Memory's Role in Shaping Identity in "The Giver

Memory In The Giver
Memory can be a great thing sometimes, but also a bad thing. We have many great memories, but
the negative ones can sometimes overthrow them. Would people be better with memories, or will
they just cloud all the good memories away with the bad ones? Memories are important things, and
they explain the past. We went through a lot in the past to achieve success, but it wasn't always easy.
We use memory every moment of the day, it turns out we always use our memory in our daily
things. Memory plays a very important role, it allows us to remember skills we learn, or receive
information we store in our brains. Memory helps us recall precious moments of the past, like when
you achieved something great, when you went to college, or got married, and other many good
memories. Memory explains where you are today, it explains your past. There can be many good
memories, but also many bad memories. Scientists say that most people don't ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
We came to be by fighting in all the wars and attacks to achieve greatness. We learn a ton about how
we came to be in history, but if it was all erased there wouldn't be any history anymore. In the book
"The Giver", the people in the community don't remember anything about the past. They don't even
know their history, or who their real family is. They don't recall pain, or weather, or color. They
don't even have a sense of love, the elders take that feeling away from them forever. What is that
was us, we wouldn't even know why life would be like that, we would just think it was normal.
There were many things that happened in the past that affected are future. We went through wars
and disease, and tragic disasters. We imprisoned slaves, and fought and took over land. Throught
these things we struggled, but we slowly achieved and started to develop who we came to be today.
They say, "Those who cannot remember the past are doomed to repeat it." –George
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False Memory
False Memory and Your Imagination
Diana Bunch
PSY 511
False Memory and Your Imagination The power of suggestion or through a vivid imagination are
just a couple ways that psychological research has shown ways in which false memories are created.
A false memory is an untrue or distorted reminiscence of an event that did not actually happen. In
reality, memory is very susceptible to error. People can feel completely assured that their memory is
accurate, but this assurance is no guarantee that a specific memory is correct. Existing knowledge
and other memories can affect the creation of a new memory, causing the memory of an event to be
mistaken or entirely false. Memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus (1997) has demonstrated through
her ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The overall conclusion of this study indicate that the critical factor in determining the effect of
divided attention on false memory is the manner in which memory is tested.
This divided attention can affect adults and children through the false memory phenomena. Otgaar,
Peters, and Howe (2012) conducted a study to examine the impact of divided attention on children's
and adults' neutral and negative true and false memories in the DRM paradigm. They expected all
participants to falsely recall more neutral false memories than negative ones. It was also predicted
that divided attention would affect children's and adults' false memories differently; particularly that
dividing attention should decrease children's false memories. Participants included 78 seven year
olds, 48 eleven year olds, and 52 young adults around the age of twenty–one. Results found that
divided attention significantly affected children's and adults' false recall in opposite ways.
Specifically, with children when attention was divided, false memories decreased whereas with
adults, dividing attention increased false memory levels.
From all the above stated research thus far, it can easily be suggested that false memories stemming
in childhood are carried over into adulthood. Due to the nature of this, research has also been
conducted in an attempt to reverse the effects. Holliday, Brainerd, and Reyna (2011) investigated the
possibility that false memory could be subjected to the

Short Memory : Long Term Memory
Long Term Memory Long term memory is located in the inner fold of the temporal lobe. Temporal
lobe lies beneath the temples on the head. The temporal lobe controls hearing. There is three types
of memory that goes with long term memory.
First is procedural memory. Procedural memory is apart of the long term memory and is responsible
for knowing how to do things ex– how to ride a bike.
Next is semantic memory. Semantic memory is knowledge of meanings, the basics and about the
world. Then episodic memory. Episodic memory ''Stores info from events that we have
experienced.''
There is also knowledge that is related to memory. First is procedural knowledge. Procedural
Knowledge is knowing how to simple things ex– how to tie your shoe or riding a bike, this does not
include conscious thoughts (conscious– aware, so not aware of doing actions. Then there is
declarative knowledge. Declarative knowledge is knowing, ex– when mom's birthday is, dogs are
animals, and Columbus is the capital of Ohio.
Endel Tulving is "An Estonian Canadian experimental psychologist and human research on memory
influenced psychologist, scientist, and others." He defined long term memory(one of the earliest to
define long term memory). He proposed to define the difference between episodic, semantic, and
procedural memory."
Alzheimer 's
Alzheimer 's is a disease in the brain that destroys memory and other functions. Symptoms of this
disease are confusion,difficulty

Cultural Memory
As a paradigmatic place of public involvement and symbolic disclosure, theatre has always served
as a suggestive source of inspiration for architects and played a role in relation to architectural
theories and ideas. Every collective memory unfolds within a spatial framework. Space is a reality
that endures: since our impressions rush by, one after another, and leave nothing behind in the mind,
we can understand how we recapture the past only by understanding how it is, in effect, preserved
by our physical surroundings.
Not so many years ago, the word 'space' had a strictly geometrical meaning: the idea it evoked was
simply that of an empty area. In scholarly use it was generally accompanied by some such epithet as
'Euclidean', 'isotropic', ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, nothing seems more natural than the emergence of the past: it arises because time passes.
It so happens that tomorrow today is already a thing of the past. It has become yesterday. The
relationship between theatre and memory is very complex and multifaceted, especially since, unlike
the other arts, the dramatic art includes active involvement of flesh–and–blood humans on the stage
of life here–and–now. According to Mirushe Hoxha if, ideally, the spectator truly receives the
presented experience in his/her own self, the experience will leave an eternal trace in the storage of
his/her incorporated motivation, that is, in his/her recessive body, at the behest of which his/her
future ecstatic bodily functions may echo in the context of social practices. When the actor's body
makes an offering to the spectator's body, theatre becomes a breeding ground for new results, at least
of its own history. Theatre then really turns into an act of the most deeply rooted, genuine love
between two human

Associative Memory
The research says we can be moved by music at a personal level, to the point that musical melodies
evoke autobiographical information associated with it, and we get a strong 'feeling of knowing',
especially if the music we heard is associated with our past. There seems to be a link between text
and music, since we remember the titles of music we listen to better than recalling the melody by
reading or hearing the title. In remembering vocals, we remember titles better than melodic cues.
This can suggest that music is encoded in semantic memory like text – by the brain's perceptual
memory system, where meaning is encoded. Even if it is not directly related to semantic
information, musical information can also be associated with associative memory.

Memories In The Giver
There is a strength of memories that numerous do not comprehend. They not only help us gather
information, but they also change us in ways that are unachievable any other way. It is unattainable
to change for the better without having previous memories to look back on. Memories shape who
we are, and we use them to make decisions in the future. When I saw my first beach in Spain, I
realized something that changed my life forever. When I first walked on the powder like sand, I
knew that I had entered more than just a beach. The bright, blue sky reached down through the
glass–like water. The waves came crashing into the shore causing havoc, yet leaving silently as if
nothing had ever happened. People of all kinds were walking down and back the shoreline with light
hearted smiles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Jonas was chosen to receive all of the memories and hold them so the rest of the
community was not obligated to. The first memory that Jonas received was the memory of snow.
The community that he was in did not allow people to see weather, landforms, animals, or even
color. Consequently, Jonas was astonished when he received the memory of snow. He had never
experienced the beauty of true nature, and when he did, he wanted everyone to be able to. This is
similar to my memory of the beach, as frequently we like to isolate ourselves away from nature in
our own little "community", like the one in The Giver. After living in isolation, when you have the
privilege to witness some of nature's greatest features like the beach, or snow, you want to change.
Jonas and I changed in similar ways. We both understood the grace of life a little more, and we
wanted to be able to experience this more often. Jonas used his memory to leave the community so
others could have the memories, and I decided to enjoy nature more and not become too sucked into
life's

False Memory And False Memory
A. Introduction
This study was in the cognitive approach to psychology, which focuses on the way people process
information. It looks at how people process the information they receive and how the treatment of
this information leads to their responses. The main area of cognitive psychology being studied is
memory, which refers to processes and structures involved with storing and retrieving information.
The theory of reconstructive memory and false memory is the focus of the experiment. False
memory"is a mental experience that is mistakenly taken to be a veridical representation of an event
from one's personal past" (Johnson, 2001). Factors which prompt the formations of false memory
are misattribution of the original source of information.
One experiment which explained the theory of False Memory was conducted by Roediger &
McDermott in 1995. The aim of the study was to replicate James Deese's observations of false
memory and find the it's existence in a free recall task. The participants were 36 undergraduate
students at Rice University. The independent variable was the addition of critical lures and random
words and the dependent variable was the participant's ability to recall the correct studied words.
The results were calculated by finding the mean probability of recall of studied words (65), and of
excluded words (.40). They concluded that categorically similar words, were recalled at the same
rate as those presented. The participant's actions agreed with these

Sleep : Memory And Memory
Sleep Enhances Memory
When the brain first encounters an idea, thought, image, experience, or action it works to form or
encode a memory. There are many different kinds of memories that can be formed. Each must be
consolidated in order to remain a stable memory. All five stages of sleep support some phase of
learning and memory (Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). This article discusses the different types of
memory, stages of sleep, and what occurs that potentially strengthens memory while sleeping.
Memory
Sensory, short–term, and long–term are the three types of memory. Together they work to encode,
consolidate, store, and recall information. Short–term memory is the temporary place that
information is stored before forgetting or further encoding occurs. Long–term memory consists of
subcategories that relate to different types of information with different activation sections of the
brain. These include Explicit/Declarative memory and Implicit/Non–Declarative memory. The
Declarative memory is responsible for holding episodic and semantic memories. Episodic pertains
to experiences and autobiographical events. Semantic memories involve facts, concepts, and verbal
symbols. While the implicit (unconscious) memory is involved in procedural memories such as
skills, tasks, use of objects, and movements of the body. It is also involved in emotionally
conditioned memories as well. Each type of memory demands activity in particularly different areas
of the brain. (CITE)
Short–Term

Memory In The Reader
Memory is a powerful concept. Often when an individual undergoes a traumatic situation, the
ramifications of these actions seep into an individualfs psyche unknowingly. In effect this passes
through memory and becomes sub–consciously buried within a personfs behavioural patterns
generally. The Reader by Bernhard Schlink explores the concept of a young mans subconscious
desire for a woman whom he gcanft remember to forgeth (1Memento) as she is so deeply
inlaid within his soul.
Critically acclaimed as gA formally beautiful, disturbing, and finally morally devastating novel.
From the first pagec [it] ensnares both heart and mindh ( Los Angeles Times), the novel tells the
story of a young boy, 15, Michael Berg, through his own ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The helpless nature of Michaels actions show how much Hanna has affected his subconscious and
although he is made aware of his actions, his physical dependence comes from the deep scaring
within him.
On another occasion, after Hannafs death, it is documented that Michael once again
subconsciously desires her presence. Michael dreams of Hanna while travelling through the
countryside to bid Hannafs final wishes.
gI dreamed of Hanna and myself in a house in the autumn–blazed hills that were lining our route.
Hanna was older than when I had met her and younger than when I had met her again, older than
me, more attractive than in earlier years, more relaxed in her movements with age, more at home in
her own body. I saw her getting out of the car and picking up shopping bags, saw her going through
the garden into the house, saw her set down the bags and go upstairs ahead of me. My longing for
Hanna became so strong that it hurt. I struggled against the longing, argued that it went against
Hannafs and my reality, the reality of our ages, the reality of our circumstancesh.
The interior narration here allows the focus to hold a contemplative and introspective view of
Michaels thought patterns. He remembers his dreams and notes them as being irrational and beyond
all reason of reality, yet he finds himself yearning for her

Human Memory : Malleable Memory
Malleable Memories
Maybe people shouldn't trust their memories.
Human Memories
From long time ago, humans have tried to find out what memory is, and how it works. But no one
thought about that will memories goes wrong.
The study of human memory can be traced back 2,300 years, Aristotle first gave his understand and
analysis of memory. Everyone knows that memory is an important part of our lives, but it is also one
of the most elusive parts of human. If people compare life to a wonderful movie, the memory is a
tiny private cinema locates in the human brain, which full of the images they've seen and scenes
they've been through everyday. When people try to recall a footage of someday, the neural computer
system with large capacity will find ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In later experiments, Loftus showed people a simulation of a car accident, then she asked the
participants questions about the scene, some were given a question that mentions a yield instead of a
stop sign while some saw a question with consistent information. Later, those who were
misinformed were about 20% more likely to incorrectly report that they saw a yield sign compared
to those who received the correct information. Loftus has convinced people that they saw a stop
sign. This study shows a truth of memory –– it can be shaped. Each time people remember a
memory, they are actually rebuilding it using those memory traces and your own guesswork. That is
why psychologist Elizabeth Loftus compares memory to a Wikipedia page, "you can go in there and
change it, but so can other people," she explained. If somebody says something with strong emotion
and many details, it doesn't mean that it really happened. People need independent analysis to find
out that is it a real memory rather than the product of imagination or under influences.
Eyewitness Testimony
Theoretically, eyewitnesses can provide very convincing legal testimony, but their memories are
easy to various errors and biases. Loftus, as an expert, uses what she has learned to testify in
hundreds of criminal cases, she told people that memory is pliable and flexible, narrations of
eyewitness are far away from

Memory Skills
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN 2
INTRODUCTION
What is Memory?
Memory refers to a mental process that is used to gain, gather, and recover information. The
information that is stored in our memory with the help of our senses will be processed by numerous
systems all through our brain, and it will be accumulated for later use (Mason, 2003–2006). Gordon
and Berger (2003) said that there are two basic kinds of memory: ordinary and intelligent memory.
Ordinary memory is remembering specific names of people, time, place, locations of certain things,
and things to be done. It is comparatively fragile for it stores information for a few minutes, and that
information will soon be forgotten. Thus, it is what fails when we can't remember something. We are
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As part of this strategy, we have to determine first what our priorities are. It is essential to
distinguish which things are worth giving attention to and which can be get rid of.
Distractions are everywhere, and they prevent us from doing the things that need to be done. So we
must avoid distractions and ignore all unimportant things in order to complete a certain task and to
avoid forgetting. With this in mind, we shouldn't be disturbed by irrelevant TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
5 things around us because with fewer distractions, it is easier for our mind to focus and work faster.
In enhancing our ability to pay attention, we really need to focus consciously. If we can't focus, we
will not remember what we are trying to learn. Moreover, we tend to procrastinate which is not
good. For this reason, we need to do the important things now while we still have plenty of time. It's
simple, if we can avoid procrastinating, we won't forget anything. In addition to that, we can only
concentrate on one thing at any time. Even though we can multi–task, it is still impossible for us to
handle different tasks at the same time especially when they both require mental process.
Absolutely, we can't give our full attention to those; as a result, we absorb nothing.
Another way that hinders our ability to pay attention is being absent–minded. For instance, when we
are about to go to specific place to get something, we suddenly

Memory Stages
MEMORY
Psychology is known as the science of behavior and mental process. In Greek psychology has been
define as a study that will talk about the soul where, the psyche and logos is both an academic and
applied discipline that involving the scientific study of mental process and behavior. In other terms,
psychologies also know as a study of the thought processes and behavior of humans and other
animals in their interaction with the environment. Psychologists study processes such as perception,
cognition, emotion and motivations, personality, abnormal behavior, and interpersonal relationships.
Its also refers to the application of knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including issues
related to daily life, such as family, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chunking was a unit of memory, where overcoming short–terms memories that can be remembered
are five to nine information. In this process, it's difficult to us to remembering data with more than
nine, this because the STM desktop capacity are limited.
Long–term memory
Long–term memory refers to the continuing storage of information. In Freudian psychology, long–
term memory would be call the preconscious and unconscious. This information is largely outside of
our awareness, but can be called into working memory to be used. Some of this information is fairly
easy to recall, while other memories are much more difficult to access. In long–term memory,
Tulving (1972, 2000) has proposed the existence of three kinds of long–term memory storage,
which have different properties, and based on different brain mechanisms. The three long–term
memory storage are; procedural memory, semantic memory and episodic memory.
Procedural memory is used to storage the memory of movement and skills, such as writing, cook or
other movement and skills that related to our daily life. Semantic memory is memory for meaning
without reference to the time and place of learning, and episodic memory refers to memory for
specific experience that can be define in terms of time and space.
Mistaken Identity Eyewitness Testimony
In this

Close Memory
Take your Memory out of the Closet As some important exams approach, most of us will be looking
forward to have better memory. If we can read all assignments in one time and then we can memory
all of them, we should get a good grade easily. However, scanning like a machine is impossible so
we consider how to improve our process, which memorize something in a short time. In this
passage, it gives us much information of memory in order to let us find some useful learning ways.
At first, we need to know what is memory. When we study at school, most of the teachers will
demonstrate memory as computer. They always ask us not to memorize all of the things instead of
understanding the knowledge because memory is kind of space. If we put much focus ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to get prepare for more tests in a short time. More importantly, we need to know what
is the best learning way for ourselves. People will have different senses, while they look at different
things. There are four ways to study, which are visual, aural, read and write and kinesthetic. For me,
I always prefer read and write. In lecture, I write down some important points and organize them
after class. It will help me review the knowledge and make a clear form to view all the concepts.
Also, notebook is convenient to carry everywhere so I can review it in my free time. Before we
consider the suitable learning way, we should test it through our homework assignment. Trying each
way in different days and testing ourselves in the other day. We can see how much we can remember
so decide which way is the suitest

Sleep And Memory
How is Sleep related to Memory
According to the American Sleep Association, "Insomnia is the most common specific sleep
disorder, with short term issues reported by about 30% of adults and chronic insomnia by 10%." (
American Sleep Association, 2018, P.1) Scientists have proven that sleep is directly related to
memory. Sleep has effects on insomnia, discrimination skills, memory retention, and more.
Sleep is related to memory because of the effects that it has on insomnia. "It has been suggested that
healthy sleep facilitates the consolidation of newly acquired memories and underlying brain
plasticity. " (Christoph Nissen, 2011, p.1). When you receive enough hours of sleep, it will help
build the process of creating memories and it will be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Emotional events are usually better remembered than neutral ones. This effect is mediated in part
by a modulation of the hippocampus by the amygdala." (Virginie Sterpenich, Geneviève Albouy,
Mélanie Boly, Gilles Vandewalle, Annabelle Darsaud, Evelyne Balteau, Thien Thanh Dang–Vu,
Martin Desseilles, Arnaud D'Argembeau, Steffen Gais, Géraldine Rauchs, Manuel Schabus,
Christian Degueldre, André Luxen, Fabienne Collette, Pierre Maquet, 2007, paragraph 1).
Emotional events are remembered more and leaves more of an effect because of the two temporal
lobe structures, hippocampus and amygdala, that are linked to two separate memory structures
leaving different effects. "...reliable retrieval of long–term memory depends on a process of
consolidation, which partly occurs during sleep, when memories are thought to be progressively
transferred to long–term cortical stores." (Virginie Sterpenich, Geneviève Albouy, Mélanie Boly,
Gilles Vandewalle, Annabelle Darsaud, Evelyne Balteau, Thien Thanh Dang–Vu, Martin Desseilles,
Arnaud D'Argembeau, Steffen Gais, Géraldine Rauchs, Manuel Schabus, Christian Degueldre,
André Luxen, Fabienne Collette, Pierre Maquet, 2007, paragraph 2). Long–term memories depends
on the process of consolidation, this meaning that if there isn't enough sleep involved then the brain
will not reach that stage and there won't be any long term memories created. If it is an emotional
memory and has a greater effect then it will be transferred to long–term cortical stories. "The
recollection of emotional stimuli elicited larger responses in the hippocampus and various cortical
areas in the well–rested group than in the sleep–deprived group, suggesting that emotional
significance boosts memory consolidation of the information during sleep." (Virginie Sterpenich,
Geneviève Albouy, Mélanie Boly, Gilles Vandewalle, Annabelle Darsaud, Evelyne Balteau, Thien
Thanh Dang–Vu, Martin Desseilles, Arnaud

False Memories
INTRODUCTION
False memories are an apparent recollection of an event that did not actually occur. The reason why
false memories happen are due to the fact that one's brains can only handle so much.There has been
several experiment pertaining to the phenomenon, to find how it works.In the next part of the
experiment the psychologist showed the participants a word list.False memories are very common
and can happen to anyone. On very rare occasions false memories can be harmful to someone and
the people around them.False memories are so common that they affect all of a person's memories.
False memories can be made more clear by others memories or they could become more distorted.
False memories have caused many wrongful convictions. A psychologist ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A SCARY REALITY A psychologist named Elizabeth loftus has studied for how easy the brain is to
manipulate into believing false things. She essentially believes the brains can be manipulated to a
point where someone else can alter our memories that make one, them. She says that false memories
that there could be a benefit to false memories because it's like a system that allows us to update our
memories when errors are found in a memory.false memories. The problem is that the system could
be used against us and there is no defense to counter it.
CONCLUSION
False memories are a strange phenomenon that everyone is victim to. False memories, show the
weaknesses and holes in our minds. False memories cause many wrong convictions. False memories
can make one rethink all of one's memories. False memories are caused by the overload that our
minds take daily. People's minds only remember important details that occurred and leaves out small
things like unimportant colors. False memories still aren't completely found out entirely today and
they might never

The And Memory : Improving Memory Recall
Mnemonics and Memory: Improving Memory Recall
Angela Sapir
Arapahoe Community College: General Psychology 101–103
12/15/2015
Discovering Psychology describes memory as, "the mental processes that enable [a person] to retain
and retrieve information over time." When information is brought into the brain, it travels from the
sensory memory to the short term memory. If this information is deemed important, it is then
encoded and stored. In order to retrieve this information (i.e., memory) a person might need to use a
mnemonic. Mnemonics refers to a group of strategies used for memory recall. These devices have
been used since the times of Ancient Greece. Most already use mnemonics without even knowing it,
while others employ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By using the first letter of each word and putting them together to create a new word, the amount of
information to remember is reduced and is much easier to recall. If a person wanted to remember the
order and names of the colors in a rainbow, they would begin by identifying the first letter of every
color name. The rainbow colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Using the
first letters to form a name, like Roy G. Biv, can help a person to recall this information when
needed. An acrostic is, "a series of lines from which particular letters (such as the first letters of all
lines) from a word or phrase" ("Memory and Mnemonic Devices," 2013).This phrase can be funny
or have personal meaning to the creator as this would also aid in their ability to recall the
information. Musicians use acrostic to remember the location of notes on the staff. For example, the
lines on a treble clef staff represent the following notes: E, G, B, D, and F. When a person
remembers their acrostic, Every Good Boy Does Fine, each word will aid that person in
remembering the piece of information it denotes. The method of loci is one of the oldest mnemonics
techniques. Developed before writing, this technique was used by the orators of ancient Greece and
Rome when they has to recite long, public speeches (Moè 2005). To use this method, a person
would visualize a place, one that

Episodic Memory
As teachers, we are here to educate our students in our areas, but how do we know when students
actually understand and learn the information being taught? Marilee Sprenger (1998) said "memory
is the only way to verify learning". After researching the parts of the brain and learning how it
processes information, her statement is true. "Memory is the process by which we retain the
knowledge and skills for the future" (Sousa, 2011). According to Sprenger (1998), there a five
separate memory lanes: semantic, episodic, procedural, automatic, and emotional. Semantic memory
deals with words and is the most difficult because you must process it repeatedly for long–term
effects. Episodic memory is location–driven. The procedural memory is your "how–to" memory.
Automatic memory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Final memory is emotional memory, which connects back to the amygdala where all your emotions
lay. "Effective teaching uses strategies to help students recognize patterns and then make the
required connections to process the new working memories so they can travel into the brain's long–
term storage areas" (Willis, 2007). The first strategy I will do in my classroom is to provide down–
time in between learning episodes. I teach in block scheduling and I've come to realize that students
remember best what comes first, then when comes last, but tend to forget everything in the middle.
If I break my block time into four sections, since high school students can handle about 20 minutes
in working memory, I give students time to process the information being taught. The down time
would be a brain break. During the brain breaks students could be

Involved In Memory
1. Name and describe two areas of the forebrain that are involved in memory. How do they differ in
function?
The hippocampus is the portion of the forebrain that in a part of the formation of long–term
memories. The amygdala controls the intensity of emotional memories and is also involved in our
emotional learning. They differ in function because the hippocampus is involved in the development
of our long–term memories but the amygdala controls how strong our emotional memories are to us.
2. Describe how a patient with Wernicke's aphasia might exhibit deficits in language.
The Wernicke's area is considered the second language area of the brain because it helps control
how the brain understands languages; in contrast to the function of the

Memory In The Giver
Memory can play huge roles in our day to day lives. Without memories, we wouldn't be able to
improve our past mistakes, be emotional, and keep ourselves safer. Memory is very important in our
lives because we can learn from past experiences. One example of a tragic incident that affected the
world was World War II. When World War l ended, everyone agreed to keep peace among the
nations. That only lasted for about twenty years though. Since World War ll happened, we have kept
peace throughout the world. Thanks to memories we can learn from past mistakes. Emotions can
also be affected my memories. In the book The Giver, Jonas was living in a society without knowing
what emotions were. Then he receives memories from The Giver of love, happiness,

False Memory
1. Huffman & Dowdell (2015, p.218) defines memory as the internal record of previous events or
experiences. Memory is a constructive process where the information is organized and shaped, while
being processed, stored and retrieved (Huffman & Dowdell, 2015, p.218). Sometimes this
construction leads to errors and constructs false memories. Huffman & Dowdell (2015, p.219)
describes three basic operations of memory; encoding, storage and retrieval. They define encoding
as the processing the information into the memory system. Storage is defined as retention of the
information which has been processed. And they defined retrieval as recovery of the stored
information. They compared these three operations of the memory to functioning of the computer,
where the input data is first encoded, then stored on a flash or drive and finally the information is
retrived from the stored files. In order to do well, the student must ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Roediger (2014) gives evidence for benefits of testing in his article how tests make us smarter. He
explains that appropriate use of different kinds of testing, helps students to practice the important
skill of retrieving and using knowledge. He gives an example from an assessment how well students
remembered the material they had read. First students were tested on some. Most of the students
recalled about 70 percent of the material. The students were asked to reread the other passages
which were not tested, thus by re–exposing 100 percent of the ideas. The final tests were given after
few days. The passages which were tested just after reading were remembered more than those that
had been reread. He describes this improved retention after the testing as the testing effect or the
retrieval practice effect, which makes the learning and remembering strong. This article supports
that testing promotes retrieval phase. Testing involves recalling of the information from the memory,
which is defined as retrieval, thereby it promotes to store

Memory Recollection
Neuroscience has been a foundational topic and one that is interesting to explore. We as human
beings are so complicated that we can't really tell why we are even conscious! In fact, there is a
multitude of research on how the brain is neurologically connected to mind and behavior. As
someone who preserves about seven hours of sleep, I feel that sleep is vital for living organisms to
function in their daily activities. However, I stumbled upon an article that discusses the importance
of taking a rest. While people have the impression that sleep will attribute to a healthier mind and
body, many wouldn't recognize the importance of rest in conjunction of storing information. In fact,
resting for a few minutes can improve memory recollection rather ... Show more content on
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The article doesn't go into depth the details of the research, but I believe in a connection between
relaxation and performance. In our world, people who are stressed with anxiety normally don't
perform as well as people who don't feel tension. Moreover, the article talks about overstimulation
of the brain and how that could cause memory problems. Regardless, I am not too worried about the
abstraction of neurons, but I am more refined in seeing that there are experimental studies that
proved the very relationship of rest and memory. For example, Michaela Deware, a principle
investigator at the Heriot–Watt University, led an experiment in 2012. Her team investigated the
results between those who had a ten minute rest and those who didn't. The team found out that in
comparison to those who haven't, people who took the ten minute rest remembered ten percent more
on a story they heard last week. These volunteers who took the initiative to sleep were placed in an
empty, quiet room that was free from distractions. After a refinery on the matter of sleep, what
surprised me most about the article is that resting could actually help insomniacs or people
diagnosed with amnesia; they'll be able to relax and retain memory a lot more

The Science Of A Memory
Memory is something that is essential to our daily lives. Creating and retrieving memories is
something that happens without us knowing; subconscious remembrance of events allows us to
remember our friend 's name, a favorite baseball or football team, or what city we live in without
needing to ask others or consult the internet. Even if we were to ask others a question about
something, without memory we would forget the answer to the question we had asked immediately
after they had told us, which would be quite a confusing and annoying situation for both parties
involved. Without memory, we would have no concept of what is the past and what is the future,
which would lead to a very different perception of reality than what we are used to. It should be
noted; however, that there is a definite science for memory. As previously mentioned, memories can
be encoded subconsciously (without our awareness), and also consciously. This paper will focus on
the science of increasing the effectiveness of conscious memory, that is, memory that we
intentionally try to encode into our minds with the purpose of a later retrieval. The main idea from
Chapter 6 Tips from the Science of Memory–for Studying and for Life is that people at the
individual level need to optimize memorization techniques that best work for themselves. According
to the textbook, the most effective way to memorize, regardless of memory model, is "by thinking
deeply about the "material" of life and connecting the

Memory And Sensory Memory
Everyday people rely on memory. Remembering to set your clock the night before, the routine you
do every morning getting ready for the day, remembering what you must do for the day, and
remembering something as simple as making a sandwich. None of this is possible without memory.
Memory is the ability to be able to mentally remember and manipulate information. Memory can be
affected by strong emotions, injuries and diseases. There are different types of memory; sensory,
short–term, and long–term memory. Sensory memory is sensory information coming at you that you
can be retained for a few milliseconds. It's the shortest memory out of the three and is held just long
enough to move to short–term memory. In sensory memory, we have iconic (visual) and echoic
(auditory) memory. Iconic memory is the visual memory one sees and retains. When looking at
objects, faces, words, or numbers your brain may choose to keep some information and move it to
short–term memory. When you are exposed visually to something, majority of the time its lost
within 500milliseconds. Negative effects can cause sensory memory capacity to decrease but the
precision of what is seen increases (Spachtholz, Kuhbandner, & Pekrun, 2014.) When exposed to
negative sensory, what you can remember is decreased but the detail of what you remember is more
accurate.
Echoic memory is a sensory memory that is specific to receiving auditory information. Majority of
what we hear is forgotten in 1 second. Sensory memory allows us to collect information and process
it just long enough to move to short term memory. After sensory memory, there is short–term
memory or as some call it working memory. Here, memory is stored long enough to use it. When a
task is needed to be completed, it is obtained here and may be quickly forgotten after the task is
complete. Short–term memory and long–term memory can work back and forth. Information that is
deemed important and to be remembered goes to long–term memory and when you need to
remember something, it comes from your long–term memory and goes back to short–term memory.
After it is used, it goes back to long–term memory to be recalled at a later time. Information that
comes from sensory memory and is not forgotten

Memory Distortion
Memory vs. Experience Do we really know what is true to remember? Do we really remember the
actual memory? Although some people do not believe that people can mentally delete parts of a
memory, many cases prove this method of memory distortion. The perception people remember that
they had within a memory is what forms the factual pieces of a memory. During the recall and
retrieval process, a memory is replayed consistently, but the more times it is replayed, the more
times new and inaccurate information is added to the memory. We do not choose between
experiences; we choose between memories of experiences. Our memory is tampered with by the
many factors that interfere with the encoding process of memory, therefore, changing the memory
altogether. Experimental work on memory distortion has caught the consideration of the more
extensive emotional wellness field, of the legitimate calling, and of the overall population. One
reason is this: In the most recent decade, hundreds if not a great many of patients have risen up out
of psychotherapy charging their fathers and moms, their uncles and granddads, their previous
neighbors, their previous instructors and specialists, and endless others, of sexually manhandling
them years prior. The patients frequently guarantee that they have stifled or separated the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In some sense the trials in the deception worldview, in which individuals are given transcripts said
to have been given by different witnesses of a severe event, can be considered as exhibitions of
social impacts on memory. This is particularly valid for such studies that have analyzed the
credibility of the source giving the deceptive data [Underwood 8: Pezdek, 1998]. Then again,
efficient studies manipulating social weight and gathering agreement on false recollections are only
just now starting to

Memory And Memory Of Memory
One can never forget their first kindergarten field trip, or the way your grandma's house smells, your
favorite song, or your first love, but how do we store and remember so many memories throughout
our lifespan, in our brain? A memory is a "faculty by which the mind stores and remembers
information", but how? Memories are stored in direct braincells and brain structures, which allow us
to remember our memories. Some memories can depend on one single molecule for their life long
remembrance, and replay of episodes. Memories are stored in two ways, short term memory and
long–term memory. These three different stages of memory allow us to take in and handle each little
thing we learn in just one day. They keep us sane.
After the recent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It consists in two specific processes, the synaptic consolidation (which occurs within the few hours
of learning) and system consolidation (where hippocampus dependent memories become
independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years) ("Memory Storage." Blog post.
Memory Storage – Memory Processes – The Human Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May 2017).
Neurons create signals which are designated to react and become permanently sensitized to each
other. The more this happens the more connections and path ways are made to replay this memory.
Short term memories are stored in the pre–frontal lobe which is located in the front of the brain.
Short term memories can eventually be developed into long term memories when reached the
hippocampus, which is a deeper part in the brain. The hippocampus "takes simultaneous memories
from a different sensory region of the brain and connects them into a single 'episode' of memory, for
example, you may have one memory of a dinner party rather than multiple separate memories of
how the party looked, sounded, and smelled." (Ashford, Molika. "How Are Memories Stores in the
Brain?" Live Science. N.p., 31 Aug. 2010. Web. 19 May 2017.) After reached the hippocampus,
memories and neurons related to the memory become one, which is likely to relate actions to
memories. According to Wilder Penfield and Karl Lashley, memories are stored in as bodies of

Trauma And Memory
Popular press and peer–reviewed articles differ in writing style, formatting, and content, given their
different readerships. That is, popular press articles generally cater to the general public while peer–
reviewed articles cater to academic scholars. This essay compares popular press and peer–reviewed
articles to assess their differences, similarities, and potential uses. In pursuit of this assessment, this
essay explores how the topic of trauma and memory is addressed in "Why Rape and Trauma
Survivors Have Fragmented and Incomplete Memories," a popular press article from Time magazine
and ""I Remember", "I Thought", I Know I Didn't Say": Silence and Memory in Trauma
Narratives," a peer–reviewed journal from the academic journal Memory. ... Show more content on
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First, both articles address the topic of trauma and memory with respect to the psychological
processes in trauma survivors. Both articles acknowledge the importance of neuropathology as
having a role in memory impairment and recollection. Second, both articles make conclusions based
on the evidence they present. The Time article concludes that advances in our understanding of brain
physiology will affect the admissibility of victim narratives in court, while the Memory article uses
Interpretive Poetics to make conclusions about future research on memory and the need to make
disclosure of trauma narratives socially acceptable. With these factors in mind, popular press and
peer–reviewed articles are beneficial in different situations. If someone wants to gain a general
understanding of a topic, reading articles from popular press magazines such as Time would provide
a good introduction for the topic. However, if someone wants to explore a topic in more detail,
peer–reviewed articles would provide original research and analyses. Peer–reviewed articles also
have citations to other pertinent papers, allowing readers to further their exploration of different
topics of

The Memory Of Memory And Memory
A fact that cannot be denied is that human beings rely on their memory a lot, not only to remember
special events or memorise facts that have been learned but also to recall processes and routines
executed on a daily basis. Memory can be defined as a system that processes information in the
mind, which consists of three stages; namely encoding, storage, and retrieval (Farlex Partner
Medical Dictionary, 2012). Encoding refers to the receiving and modification of an informational
stimulus so that it can be embedded in the memory. Storage is the next memory stage, in which
information is retained and kept available until it is needed again. Information is more likely to be
stored in the long term if it is continuously used and rehearsed. The ... Show more content on
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The oldest recorded example of a mnemonic device is the method of loci, which was created back in
the Ancient Greek era (Robson, 2011). This method involves visual imagery by relating new
information to specific locations in a familiar place to a person. When this association is established,
a person can recall the new information relative to the landmarks of the familiar location. Besides
that, chunking is also another type of mnemonic device, in which a large piece of information is
broken down into smaller chunks. A theory by Jacobs (1890), as cited in Holt & Lewis (2008),
stated that the capacity of the short–term memory is about 5 to 9 chunks. Therefore, chunking
lengthy information into smaller sections can help the human brain to encode more information at a
higher rate, so that they can be stored easily. Other mnemonic devices include acronyms, keyword
method, and narrative chaining.
Mnemonic devices have been proven to work very well for memory enhancement. The information
learned via mnemonic devices tends to be remembered better for a longer period as compared to
other memorisation techniques such as rote learning. Rote learning refers to a method of
memorisation based on repetition without fully understanding or focusing on what is being
committed to memory (Stevens & Bernier, 2013). While most people believe that repetition is the
best way to remember information, the context of the

Memory And Imagination
Memory and imagination are central to Brian Friels play, Dancing at Lughnasa' and Emma
Donoghues 2010 novel, Room; However, as memory provides substance to imagination and vice
versa there can often be a blurring of lines between memory and imagination, shuffling events and
shuffling reality. This overlap between memory and imagination will be the main focus of this essay.
According to Pierre Nora, memory can be multiple, yet also specific, collective, plural and
individual; it only accommodates facts that suit it and nourishes the recollections that might be
particular or symbolic (Nora 9). "Memory is life, borne by living societies founded in its name. It
remains in permanent evolution, open to the dialectic of remembering and forgetting, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Room is the story of five–year–old, Jack and his Ma, who live in an eleven–by–eleven shed, named
'Room'. Unaware of the truths of life, Jack tells the story of living and escaping room from entirely
from his own perspective. This story centralises John Milton's idea that the mind is its own self and
can make a haven out of a hell (John Milton's a Paradise Lost: A sourcebook 92). In a truly grim
situation, we enter the world Ma has created through Jacks own eyes. As a child, Jack knows so
much less than an adult, allowing him to guess and imagine so much (The Irish Times 2010).
Knowing nothing of the outside world beyond fantasies of the television screen, with the help of
Ma's imagination, Jack presents the small space of Room as a world full of love, inanimate friends
and fun. In the first half of the novel, readers are invited into Jacks world inside Room, through his
innocent eyes, everything from "counting one hundred cereal and waterfall milk" to giving "Plant a
cup of water" and eating with "Meltedy Spoon" creates a world full of imagination, love and
excitement (Donoghue 6–8).;

Memory And Memory Of Memory
Grace Stelley
Erickson
Hour 5
1/11/17
Memory
Steve Jobs once said, "You and I have memories longer he road that stretches out ahead". The brain
is so detailed and holds so much information in every little area. There are so many things
happening in the brain at once, and one of the most fascinating things would be memory. The
memory has various abilities that make it so complex, including the memory system, how it
functions, and memory retrieval, along with the capacity to memorize certain ideas easier
Memory has different parts in the memory system including sensory, short and long memories. Each
type has a different time span and is broken down for different purposes for memorizing. Sensory
memory occupies material for one to two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also indicates to the brain's intelligence to keep knowledge. Recollection is a crucial piece of the
training progress (Loftus). Repeating actions can really help to expand what has been just viewed.
The memory is a result of an influence on perception, attention, and learning. Many experiences in
life affect what a person remembers. Memory collects the events that were given the most impact on
the life at hand. Every time a person learns something different, chemical conversions account new
passageways to grow between neurons. The memory traces can be energized at any time to intimate
the cognition called memories. If memories weren't in the brain, learning something would be new
every time. There are two distinct types of memories including motor–skill memory and factual
memory. The ability to memorize motor skills, such as walking or riding a bike makes it possible to
achieve many everyday actions without abundant conception of conscious thought. Motor–skills are
very important because they show what comes naturally to a person and what can be improved to
help get to a goal or new step in life. Between five to six hours of learning a new motor–skill, the
capability of completing the task becomes gathered forever in a person's brain. If it is disturbed by
another learning action the first one may be erased or can easily be slipped away from memory
("Memory" n. pag.). Motor–skills are crucial for survival and show how they can be so important
for future

Personal Memory
Introduction & Methodology Sections The purpose of the experiment was to find out if there are any
mnemonic consequences of posting personal memories online. During their study, the researchers,
(Wang, Lee, & Hou), compared the memory retention of events that were posted on social media
versus those events which were not posted. The study consisted of 66 undergraduate students as the
participants, who were told to complete a daily diary for a week. Also, at the end of the day, they
were told to list all the unique events that had happened and also answer whether or not they had
posted the event onto social media. Moreover, they were asked to differentiate the events as either
pleasant or unpleasant, and further asked to rate the personal ... Show more content on
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On the contrary, emotional intensity alone, without any influence from online postings or personal
importance, had no significant effect on memory retention of the participants. Therefore, the
researchers concluded that the effect of emotional intensity on memory retention was heavily
influenced by the factors of personal importance and online status (Wang, Lee, & Hou, 2016, p. 3).
Implications
The study implicated that there were two mnemonic advantages in sharing memories via social
media. The first advantage was that social media provides an easy avenue for people to retrieve and
share their personal memories with the public. Social media allows a person to share his/her
memories anywhere and at any time, without the need of having their friends physically present with
them to facilitate the retention of a memory. Moreover, memories that are more frequently recalled
and rehearsed in a social context are much more likely to be retained in the long–term retention of
the events, to which posting events on social media helps facilitate the frequent rehearsal of memory
(Wang, Lee, & Hou, 2016, pp. 3–4). Also, posting events on social media helps further establish and
make meaning of one's autobiological self in the technological age. The autobiological self consists
of a person's perception of their personality that is built from a combination of memories,

The Memory Of A Memory Essay
Recalling a memory seems like a simple task but are you actually depicting the events how they
actually happened? Understanding the process our minds undergo during memory recall has helped
greatly in legal cases involving an eyewitness. People generally believe that an eyewitness report
provides completely reliable evidence to a criminal case. However, Elizabeth Loftus of the
University of Washington has found that when an individual recalls a memory it is not described
completely as it occurred but is reconstructed using other information as well. Loftus is a leading
researcher in the memory field of psychology. In this experimental study she proposed that the
manner in which a question is asked influences the individual's answer. Prior to researchers like
Loftus legal cases often came down to a point of the finger from an eyewitness; who consciously or
not was not always reliable. Due to this unreliability Loftus created four experimental methods in
relation to typical eyewitness cases in order to test her theoretical proposition. In the initial study,
150 subjects were shown a video of a five–car chain reaction accident that occurred when a car (Car
A) drove through a stop sign into oncoming traffic. When the film finished the individuals filled out
ten questions. One half of the group's first question was "How fast was Car A going when it ran the
stop sign?" The remaining individuals' first question was "How fast was Car A going when it turned
right?" Questions

Memory Vs Human Memory
1. The purpose of memory, whether it be in humans or machine, is to store information for a period
of time. Both human memory and the memory used in artificial devices are capable of doing so but
they differ in many ways; two differences being discussed will be on how memory is encoded, and
how memory is stored.
There are endless stimuli in the world meaning we humans are constantly feeling, hearing, smelling,
tasting, and touching; at any given point in time, our brain is working and processing this into our
sensory memory. Information encoded in our sensory memory will only last a very short amount of
time (A few seconds sometimes even shorter) before it is either forgotten or transferred to the next
memory store, short–term (Also known as working memory). The main factor in whether
information is further retained to short–term memory, is attention. The three main ways information
can be encoded is through visual, auditory, and semantic coding. Visual coding enables information
to be stored as pictures, auditory stored as sounds, and semantic stored as meaning.
Memory encoding in machines can be stored as pictures and sounds but meaning is exclusive to
humans. Computer memory does not depend on attention; whatever is captured/experienced by the
machine will be encoded in the artificial device. Unlike human memory, the information will not be
forgotten if there is not enough attention and will be stored; bringing us to our next difference.
The memory used in artificial devices uses complex systems such as primary/secondary memory,
RAM, caches, etc. However, machine memory can explained described as 'black or white'; they
either know something or they don't, and when they do learn something they generally don't forget
(Unless they're programmed to do so).
This is where memory storage differs in the human system. As previously mentioned information is
stored in the short–term/working memory with attention heavily factoring it's retention. Now for
information to stay in the active working memory, it must rehearsed over and over. Once mental
activity stops it is either forgotten or goes further into the long–term memory. The long–term
memory store is similar to memory storage system in computers in the sense

Odors Memory
Sleep Supports Memory of Odors
Smells trigger memories on an emotional level. We, as humans, have a stronger emotional response
to odor triggered memories than any other sense. Smells of a perfume or a ripe banana brings back
memories of old. As for new experiences, memories consolidate in our sleep. Even though it is not
known what stage of sleep this consolidation occurs, plenty of research qualifies this idea. In the
research article "Sleep Supports Memory of Odors in Adults but Not in Children," Prehn–
Kristensen, Lotzkat, Bauhofer, Wiesner, and Baving put these areas of memory together and
conducted a study in sleep consolidation involving the recollection of smells.
Description
Prehn–Kristensen et al. (2015) studied sixty participants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As for the children, the opposite was true. The children wake group scored better than the sleep
group. When comparing both wake groups, there was very little difference (p. 6). Also, within the
adult sleep group, Prehn–Kristensen et al. (2015) found a predictable correlation between the
familiar odors in encoding and the recollected odors in retrieval (p. 8). As a manipulation check, all
participants were asked, during retrieval, if they were part of a memory test. When looking at the
results, Prehn–Kristensen et al. (2015) looked at the numbers twice. They looked at it with all
participants and then without those participants who thought they were part of a memory test. The
results yielded about the same. (p.

Studies on Memories
Human beings usually depend on memory to accurately recall or describe the past events that have
happened. However, many researchers have shown that human memories can be imperfect and
fallible (Lilienfeld et al., 2012). This essay will argue that human memory for the details of past
events is not reliably accurate. The evidence for this argument can be seen in two empirical studies
which will be reviewed. Schmolck, Buffalo & Squire (2000), found that percentage memory
distortions and mistaken recollections after 32 months is higher than 15 months. Lastly, Roediger
III, Jacoby, and McDermott (1996) found an extensive misinformation effects occurred in memory
recall and the effects increase with repeated testing.
First evidence is study by Schmolck et al. (2000) which is to examine memory changes about the
O.J. Simpson trial verdict after 15 months and 32 months of the incident. The IVs for the study is
the time taken for the interview of the participants. The IVs has two levels which are the interview
were conducted after 15 months and 32 months of the incident. Meanwhile, the DVs for the study is
the percentage of memory distortions after 15 and 32 months of the incident. They surveyed 222
undergraduate psychology students. The participants rated several questions and answered a few
questions (how they heard the verdict, where were they and what were they doing when they heard
the verdict) after 3 days of the verdict was announced. Then, the 222 students were divided into

Collective Memories
Collective memories are important because "they are constructed, not simply reproduced"(5).
Historical memories "transmit selective knowledge about the past"(5). Simply, collective memories
are we chose to remember the past, while historical memories are the facts, albeit selective facts, of
history. One issue of collective memory stems from the ability to selectively remember and forget
the past(6). Historical memories face issue of being misrepresented or misused by those seeking to
create a certain memory(12). Collective memory can also be misused to appear to represent the
majorities memory, often used in the form of "public monuments" that are either owned by the
public nor have been erected with public consensus(13). Historical memory

Memory Psychology
Memory
One of the human functions that is intriguing to me and makes people unique from each other is
human memory. I am finding that through experiences and what we remember from those
experiences, our brain develops and humans form their interpretation of the world and the things
around them based on their memory. Our favorite films and the ones we dislike the most are part of
the many things that we draw our conclusions from based on memory. Knowing this can help me
create more dynamic characters in my scripts because I can better form characters based on their
memory. Whether it be the style the cinematographer might have in his or her shot choice or simply
the action that is present on the screen, memory of these aspects allows me ... Show more content on
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The way that I view a solution like this is taking the easy way out. It seems for no matter what
condition you are going through in this country, there is nobody to sit and help you through a
situation besides a bottle of pills. I don't know what should happen exactly as a solution, but if we
know that weaker emotion equals weaker memories than why can't a psychiatrist work with patients
in doing what they are hoping the pill can do? I'm personally apathetic in this area of study, but I
feel strongly against the use of pills so regularly.
Flashbulb memories are a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. This is
intriguing to me how this works, but it most certainly is true. I have talked with friends recently that
I grew up with through grade school and we had one of those moments where I started a
conversation off with, "Remember that one time we were out on the playground and a guy was
walking around outside with a shotgun and we had to go inside on lockdown?" Of course they all
remember that day and specific and minute things that happened during that time because of
flashbulb memory.
After reading the chapter on memory I have become more aware on how the mind remembers
things. I always told myself growing up that studying things I "already knew" was completely
pointless, but it turns out that you are still learning just by continuing to review. I am going to have
to

Spatial Memory
Spatial memory has been an intriguing field of study for many years. A major debate especially
arises when the spatial memory is said to differ between males and females. The five studies attempt
to attribute the variations to different reasons. The first paper (Lund,2001), attempts to find the role
of estrogen in the difference between the performance of learning and memory tasks in males and
females. The second paper, (Lejbak, 2011) emphasizes the n–back task, a continuous performance
working memory measure that makes strong demands on working memory in the superior cognitive
load conditions. This strategy has been passed as an effective paradigm that is used in neuroimaging
as a measure for working memory. The third article, (Chennareddi, ... Show more content on
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The study first appreciates that sex differences in psychological functions exist, but the objective is
to gauge the performance as the individual progresses with age. The study used rhesus monkeys that
were subjected to various tasks with varying complexities. The results revealed that the perfomance
of the male spatial memory was superior to the that of the female subjects at the beginning of the
study. However, the rate at which the performance declined was higher for the male subjects than
the females. Working memory, however, was the only component of the study that showed a
difference. The study then concluded that males have an advantage in spatial working memory at a
young age, but the decline is more significant with progression in

False Memory
It is a common misconception that the human memory is accurate and reliable (Poston, 2014). For
example, the supposition that memory is mostly dependable forms a major part of the legal system.
Judges, attorneys and juries are inclined to trust the testimony of a confident eyewitness (Van
Wallendael et al., 2007) and confessions are considered among the most compelling forms of
evidence (e.g., Cutler, 2012; Kassin, Bogart, & Kerner, 2012). However, 30 years of ground–
breaking work by Elizabeth Loftus around the theory of false memory has cast doubt over the role
memory should play in legal proceedings (Loftus, 2005). Loftus defines false memory as a
phenomenon that occurs when a person believes they remember something that did not actually ...
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A complementary body of research has demonstrated that human memory is susceptible to making
errors that could bring disorder when applied to the justice system (e.g.; Belli, 2012; Frenda,
Nichols, & Loftus, 2011; Laney & Takarangi, 2013). In contrast, only occasionally has memory
been found markedly resistant to distortion (e.g., Oeberst & Blank, 2012).
Memory distortion commonly occurs during interviews or interrogations (Kassin, Bogart, & Kerner,
2012). Factors that contribute to the induction of false memories include asking leading questions,
presenting disingenuous information as fact and pressuring an interviewee to give details about a
hazy subject or event (Loftus, 2005).
A recent experiment by Shaw & Porter (2015) found that an astounding 70% of participants
constructed detailed false memories of committing criminal acts. The researchers chose an
extraverted interviewer trained in police tactics to conduct three separate interviews with
participants. The authors note that their findings were limited by use of the same interviewer across
interviews. Therefore the high rate of false memory induction may have been due to the individual
characteristics of the

Science Of Memory
Tips from the Science of Memory– for Studying and for Life is separated into three subsections that
each cover a diverse set of tips. The first subsection covers organizing, encoding, rehearsing, and
retrieving course content. Before you can initiate memorizing the information you must be
organized. To be prepared you should catch potential errors early on, put the information in a
structure that will help you to comprehend it fluently, and experiment with different organization
techniques. After you are organized and have removed any errors, you can begin memorizing the
information. The best way to memorize is to stay focused, process the information at an appropriate
level, make connections between the content and your life, create images ... Show more content on
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The midterm is coming up fast, and I am excited that I have already completed two of the four steps
for memorizing in Experience Psychology. The first two steps, organizing and encoding, I have
completed as we moved through each session. Encoding early on is an important step because I was
able to introduce each concept to my brain one by one as it was learned, rather than cramming it all
in at once. That leaves me with two steps to complete before I can complete my test: Rehearsing and
Retrieving. In order to rehearse, or practice, the information I have learned I first must create the
right environment. Where I am studying makes a large impact on how well I will take in the
information (Silver, 2008). I know that I work best studying off of paper (not a computer screen),
being somewhere comfortable, and that having a familiar sound like a song I know by heart, or a TV
show I've seen 20 times helps me to block out noise without getting distracted. By knowing this
information about myself I decided that outside in the sun with my ear buds in would be a perfect
place to concentrate for me. I also learned through both my sources that keeping my brain healthy is
important to take in information, so I've been getting at least 8 hours of sleep, and waking

Memory's Role in Shaping Identity in "The Giver

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