough into his muscle fibers. At this time anaerobic

Essay on Comprehensive assignment
1. (5 pts) Describe the metabolic process providing your energy while you were walking (at an easy pace) before the bee stung you. Include which
molecules are being consumed.
The metabolic process providing my energy while I was walking at an easy pace is aerobic metabolism. During aerobic metabolism, mitochondria
absorb from the surrounding cytoplasm these molecules: ADP, phosphate ions, O2, and organic substances like pyruvate. These molecules go
through the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain is also involved to create ATP. For each molecule of pyruvate that goes into the citric acid
cycle, the cell gains 17 ATP molecules. Glycogen reserves can also be used and converted to glucose. Glycolysis breaks down glucose... Show more
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339–341)
4. (6 pts) Move your eyes and look at the bee. (Create a table that describes which nerves control which muscles to cause the needed eye movements).
Action:Muscle:Origin:Insertion:Nerve:
Eye looks downInferior RectusSphenoid around optic canalInferior, medial surface of eyeballOculomotor Nerve III
Eye looks laterallyLateral RectusSphenoid around optic canalLateral surface of eyeballAbducens Nerve VI
Eye rolls, looks down and laterallySuperior ObliqueSphenoid around optic canalSuperior, lateral surface of eyeballTrochlear Nerve IV
("The Muscular System" P. 335)
5. (8 pts) Trace the image of the bee to perception. (Include all focusing, transduction, transmission and perception processes and structures).
After a retinal molecule absorbs light, the normally 11–cis form of the bound retinal molecule straightens to become the 11–trans from. This change
activated the opsin molecule. Opsin activates transducin which is a G protein. This G protein then activates phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase is an
enzyme that breaks down cyclic–GMP. The break–down of cyclic–GMP removes them from the gated sodium channels and makes the gated sodium
channels inactive. Because of this, sodium ion entry into the cytoplasm decreases.

Bicipital Tendinitis Research Paper
Bicipital Tendinitis Bicipital tendinitis, or biceps tendinitis, is inflammation of the biceps tendon. The biceps muscle is located between the elbow and
shoulder of the inner arm. Strong bands of tissue (tendons) connect the biceps to the shoulder socket. They are called short head and long head tendons
because tendons of different lengths connect the top (head) of the upper arm to the shoulder. If you have bicipital tendinitis, the long head tendon is
inflamed. The long head tendon may also be thickened or partially torn. Bicipital tendinitis often happens with other shoulder and arm problems, such
as arthritis or complete tears in the tendons. CAUSES This condition is usually caused by overusing the arm and shoulder, especially by... Show more
Having a job that requires manual labor. Having poor strength and flexibility. SYMPTOMS Symptoms of this condition may include: Pain in and
around the front of the shoulder. Pain may get worse with overhead motion, and pain may spread down the arm. Clicking or shifting feelings in the
shoulder. Limited range of motion in the shoulder. DIAGNOSIS This condition is diagnosed based on your symptoms and medical history. Your
health care provider will perform a physical exam to observe the range of motion, strength, and flexibility in your arm. You may have X–rays or MRIs
to check for broken bones (fractures) or other damage. TREATMENT Treatment for this condition may include: Resting your arm and shoulder.
Medicines that help to relieve pain. Cold therapy and heat therapy. Shots (injections) of medicine (cortisone) that helps relieve pain and inflammation.
Physical therapy. Surgery, if your condition is severe or if other treatments are not effective. HOME CARE

Trapezius: Clavicular Pectoralis Major
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (7)– Trapezius (middle)
Smallest of the true vertebrae, cervical vertebrae are found just below the skull. Trapezius is a large muscles, spanning the neck, shoulders and back.
CLAVICLE– Clavicular Pectoralis Major
Also commonly known as the collar bone, the clavicle is the only long bone in the body that is horizontal, connecting scapula to sternum. Because of its
position, the clavicular pectoralis major is commonly referred to as the "upper chest".
CRANIUM – Trapezius (upper)
Made of flat bones, along with the mandible it forms the skull. The upper trapezius helps stabilize the head and neck.
FEMUR – Rectus Femoris
The thigh bone, the largest and generally strongest bone in the human body. Rectus femoris is one of four... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The longus is middle of three adductor muscles connected to the hip.
RADIUS – Brachioradialis
A long bone on the lateral side of the forearm, it is the second largest bone there.
Brachioradialis is a forearm muscle that flexes from the elbow.
RIB – Serratus Anterior
The curved, long bones that form the rib cage and protect the organs within. Serratus anterior originates at the side of the chest on the surface of the
upper ribs and inserts along the medial border of the scapula.
SACRUM – Gluteus Maximus
Located at the base of the spine, the sacrum is a large triangular bone connecting to the tailbone. SCAPULA – Teres Major
The shoulder blade, formed by the scapula's shape, is the bone that connects the collar bone to the humerus. Teres major is a thick, flattened muscle of
the upper limb.
STERNUM – Sternal Pectoralis Major
A flat bone also known as the breastbone. The sternal head of the pectoralis major serves as a shoulder flexor.
THORACIC VERTEBRAE (12) – Rhomboids (underlying)
The middle segment of the vertebral column, connected with the ribs. Rhomboids,

Anterior Thoracic Nerves
The Anterior Thoracic Nerves 1 is part of the thoracic region in the spinal nerve that originates thoracic vertebrae 1 (T1). When T1 is not functional and
there is limited activity in the upper extremity, it causes a debilitating condition called scapular winging. The muscles affected are serratus anterior,
trapezius, and rhomboids. Loss of function of the Anterior Thoracic Nerves 1 would affect the antagonist muscles of Shoulder Medial Rotation
(Serratus anterior, Trapezius, and Rhomboids), not the synergist muscles that create the movement (Pectoralis major, Subscapularis, Latissimus dorsi,
Teres major, and Anterior deltoid). Scapular winging causes you to lose ability in lifting, pulling, carrying, and pushing heavy objects. Serratus anterior

Muscle Functions Of Muscle Function
MuscleFunction
Masseterhelps chew food by raising the mandible up and down
Latissimus dorsiextension of the arm, the adduction of the arm, and the rotation of the arm towards the center of the body
Triceps brachiiextension of the arm and forearm
Deltoidsrotation of the arm towards and away from the body, and the extension, flexion, and abduction of the arm
Trapeziusextension of the cranium, adduction and elevation, and depression of the scapula
Extensor carpi radialisabduction and extension of the hand
Extensor carpi ulnarisextension and adduction of the hand
Serratus ventralisabduction of the scapula and rotation in an upward direction
Rectus abdominusenables the vertebral column to be flexed and the compression of the abdomen
Pectoralis minorenables the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs to be raised for inhalation of air and allows the abduction of the scapula and its inferior movement
Pectoralis majorarm to rotate towards the body and the flexion and extension of the arm
Sternohyoidpushes the hyoid bone down
Biceps femorisflexion of the leg and extension of the thigh
Gluteus maximusextension of the thigh and the rotation of the thigh away from the body
Gluteus mediusenables the thigh to be abducted and to be rotated towards the center of the body
External obliqueflexion of the vertebral column with a forward movement of the abdomen and chest, and allows for the lateral flexion of the vertebral
column and trunk rotation
Senitendinousenables leg to be flexed and

Scapula
Sex determination is an essential key in the forensic evaluation because it is the important component of biological identity. Scapula is a flat bone and
it was selected for the reason that its negligible morphological changes during its life time when the development is finished(1).
In present study, 186 patient were included only those who came for ct thorax referred by the physician. The main goal is to estimate the scapular
parameter & check whether there is any significance difference or not and finally with the use of the discriminant analysis identify the gender.
STUDYNUMBER OF PATIENTSP
–VALUERESULT ACCURACY
Melad G Paulis, 'et al'200(100 males & 100 females)P < 0.00093.5%
In the present study in descriptive statistics of six variables are reported. Table no 1, which shows mean and standard deviation for both sexes. The
overall mean value collected from the scapula of males are larger than that of females, this indicates the existence of sexual dimorphism in the
measurements ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dabbs, conducted a study based on sex determination using the scapula in New Kingdom skeletons from Tell El–Amarna.in this project descriptive
statistics for the five variables included (Maximum length of the scapula, Maximum length of the spine, Breadth of infraspinous body, Height of
glenoid prominence, Breadth of glenoid prominence, which shown the mean and standard deviation of both sexes as well as the t– values for both
sexes(15).
In present study multivariate test was done which demonstrate there are significance difference between males and females for all the six variables (p

Reflection On Rotator Cuff Injury
In this assignment I will reflect on why the musculoskeletal system interests me as well as looking at rotator cuff injury and the treatments for this.
Reflection
As a keen sportsman I have had a natural interest in the complexities of human movement and performance. PE 'A' level introduced me to analysis of
sporting performance and management and rehabilitation of injury. At this early stage in my physiotherapy career I have decided to stick with the
musculoskeletal system as I am most familiar with it although I look forward to expanding my knowledge of other areas of physiotherapy practice in
the near future. For this assignment I have taken the opportunity to further explore a very common and debilitating musculoskeletal condition which
has a wide economic impact.
I have decided to look at rotator cuff injury and treatment. Initially this was because I have suffered some minor shoulder issues myself, largely
associated with resistance (weight) training. However in the course of my research I recalled a plasterer who worked at our house some years ago
complaining bitterly of what was very likely a rotator cuff injury. Working above head height and doing a repetitive series of movements is indeed one
of the major risk factors (Macfarlane & Mcbeth, 2003).
31% of people experience pain at work at least once a week, shoulder problems being one of the 3 major work complaints along with neck and back,
these figures contribute to a ВЈ7.4 billion cost to the UK due to time

Scapula Research Paper
The consequences of weak muscles around the scapula affect your arm movements and strength as well as your posture. The scapula is important
for a variety of movements of the arm by moving the glenoid fossa into the best position for the head of the humerus. Elevating the scapula uses
your levator scapulae, rhomboids, and trapezius 1 and 2 muscles. Elevation of the scapula allows you to shrug and lift your shoulders up. If the
muscles needed for elevating your scapula are weak, then your shoulders wouldn't be able to lift if someone pushes down on them. Trapezius 1 and 2
are used when are carrying something heavy with your hand by your side and with them being weak you wouldn't be able to carry heavy things for
long distances or maybe not at

Microfracture Procedure
Background and purpose:
Repetitive overhead athletic activities and age can increase risk for shoulder pathologies to arise. The microfracture procedure has been used more
recently for chondral defects of the glenoid and humeral head. There is very limited research on the rehabilitation following the microfracture
procedure, and even less in conjunction with other pathological surgical repairs. The purpose of this case report is to provide details on the
rehabilitation of a recreational athlete who underwent a type II SLAP repair with a microfracture of the central humeral head and glenoid.
Case Description:
The patient was a 41–year–old male who failed conservative treatment of a SLAP tear and full thickness glenoid and humeral head articular ... Show
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The incidence of injury was calculated to occur every 3.1 of 1000 hours trained.1
In 1990 the acronym "SLAP lesion" (Superior Labral Anterior and Posterior) was coined by Synder et al, ashoulder pathology previously made known
after arthroscopically identified by Andrews et al in 1985. 2,3 The prevalence of SLAP lesions in recreational athletic and athletic populations ranges
from 3.9 %– 11.8%. 4 Kim, et al noted out of 544 shoulders arthroscopically evaluated, 25% were diagnosed with a SLAP lesion, and 88%, about 120
subjects, presented with another pathology.6
A more recent surgical procedure, called a microfracture technique, has become more supported at the shoulder. 7 At the hip, McCarthy et al found
74% of patients with a labral pathology also had chondral lesions.18 The microfracture procedure is a technique that pierces subchondral bone to
initiate the body's natural response to injury. Through this, a pathway for cell migration to the chondral defect is formed where a clot will then
become a stable scar of fibrocartilage and hyaline.19,8 This cartilaginous mixture can be seen as a disadvantage due to less mechanically stable
fibrocartilage, making this scar mixture possibly more prone to future

Chapter 7 Forearm And Hand Case Study Questions And Answers
Chapter 7: Forearm and Hand: General Survey Questions 1–6 1– Which metacarpal and finger serve as the midline of the hand around which abduction
and adduction of the fingers are described? The third metacarpal, or better known as middle finger, is the one that serves as the midline of the hand. 2–
At which end of the ulna, proximal or distal, is its head? Is this also true of the head of the radius? The head of the ulna is located distal, while the
head of the radius is located proximal. Therefore, the heads of the radius and ulna are not on the same side. 3– How many phalanges does the thumb
have? How many phalanges are there in the middle finger? What are they called? There 2 phalanges on the thumb and on the middle finger there

The Day Of Our Dissection Process
On the first day of our dissection process, the group before us also had the right portion of the back, which includes the following muscles:
Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Triangle of auscultation, Lumbar triangle, Blood vessels and nerves, posterior triangle of neck, Rhomboid major,
Rhomboid minor, Levator scapulae, Serratus posterior superior and inferior, Splenius capitis, Semispinalis, erector spinae, and Multifidus. Once it
was our turn for the dissection process of the cadaver, the previous group had already taken off the majority of the dermis, as a result caused the
removal of fragments on some of the superficial muscles. The adipose tissue had a yellow pigment which was located towards the superior side of the
back, going towards... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Locating the Erector Spinae
Day two of the cadaver project, we were able to identify the trapezius. As mentioned before, on the first day of our dissection, we mainly pointed
out the sections which we were going to dissect and then engaged in some layer dissecting. There was an abundance of adipose tissue that was
present and it was kind of a challenge at first to spot the muscles we were assigned to dissect because of the excess amount of fat. Furthermore, after
the first day visiting the cadaver, we then dissected and exposed the latissimus dorsi and trapezius region. There were about three or four layers of
adipose tissue remaining on the desired region which had to be removed. On the other hand, the most difficult part of dissecting that day was not
removing the layers themselves, but rather doing so in a attentive manner as to not cut into the latissimus dorsi and the trapezius region and mess up the
muscle flap for future dissecting days. It wasn't much that we had to cut through, but the fact that it had to do be done so precisely was what have
made this dissecting day particularly challenging. Furthermore, our group went through about two layers of adipose near the lumbar region before we
were able to spot the target muscles. To get to the target region however, we had to cut through the last layer of adipose before fully exposing the
latissimus dorsi and trapezius muscles. We grabbed the forceps and the

ISSA Case Study Essay
CASE STUDY: CHAD EVERMORE AGE: 55 GENDER: Male RESTING HEART RATE: 80 bpm HEIGHT: 6'2" WEIGHT: 180 lbs BODY FAT
PERCENTAGE: 20% Chad is an avid golfer. He wishes to improve his golf game and is very motivated to get started on a training program. Chad
has exercised regularly for the past 8 years and is in good physical health. Most of his exercise has been aerobic in nature with only a small amount
of resistance training. 1. Using the information above, calculate the client's BMI 23.16 2. Calculate the client's BMR. 1865.04 3. Calculate the
client's target heart rate at 60% and 80% using the Karvonen formula. THR @ 60% = 131 THR @ 80% = 148 4. Discuss fitness tests or methods of
evaluation that should be used to assess... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Seated Hip Rotation Stretch, Spinal Twist Stretch, Butterfly Stretch FRIDAY Lat Pull Downs +5
–10% lbs (10 x 3) Reverse Fly +5–10% lbs (10 x 3)
Seated Row +5–10% lbs (10 x 3) Seated Dumbbell Overhead Extension (12–10–8 x 3) Overhead Dumbbell Extension +5–10% lbs (10 x 3) Reverse
Superman (10 x 3) Woodchopper (10 x 3) Kettlebell Swing (25 x 3) 6. Discuss nutritional strategies and supplement recommendations with a rationale
for your choices. As Evermore is coming already in good physical health it is likely his diet is already acceptable and may need only minor tweaks at
most. The 1–2–3 approach to meals would be suitable for him, with 3 meals a day and 2 smaller snacks in between if he so chooses (this allows for
variances in day–to–day schedules). For Evermore's goals supplementation won't specifically be necessary if he remains on a proper nutrition plan. If he
does have the budget and interest though I would recommend the following: Men's multivitamin – making sure his

Pain And Treatment Of Shoulder Pain
Introduction
The shoulder is one of the largest and most complex joints in the human body(1)The shoulder is not a single joint; it is an intricate arrangement of
bones, muscles and ligaments, which provides strength and range of motion to the arm(1, 2). Shoulder pain accounts for between 16–21% of all
musculoskeletal complaints(3, 4). There are many causes of shoulder pain such as: repetitive movements and overuse, trauma, and degenerative
changes.
Shoulder pain and associated glenohumeral joint movement dysfunctions are common and debilitating conditions(5). The most frequently occurring
problems include: shoulder impingement, rotator cuff–associated disorders, glenohumeral joint instability and adhesive capsulitis(5). Proper scapular
motion and stability are considered to be crucial for the shoulder to function normally(6, 7). The scapular must serve as first, a stable base for
glenohumeral function, second, a site of muscle attachment and third, a link for proximal–to–distal transfer of energy(2, 6, 8). Therefore abnormal
functioning of the scapular will decrease normal shoulder function and predispose the shoulder to injury ((2, 5, 9). This essay aims to review the
importance of scapular control during shoulder movements, and will discuss the evidence for scapular control to rehabilitate Glenohumeral joint
injuries.
Anatomy of the shoulder
The shoulder complex is made up of four different joints. These are the articulations of the clavicle, the humerus, the

Case Study: Identifying The Major Muscles In The Body
Question 1
I chose to identify the major muscles located in the body, list the insertions and origins of these muscles, and explain exercises or movements along
with these muscles. Along with these descriptions I will talk about my own personal findings with the exercises.
I will start with the pectoral muscles. The insertion is the groove in the humerous and the origin is the surface of the clavicle. Workouts for thismuscle
group would consist of barbell chest press, also incline and decline chest press. I found this wourkout to be highly effective with the barbell. I found it
to be more productive for me with bar than the dumbbell because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A couple of muscle groups associated with the gluteus are the gluteus maximus, and the gluteus minimus. Exercises for the gluteus maximus
would be squats while exercises that would isolate the minimus would be leg lifts with resistance bands. My experience with both of these were
great. While and after doing squats you could really feel the the muscles being workedout from it while doing the leg lifts had a drifferent
sensation. The leg lifts with the resistance band felt like I was hitting a whole new muscle because while preforming this exercise the resistance
band really helped isolate the gluteus minimus. The next set of muscles are the abdominals. The origin is the superior surface of the pubis around
the symphysis and the insertion is the inferior surfaces of the costal cartilages. The workout chosen for this muscle group was the sit up. While
preforming the exercise at a slow speed (4 sec from point to point) you can really feel the resistance placed upon your abdominals in a wide range this
workout was excellent for this muscle group and I highly recommend it for most clients as long as it is within their parameters. The next

Right Shoulder W/O Contrast
Reason for Visit: MRI Result of Right Shoulder W/O Contrast on 2/17/2017
IMRESSION:
1.Osteoarthritis of the acromioclaviular joint and lateral acromion down sloping with subacromial spur with contact f bursal surface of supraspinatus
and infraspinatus with subacromial effusion. Please correlate for evidence of impingement.
2.Tendinopathy of supraspinatus and infraspinatus with small partial–thickness intrasubstance tear of the insertional fibers of the supraspinatus without
shift–grade partial thickness or full–thickness tear.
3.Questionable subtle abnormal signal within the posterior/superior larbum which may represent a labral tear. This could be further assessed if
clinically warranted.
#3was confirmed on 8/7/2013 MRI Result: Partial Thickness undersurface tears of the distal supraspinatus tendon. But TM's been avoiding the issues to
avoid the possible surgical procedure. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TM had MRI in 8/7/2013 and 2/15/2017 Today 2/15/2017 results reviewed and TM verbalized the results including Significant degenerative
osteoarthrosis of the AC joint with mild subacromial subdeltoid bursitis that was seen since 8/7/2013 MRI and again on 2/15/20`17
TM report her right shoulder pain is improving with ESI. According to TM, she would like to avoid any type of surgery or referral back to Dr. Walcott,
if it can be managed in the HMMA clinic. TM rates her pain is 4/10, aching like pain and it is localized to her right shoulder AC joint

Impingement Syndrome Case Report
Hi everyone, Impingement syndrome have two types – external impingement and internal impingement (McKinnis, 2014). External impingement
compresses the rotator cuff tendons in the supraspinatus outlet when the arm is elevated (McKinnis, 2014, p. 544). On the other hand, internal
impingement is the compression of the posterior capsule and rotator cuff between the humeral head and glenoid when the arm is elevated and rotated
(McKinnis, 2014, p. 544). The patient's history and physical exam are diagnostic for impingement syndrome. To further define the corresponding soft
tissue pathologies such as rotator cuff tears, labral tears, and tendinitis, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is utilized (McKinnis, 2014). Hence, MRI
is the best radiological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thank you.
References
Degerlendirmesi, O. B. R. (2014). Radiological assessment of the shoulder region. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 60(1),
s68–s77. doi:10.5152/tftrd.2014.36744
Glanzmann, M. C., Hinterwimmer, S., Woertler, K., & Imhoff, A. B. (2011). Osteoid osteoma of the coracoid masked as localized capsulitis of the
shoulder. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 20(8), e4–e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2011.06.007
McKinnis, L. N. (2014). Fundamentals of musculoskeletal imaging (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company.
Xu, S., Yu, X., Xu, M., Hu, Y., & Liu, X. (2016). Functional results and emotional acceptance after scapulectomy for malignant shoulder tumors.
Orthopaedic Surgery, 8(2), 186–195.

Deltoid Acquisition
I have selected to write my analysis on the sport skill on sculling (rowing.) There are four phases that have to be achieved to complete a full row.
They are the catch, drive that the primary focus is the lower body; therefore I will not discuss much about this phase, the finish and recovery. The
muscles that I will discuss deltoids, trapezius, triceps brachii, teres major, biceps brachii, and pectoralis major. All movement and phases will occur in
the sagittal plane. The initial movement in the catch phase the shoulders are abducted, the deltoid origin is inferolateral clavicle and spine of the
scapula and the antagonist is adducted. The elbows are extended; insertion for the triceps brachii is the olecranon process of the ulna. Triceps brachii...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The trapezius has elevated the scapula; the origin is the external occipital protuberance, medial portion of the super nuchae and spinous process C–7
through T–12 and the insertion is a lateral one third of the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula. The final phase is the recovery, this is very
similar to the initial phase, which was the catch phase there are some differences. In the recovery phase, the shoulders and elbows are again abducted
and extended, and the scapulars are abducted. The shoulder girdle responsible for , adduction/abduction, downward /upward rotation, elevation
/depression, the muscles involved: tramezius, pectoralis, The shoulder joint is responsible for flexion and extension muscles involved: latissimus dorsi,
teres major/minor, deltoid, and infraspinatus. The elbow joint is responsible for flexion and extension muscles involved: Biceps brachii
brachialis,brachioradialis. The shoulder girdle, elbow joint, and shoulder joint involved all eccentric

Upper Body Injury Essay
In the discussion at hand few where asked to to select an upper body injury in any sport and elaborate on the subject matter. The first thing that we
need to do is define the appendicular skeleton. "The axial skeleton includes all the bones (that form bony structures) along the body's long axis. The
bones of the appendicular skeleton make up the rest of the skeleton and are so called because they are appendages of the axial skeleton. The
appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the shoulder girdle, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle, and the lower limbs." (Publishing). The injury that I
was enlightening to highlight within the appendicular skeleton is tennis elbow or in medical terms (lateral epicondylitis. The sport that this is most
prevalent in is weight lifting. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anatomy of the elbow is made up of" elbow joint is a joint made up of three bones: your upper arm bone (humerus) and the two bones in your
forearm (radius and ulna). There are bony bumps at the bottom of the humerus called epicondyles. The bony bump on the outside (lateral side) of the
elbow is called the lateral epicondyle." (). The cornucopia of arrangements in the interior appendicular skeleton in the elbow area is always a
hazardous area for weightlifters therefore; it should be catered towards and looked at in detail.
Many times, people in the fitness world are all about production and results with little acknowledgement to the cause of injuries. lateral epicondylitis is
cause from the respective action in the forearm and the elbow area during the activity if weight lifting in exercises such as bench–press, triceps press
downs, and bicep curls.
Burning in the elbow area is the number one symptoms of this injury which can result in weakness of the hand and forearm

Scapular Muscle Rehabilitation
Introduction In regards to mobility, the glenohumeral (GH) joint is one of the best the human body has to offer. It allows for the range of motion
needed for the activities of daily living that we have all grown accustomed to. In order to execute these motions, however, the shoulder joint needs a
stable base of support. This is one of the primary roles of the scapula and its surrounding musculature. When the GH joint is injured, however, scapular
muscle–activation, and therefore stability and function, is theoretically altered. Many shoulder rehabilitation programs focus on restoring proper
coordination of these muscles, especially those involved with scapular upward–rotation. Until recently, however, there has not been much research
supporting the relationship between muscle–activation ratios and shoulder injuries, nor the ability to preferentially activate scapular muscles using
rehabilitation exercises. Furthermore, the purpose of this study was to determine if there are differences in muscle–activation ratios between healthy
individuals and those with GH injuries, as well as evaluate muscle–activation during particular rehabilitation exercises (Moeller, Huxel Bliven, &
Snyder Valier, 2014).
Methods ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They defined one independent variable as group, referring to either healthy control or GH injury. The other independent variable was defined as
functional exercise, which consisted of bow and arrow (BA), external rotation with scapular squeeze (ERSS), lawnmower, and robbery. The dependent
variables were identified as normalized muscle–activation from the serratus anterior (SA), upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), and lower
trapezius (LT). These values were used to calculate ratios of muscle–activation (Moeller, Huxel Bliven, & Snyder Valier,

Theraband Characteristics
THERABAND
A theraband is a latex resistance band that is used for physical therapy and light strength training exercise. They are also commonly used by athletes,
specifically dancers, to strengthen and stretch the feet. They can be used to increase motor function and strength in a long–term exercise plan. Theraband
exercise requires excellent posture, warming up and stretching, similar to most strength training programs.
Theraband resistance bands are widely used for rehabilitation from muscle and joint injuries and for aerobics and general conditioning.
TYPES–
Therabands are coded according to their color, working from beginning to advanced use in the following order: yellow, red, green, blue, black, silver
and gold.
The yellow band applies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the quality of the movement, rather than the quickness with which it is performed. Make sure to resist the urge to move quickly upon the return
movement, because this works different muscles than the movement away from the body.
– Progress to another theraband as the quality or adaptability enhances and the individual has the capacity finish 10 or 15 reps in 3 distinct sets without
muscle weakness. Proceed onward to the following colors and begin doing the most reduced number of prescribed reiterations. The individual can keep
working through the colors of Therabands.
The dynamic resistance framework makes it simple to gauge advance in accomplishing wellness or treatment objectives. Begin with a Theraband of
agreeable resistance. As the individual use the band, the muscle quality and endurance move forward. The activities get to be less demanding and
simpler to do. At the point when the individual is prepared for more tests, just move to a safer band (i.e. shift from yellow to red or green to blue).
This builds the intensity of the activity
Resistance Band Exercises (Upper Body)
There are many activities that one can perform to fortify every piece of the body. The accompanying are some common exercises that are used as a
part of physical

Epilogue To A Separate Peace
It took about a week before the guardians were called to the assembly hall again. This time they were greated by the angels of strengh, protocol, time
and faith. They told the boys not to bother sitting since it wouldn't last very long. Finally after a short silence the angel of faith annouced that they
were indeed going to live in the human world.
All the boys were shocked in a good way. But Sehun caught on quickly that there was something missing.
" what's the catch" he asks.
" I wouldn't exactly call it a catch but there is more" the angel of time says. " No matter how strong a guardian is, being in the human world takes lots
of energy. And it can become dangerous." She explains.
" now since we cannot give you the ability to live normally ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They almost fell down so much it hurt. Thankfully it did not last long. " you have your marks now it indicate your power." The angel of time explains.
The angel of strength approached Baekhyun and took his hand, he turned around so his palm faced to ceiling. On his wrist they was a drawing.
" Byun Baekhyun, power of light, you will be stronger during day time and during solar eclipses, night will your weak point. To heal or to build up
energy you need to be in direct sunlight but the process is slow" he said then moved on to Suho who was on Baekhyun's right. He pointed to guardians
right shoulder.
" Suho you have water control, to heal or to built up energy you need to be in a natural source of water, such a lake or a river. Tap water won't do
anything. Your weakness is fire. You will constantly need to hydrate. You will be at your strongest point when it rains or when you are in said source
of water. And remember you are stronger than you seem. Your symbole is on your left shoulder blade" Suho looked at the angel with wide eyes. Still
going on the right there was

Teres Minor-Axillary Essay
Teres major:–Axillary border of scapula near inferior angle–Crest below lesser tubercle nest to latismus dorsi attachmentShoulder extention , abduction
and medial rotation
Teres minor–Axillary border of scapula – Greater tuberosity of humerus– shoulder lateral roattion , horizontal abduction
InfraspinatusInfraspianous fossa of scapula– Greater tuberosity of humerusShoulder lateral rotation, horizontal abduction
SupraspinatusSupraspinous fossa of scapulaGreater tubercle of humerus
Upper trapeziusOccipital bone, nuchal ligament on cervical spinous processesOuter 3rd of clavicle, acromion processScapular elevation and upward
rotation
Middle trapeziusSpinous processes of C7 through T3Scapular spineScapular retraction
Lower trapeziusSpinous processes of middle and lower thoracic vertebraeBase ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anterior deltoid Lateral 3rd of clavicleDeltoid tuberosityShoulder abduction, flexion, medial rotation, and horizontal adduction
Middle deltoidAcromion processDeltpid tuberosity Shoulder abduction
Posterior deltoid Spie of scapulaDeltoid tuberosityShoulder abduction, extension, hyperextension, lateral rotation, horizontal
Pectoralis minorAnterior surface, 3rd through 5th ribsCoracoid process of scapulaScapular depression, protraction, downward rotation, and tilt
Pectoralis major–clavicular regionMedial 3rd of clavicleLateral lip of bicipital groove of humerusShoulder flexion – first 60 degrees
Pectoralis major– sternal regionSternum, costal cartilages of first 6 ribsLateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus Shoulder extension – first 60 degrees
(from 180–120 degrees
Pectoralis main action: Shoulder adduction, medial rotation, horizontal adduction
Rhomboids Spinous processes of C7 through T5Vertebral border of scapula between the spine and inferior angleScapular retraction, elevation and
downward rotation
Serratus anterior Lateral surface of upper 8 ribsVertebral border of the scapula, anterior surfaceScapular protraction, upward

Process Essay: The Makeup Of The Shoulder
The shoulder remains an oft injured part of the body, and injuries range from mild to severe. Separated shoulders often occur as a result of a fall, and
car accidents at high speeds may lead to the collarbone or shoulder blade being fractured. In fact, this part of the body continues to be one of the most
frequently injured, with most individuals injuring one or more parts of the shoulder during their lifetime.
The Makeup Of The Shoulder
The shoulder consists of three separate bones: the scapula or shoulder blade, the clavicle or collarbone and the humerus or arm bone. Most people only
associate the shoulder blade with the shoulder, yet all three parts work together to ensure proper functioning, and the shoulder also contains tissues to
ensure the joint works as intended. This includes muscles, tendons, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When they have not shifted, no surgery will be needed. If they have, however, pins or plates and screws will be used to move them back to the proper
position and, in severe cases, a shoulder replacement may be required.
Shoulder Blade Fracture Symptoms
When the shoulder blade sustains a fracture, pain and swelling are commonly reported. Another sign of a fracture in this area is severe bruising.
Individuals cannot assume the bruising means the shoulder is simply injured. It must be checked to determine if there is an actual break.
For the majority of shoulder blade or scapula fractures, the shoulder heals with nothing more than immobilization using a shoulder immobilizer or
sling, the application of ice and the dispensing of pain medications. Nevertheless, 10 to 20 percent of patients do require surgery, and this typically
happens when the shoulder joint is affected or the shoulder blade and collarbone are both broken. The fracture fragments are then fixed using screws
and plates.
Recovery From A Shoulder

Post-Operative Home Exercise Report
Post–Operative Home Exercise Program
Phase I (pre–functional): Maximum protection phase
Day 1 post–op – 4 weeks
1.Pendulum exercise
Directions:
While standing, bend forward and let your affected arm hang loosely. Prop the unaffected arm on a table or place your hand in the seat of a chair, to
maintain balance. Relax your shoulder and initiate swinging of the arm by moving your upper body forwards and backwards, side to side, and in a
circle.
*Complete each of these three movements for 2–3 minutes, 3 times a day.
2.Cross–body stretch
Directions:
While sitting or standing, stretch affected arm across the chest towards the opposite shoulder. With the unaffected arm, apply pressure to the elbow
towards the chest.
*Complete this stretch three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Grab the other end of the band with your affected arm. With your thumb towards the ceiling, squeeze your shoulder blades and slowly raise the
resistance band to just above shoulder level – keeping the band halfway between the front and side of your body. Hold here for five seconds and
repeat 10 times. *Complete exercise three times a day.
2.Scapular retraction
Directions:
This exercise can be performed in standing or seated position. With the resistance band securely anchored in the middle just above shoulder level,
grab a hold of both ends with each hand. Bend arms to shoulder level and bend elbows, hands up towards the ceiling. With arms in this position,
squeeze your shoulder blades as you slowly pull the bands back. Hold here for five seconds and repeat 10 times.
*Complete exercise three times a day.
3.Dynamic closed–chain

Sick Scapula
The purpose of this study was to discuss the disable throwing shoulder with a focus on the SICK scapula, scapular dyskinesis, the kinetic chain, and
rehabilitation. SICK stands for Scapular malposition, Inferior medial border prominence, coracoid pain and palposition, and dykinesis of scapular
movement. Appearing on examination as if one shoulder is lower than the other, SICK is asymmetric malposition of the scapula in the dominant
throwing shoulder. They are grouped into 3 clinically recognizable patterns of scapular dyskinesis. Type I which is inferior medial scapular border
prominence and type II, medial scapular border prominence. While those are 2 most commonly associated with labral pathology, type III is towards
impingement and rotator... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the rehab process, exercises that emphasize kinetic chain activation of the leg, trunk, and scapula should be established. Different types of
exercises talked about were trunk extension, scapular retraction, trunk rotation and scapular retraction, and 1–legged stance. The rotator cuff exercises
were not implemented until after the proximal base had been established. The closed–chain rotator cuff exercise performed included humeral head
depressions and rotations on a ball, "wall washes", and punches. As for rehab for the SICK scapula, it was said that it must be aggressively treated
with a focused scapular rehab program that consist of stretching and strengthening. The tightening of the pectoralis minor and posteroinferior capsular
tightness with GRID are the areas that go along with the SICK scapula. It was said for strengthening the scapula, exercise to regain control of
scapular protraction, retraction, depression, elevation, and rotation. The initial weightless closed chain exercises were used to regain scapular control.
For open chain, forward and lateral lunges and diagonal pulls were added both with weights and resistance bands. In conclusion, it was said that the
disabled throwing shoulder comprises a spectrum of pathology. Dead arm was found to be the most dramatic and severe. The most common cause of
the dead arm was the type II SLAP

Similarities Between Chicken And Chicken Skeletons
Belonging to different animal classes, the skeletons of humans and chickens have similarities alongside expected differences. Analyzing a chicken
skeleton led to the discovery that while there are certainly visible differences between the bodies, both skeletons have a myriad of bones in common.
For example, the bones that both the chicken and human skeleton have in common include: the mandible, the clavicle, the sternum, the scapula, the
humerus, and the patella. However, despite the common bones, the chicken skeleton contains bones that humans do not have such as the pygostyle,
furcula, and sclerotic ring, while as humans have bones that chickens do not share such as the hyoid, calcaneus, and stapes.
Despite being different species, the chicken and human skeletons have numerous bones in common. A few of the several shared bones includes: the
mandible, the clavicle, the sternum, the scapula, the humerus, and the patella. The mandible, located in the lower part of the skull in humans, functions
to move the lower jaw which allows the mouth to open and close. Used in conjunction with muscles, the mandible allows humans to not only speak but
also consume food and drinks (Healthline). In a chicken, the mandible forms the bottom of the beak which allows for the consumption of foods and
liquids as well as killing prey, fighting predators or other chickens, and feeding chicks. Alongside the mandible, chickens and humans both have the
clavicle bones. In humans, the clavicle (collar

Essay On Myofascial Release
Given the patient's initial presentation and pain level during the evaluation, soft–tissue mobilization and myofascial release was performed. The patient
was positioned supine with one pillow and a bolster placed under bilateral lower extremities. Extreme stiffness in bilateral sternocleidomastoid muscles
consisted as the main focus of the initial treatment. The manual strokes were applied with moderate pressure in a superior to inferior fashion along the
direction of the muscle fibers. Treatment duration lasted 15 minutes. Upon palpation, the left side was significantly stiffer and had more soft tissue
limitations. Scar mobilizations were also performed to help with the remodeling phase. After the first treatment, the patient reported a ... Show more
During the scapular mobilizations, the patient was positioned side–lying with the involved side up and arm resting on the therapist's arm. These
techniques were preformed to patient tolerance. The left scapula presented with more limitations when compared to the mobility of the right scapula.
Myofascial release was also performed to bilateral upper trapezius muscles. The treatment session was ended with a three–minute suboccipital release.
During the fourth treatment, gentle periscapular strengthening exercises were prescribed to see how the patient tolerated therapeutic exercise. The
patient was given scapular retraction, elevation and protraction exercises. He performed one set of fifteen with each exercise. The patient was also
introduced to an instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) technique using the edge tool. The use of the edge tool was thought to provide a
mechanical advantage for the therapist by allowing for deeper penetration of soft–tissues while reducing the stress in the therapist's hands.8 IASTM
treatment is also thought to stimulate connective tissue remodeling by resorption of excessive fibrosis and recruit fibroblasts to repair and regenerate
collagen.8 However, these findings are still being studied and have not been proven 100% effective in human trials.8 Regardless, the

Boxing: The Five Phases Of Boxing
Boxing, a fierce sport that requires both quick thinking and fast reflexes. The right hook is known for its knock downs and defeats of even the most
elite of players and was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. Since then the world of boxing has only grown, bringing out elite athletes like
Muhammed Ali and Mike Tyson. There are five phases of the Right Hook punch, the starting position, the wind up phase, initial swing phase, contact
phase, and lastly the recoil phase.
The start position will consist of moving the arms up to block the face requiring flexion of the elbows at a little less than a 45o angle, the flexion of
the elbow takes place with the mediolateral axis along a sagittal plane (2). This will ensure the protection of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If the angle is more or less than 90o this makes the movement ineffective and is unable to provide maximum power in the punch (6). A beginner
boxer is more likely to extend their elbow and are open to blocks from the opponents, while a more experienced boxer is able to angle their elbow
and drive more force into the punch. There is also the case with exaggerated movement and because there is limited flexion in the elbow the boxer is
more prone to a dislocated shoulder. Another two stances that may affect a beginner is excessive wrist flexion with feet too wide apart and hands to
far from the face with excessive shoulder and wrist extension. Most professional boxers when they complete a right hook they aim to knockout their
opponent. If the hands of their opponent are far from their face it leaves them vulnerable to these punches (7). As shown, neither of these stances are
going to prove effective and are more likely to result in injury. Both some beginners and professionals are guilty of this action and that's ignoring pain
or 'playing through', it could strain muscles and further degenerate injured tissue. Therefore, it is best to rest then risk further injury

The Trapezius Muscle Essay
The trapezius muscle:
–Origin: it has an extensive origin from the base of the skull to the upper lumbar vertebrae.
–Insertion: it inserts on the lateral aspect of the clavicle, acromion, and scapular spine.
–Nerve supply: It is innervated by the spinal accessory nerve.
–Action: It functions mainly as a scapular retractor and elevator of the lateral angle of the scapula[19].
The rhomboids muscles:
The rhomboids, consisting of the major and minor muscles.
–Origin: the major and minor muscles originate from the spinous processes of C7 and T1 and T2 to T5, respectively.
–Insertion: They insert on the medial aspect of the scapula.
–Nerve supply: The dorsal scapular nerve innervates the rhomboids.
–Action: and retract and elevate the scapula. [19]
The levator scapulae muscle:
–Origin: originates on the transverse processes of the cervical spine.
–Insertion: inserts on the superior angle of the scapula.
–Nerve supply: Innervation is from the third and fourth cervical spinal nerves.
–Action: The levator scapule elevates the superior angle, resulting in upward and medial rotation of the scapular body[19].
The serratus anterior muscle:
–Origin: it takes origin from the bodies of the first nine ribs and the anterolateral aspect of the thorax
–Insertion: it inserts through three portions from the superior to the inferior angle of the scapula.
–Nerve supply: Innervation is by the long thoracic nerve, and nerve injuries here often manifest as a winged scapula.
–

Right Shoulder Pain Case Study
MRI of the right shoulder dated 07/20/2017 revealed a near full–thickness tear of the supraspinatus tendon with a thin portion of the bursal surface
intact. There was an associated tendinosis. There was a SLAP tear of the labrum, as well as, the anterior inferior labral tearing with a possible bony or
hyaline cartilage injury. There was infraspinatus and subscapularis tendinosis without evidence of a tear, retraction, or atrophy. MRI post arthrography
was recommended for further evaluation.
A physical therapy evaluation dated 08/07/2017 indicated that the claimant had a right shoulder pain after a fall onto her elbow and knee at work on 06
/28/2017. She stated that she will have a surgical intervention on her right shoulder. She rated the pain at 6–8/10. She was unable to reach above her
right with the right upper extremity. Objective findings showed reduced right arm swing. It was noted that the claimant was unable to place the right
hand behind the head or the ear. There was a noted atrophy of the right forearm. Therapeutic exercises, moist heat, TENS, cryotherapy, and patient...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was working on a light duty with restrictions and limitations with overhead or reaching activities. She also had a failed previous cortisone injection
on the right shoulder. On physical examination, there was a significantly limited motion with abduction, forward flexion, and internal rotation. There
was a significant pain in the impingement arc of motion. There was a positive Hawkins/impingement sign to the shoulder with a limited strength of the
right shoulder. She was diagnosed with a displaced fracture of the neck of the right radius and right shoulder pain. MRI arthrogram of the right
shoulder was recommended to better determine the extent of any potential labral

A Faded Memory Of A Voice Lost Long Ago
A faded memory of a voice lost long ago.
How long had it been since Princess Zelda passed on? How many years? But still, the pain of her absence could still be felt across Hyrule. No longer
was the King jovial. Every smile reminded him of the bright and curious princess. Every laugh that he heard brought back memories of her sincere
laughter. Everything reminded him of his lost princess. The princess that would never be coming back.
But while the King knew bits and pieces of the circumstances around Zelda's death, the only two who knew the real reasons for her death were Kuval
and herself. While she was dead, he was alive. The dead can't talk and in this case, neither would the one living. Kuval wouldn't give a straight answer.
Even in death, the Princess could not hold any ill will towards one of her best friends. Even if he did cause her death. She couldn't bring herself to get
angry at how things had played out. Death was unavoidable in a quest for knowledge, and she knew this. If it wasn't her, then he would've died. She
knew it had to be done, and she hoped Kuval would understand.
But it still pained her to see him like this. It brought her to tears to see her friend suffering in silence, suffocating with guilt and watching him close
himself off. The smile that he often had with her was nowhere to be seen, replaced with a mournful and sad expression. The laughter that usually rang
through the castle was noticeably absent, and replaced with a cutting silence. She was

The Three Trunks

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