Running head RESEARCH TOPICS .docx

Running head: RESEARCH TOPICS
1
Research topics:
4
RESEARCH TOPICS
5
Research Topics
Kesha Harper
Professor Catherine Cousar
ENG 215
July 13, 2017
Topic 1: Should funding for the U.S space program be changed?
Government should not reduce funds that support space
programs. Space exploration protects us from asteroids. We
need a well-funded space program which must have the capacity
to monitor asteroids which have potential to destroy earth.
Space program brings great discoveries. Space research has
brought many innovations that are used in everyday life
(Steinberg, 2011). Again, it inspires younger generation to
specialize in scientific courses or science education. Again, we
need to colonize space since we have experienced enough
damage here on earth as a result of space effects. Earth
currently contains almost 6.9 billion people we need to put all
these people somewhere hence colonizing space is the big
dream (McCurdy, 2011).
Space administration is one of the programs that U.S
government has decided it cannot continue funding. United
States government does not believe that space programs are
worthy more than 0.5 percent of the United States budget. The

government decided to cut down money directed to space
program in order to reduce deficit and also boost the economy.
In this case, resources that are directed into space program are
investment that can stimulate and improve economy. The most
crucial reason why space program must be funded is defense.
Specifically, the whole planet and all species need protection
from space threats (Steinberg, 2011).
The audience will be all stakeholders including government
officials, scientists, science students and any other interested
party.
Topic 2: Should taxes on alcohol and tobacco be increased to
help pay for rising medical costs?
Increasing taxes on tobacco and alcohol will reduce diseases
which are curable United State. According to the CDCP
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), alcohol and
smoking causes about 443,000 deaths per year. Doctors
estimates that about 44.8 million drunkards and smokers will
prematurely die of drug related complication. Drunkards and
Smokers are more likely to suffer from heart related diseases
(Collins et al 2008). Low levels or quantities of tobacco also
increase risks of poor cardiac performance. Alcohol and
smoking contents increases risks of stroke to users, pregnancy
problems and premature births.
Many policy makers argue that, tax increase on tobacco would
be regressive. The centre part of their argument is that, low
income earners tend to smoke more which increase their
consumption budget. Studies have proven that, many people
cannot fully account for their health risks of smoking and many
are likely to quit smoking (Karanikolos et al 2013). Therefore,
the issue of taxes and controlling smoking needs more research.
The cost of administering medicals to affected people is more
than the preventive costs. This form the basis of research on
this topic.

The audience in this case will be policy makers, people affected
by alcohol and cigarette smoking and doctors.
Topic 3: Should colleges and universities expel students who
are caught cheating on exams and / or plagiarizing their
homework assignments?
Cheating is a crime in exams rooms or in assignments given to
individual student. Cheating has negative consequences to
students who are found guilty of the same. It lowers student’s
confidence and self-respect (Simkin et al 2010). It becomes a
behavior which is hard to stay away from it once you become
addicted. Students who are caught cheating lose trust from their
peers and also from their teachers. It is a waste of time for
students going to schools since no knowledge will be developed
(Davis et al, 2011).
Modern society seems to promote and encourage anything that it
takes for one to succeed or win. People have it in their mind
that, it is okay to step on other people as you go to the top.
Lack of values such as integrity and honesty are major
contributors to exam cheating and plagiarism. Therefore, this
research topic will study how exam cheating and plagiarism
affects student’s performance (Dvis et al, 2011).
The audience will be parents, teachers, students and education
stakeholders.
Reference
Steinberg, A. (2011). Space policy responsiveness: The
relationship between public opinion and
NASA funding. Space Policy, 27(4), 240-246.
McCurdy, H. E. (2011). Space and the American imagination.

JHU Press.
Collins, D. J., & Lapsley, H. M. (2008). The costs of tobacco,
alcohol and illicit drug abuse to
Australian society in 2004/05. Canberra: Department of Health
and Ageing.
Karanikolos, M., Mladovsky, P., Cylus, J., Thomson, S., Basu,
S., Stuckler, D., ... & McKee, M.
(2013). Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe. The
Lancet, 381(9874), 1323-
1331.
Simkin, M. G., & McLeod, A. (2010). Why do college students
cheat?. Journal of Business
Ethics, 94(3), 441-453.
Davis, S. F., Drinan, P. F., & Gallant, T. B. (2011). Cheating in
school: What we know and what
we can do. John Wiley & Sons.
4
Running head: RESEARCH TOPICS
1
Research topics:
4
RESEARCH TOPICS
5
Research Topics
Kesha Harper

ENG 215
July 13, 2017
Topic 1: Should funding for the U.S space program be changed?
Government should not reduce funds that support space
programs. Space exploration protects us from asteroids. We
need a well-funded space program which must have the capacity
to monitor asteroids which have potential to destroy earth.
Space program brings great discoveries. Space research has
brought many innovations that are used in everyday life
(Steinberg, 2011). Again, it inspires younger generation to
specialize in scientific courses or science education. Again, we
need to colonize space since we have experienced enough
damage here on earth as a result of space effects. Earth
currently contains almost 6.9 billion people we need to put all
these people somewhere hence colonizing space is the big
dream (McCurdy, 2011).
Space administration is one of the programs that U.S
government has decided it cannot continue funding. United
States government does not believe that space programs are
worthy more than 0.5 percent of the United States budget. The
government decided to cut down money directed to space
program in order to reduce deficit and also boost the economy.
In this case, resources that are directed into space program are
investment that can stimulate and improve economy. The most
crucial reason why space program must be funded is defense.
Specifically, the whole planet and all species need protection
from space threats (Steinberg, 2011).
The audience will be all stakeholders including government
officials, scientists, science students and any other interested
party.
Topic 2: Should taxes on alcohol and tobacco be increased to

help pay for rising medical costs?
Increasing taxes on tobacco and alcohol will reduce diseases
which are curable United State. According to the CDCP
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), alcohol and
smoking causes about 443,000 deaths per year. Doctors
estimates that about 44.8 million drunkards and smokers will
prematurely die of drug related complication. Drunkards and
Smokers are more likely to suffer from heart related diseases
(Collins et al 2008). Low levels or quantities of tobacco also
increase risks of poor cardiac performance. Alcohol and
smoking contents increases risks of stroke to users, pregnancy
problems and premature births.
Many policy makers argue that, tax increase on tobacco would
be regressive. The centre part of their argument is that, low
income earners tend to smoke more which increase their
consumption budget. Studies have proven that, many people
cannot fully account for their health risks of smoking and many
are likely to quit smoking (Karanikolos et al 2013). Therefore,
the issue of taxes and controlling smoking needs more research.
The cost of administering medicals to affected people is more
than the preventive costs. This form the basis of research on
this topic.
The audience in this case will be policy makers, people affected
by alcohol and cigarette smoking and doctors.
Topic 3: Should colleges and universities expel students who
are caught cheating on exams and / or plagiarizing their
homework assignments?
Cheating is a crime in exams rooms or in assignments given to
individual student. Cheating has negative consequences to
students who are found guilty of the same. It lowers student’s
confidence and self-respect (Simkin et al 2010). It becomes a
behavior which is hard to stay away from it once you become
addicted. Students who are caught cheating lose trust from their
peers and also from their teachers. It is a waste of time for
students going to schools since no knowledge will be developed

(Davis et al, 2011).
Modern society seems to promote and encourage anything that it
takes for one to succeed or win. People have it in their mind
that, it is okay to step on other people as you go to the top.
Lack of values such as integrity and honesty are major
contributors to exam cheating and plagiarism. Therefore, this
research topic will study how exam cheating and plagiarism
affects student’s performance (Dvis et al, 2011).
The audience will be parents, teachers, students and education
stakeholders.
Reference
Steinberg, A. (2011). Space policy responsiveness: The
relationship between public opinion and
NASA funding. Space Policy, 27(4), 240-246.
McCurdy, H. E. (2011). Space and the American imagination.
JHU Press.
Collins, D. J., & Lapsley, H. M. (2008). The costs of tobacco,
alcohol and illicit drug abuse to
Australian society in 2004/05. Canberra: Department of Health
and Ageing.
S., Stuckler, D., ... & McKee, M.
(2013). Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe. The
Lancet, 381(9874), 1323-
1331.
Simkin, M. G., & McLeod, A. (2010). Why do college students
cheat?. Journal of Business
Ethics, 94(3), 441-453.
Davis, S. F., Drinan, P. F., & Gallant, T. B. (2011). Cheating in

school: What we know and what
we can do. John Wiley & Sons.
4
Running head: TAXES ON ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO
1
TAXES ON ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO
2
Taxes on Alcohol and Tobacco
Kesha Harper
ENG 215
July 18, 2017
Proposed research topic
Should taxes on alcohol and tobacco be increased to help pay
for rising medical costs?
Introduction
Alcohol and tobacco are globally referred to as drugs due to the
fact they alter the normal thinking, working and performance of
an individual. My core reasons for focussing on this topic
include the fact that the consumption rate for both alcohol and
tobacco keeps increasing on a daily despite the increased
awareness of its harmful effects. This has positively impacted
the economy but in the bigger picture, it is the degree of impact

of its negativity on family and society that has always been felt
and it still is. Another reason is that alcohol and tobacco are the
leading causes of immature death throughout the world.
Excessive indulgence with both results to health complications
that when not attended to with the urgency required may and
can result to death.
Statement of the problem
The world health organization has continuously and vehemently
concluded that alcohol and tobacco use complications as the top
five killer diseases in the world. I however lack the gears to
support that since it is not all heavy users of alcohol and
tobacco that experience immature deaths. Is the use alcohol and
tobacco substances the sole killer?
Characteristics of the audience
The research will be carried out on the middle classed
individuals who get a fair income and might be perceived to
living a modest life style.
Objective of the study
i. To analyse the effects of alcohol and tobacco use on health.
ii. To analyse the degree of alcohol and tobacco consumption on
the population.
Scope of the study
The research will be carried out to find out how low taxes
imposed on alcohol and tobacco are affecting the health status
of the community. People covered will be the active users of the
substances plus their passive counterparts. Their comparison in
health status will be key in the study.
Research questions
i. What impact does tax imposed on alcohol and tobacco have?
ii. What are the effects of alcohol and tobacco use on the
society?
iii. Is the health of an individual in any way dependant to the
use of alcohol and tobacco?
Research plan and methods
i. Use of questionnaire
ii. Carrying out interviews with the users and non-users

iii. Carrying out experiments
iv. Observations
References
Ahlfeldt, G., Maennig, W. (2010), Impact of non-smoking
ordinances on hospitality
revenues: The case of Germany, in Journal of Economics and
Statistics, 230(5), 506-
521; preliminary version in: Hamburg Contemporary Discussion
Papers N° 26
Shoaib, M.; Lowe, A.; Williams, S. (2012). "Imaging localised
dynamic changes in the
nucleus accumbens following nicotine withdrawal in
rats". NeuroImage. 22 (2): 847–
854
Barendregt J. J., Bonneux L., van der Maas P. J. (2007). "The
health care costs of
smoking".New England Journal of Medicine.337(15): 1052–
1057.
Chandra, S.; Shiffman, S.; Scharf, M.; Dang, Q.; Shadel, G.
(Feb 2007). "Daily smoking
patterns, their determinants, and implications for
quitting". Experimental and clinical
psychopharmacology. 15 (1): 67–80.
Goldberg, Ray (2005) Drugs Across the Spectrum. 5th ed.
Thomson Brooks/Cole
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011).
"Annual smoking-attributable
mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs--
United States, 1995-
2009". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51 (14): 300–3.

Running head: TAXES ON ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO
1
TAXES ON ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO
5
Kesha Harper
Strayer University
ENG 215
August 1, 2017
Introduction
Alcohol and tobacco are highly used drugs in our country.
Should taxes be imposed on the two drugs to enable the country
to meet the rising medical costs? Increasing on the two drugs
will provide some amount used to cater for the medical costs
but will his be able to solve it. Raising taxes on the two drugs
will affect the performances of the different companies and
users of both alcohol and tobacco (Chaloupka, 2011). Will the
imposition of high taxes on alcohol and tobacco be capable of
providing medical costs for the different patients? Will the
taxes affect the consumption patterns of the different
individuals in our society and how will this benefit the medical
field? These are discussed below.

History of the problem
Medical costs in the US have been consistently increasing over
the ears resulting from the different increases in the number of
the smokers and drunkards in the nation. Most of the individuals
who drink alcohol or smoke tobacco are in the high levels of
being infected by different illness like the lung cancer, heart
disease and the liver cirrhosis whose medication is quite
expensive (Chaloupka, Yurekli & Fong, 2012). The rising of the
taxes in the two drugs will be one of the strategies of reducing
the medical costs involved through reducing the number of the
different drunkards and smokers in the country which also face
some challenges.
Problems of imposing taxes on alcohol and tobacco
Unemployment
The increase in the taxes to the alcohol and tobacco
consumption will highly affect the different industries in the US
because an increase in taxes will lead to extra costs in their
operations. This high taxation will make different companies to
employ different strategies of minimizing the costs like the
laying down some of their employees which will lead to high
levels of unemployment in the economy (Grossman, 2013). The
high levels of unemployment will lead to increase in the levels
of dependency ratio among the few employed ones which leads
to low living standards.
Reduction in government revenues
The imposition of the taxes on alcohol and tobacco will also
affect the level of the government revenue collected from the
different companies involved in these businesses. Most of the
individuals who smoke and take alcohol will reduce their
consumption rate and this will mean that there will be a
reduction in the amount available for the different companies to
pass the tax on the income earned after the process has occurred
(Karanikolos, 2013).
High taxes will mean most of the different intended companies
who were in the verge of entering into the market for the
business will deviate their ideas in fear of facing challenges of

being in loss making process which will mean that the different
charges in the process of business legislation and taxes on their
activities will not be earned by the government and hence
reduce their level of the available incomes in form of revenues.
The reduction in the available incomes in the government as
revenues will hence affect their investments in the medical field
in form of buying technologically advanced machines for the
treatment of the different illnesses among the different
individuals.
Increased consumption of alternative drugs
Higher taxes on the alcohol and tobacco may force the users
more so those who are addicted to shift to the use of other drugs
like the consumption of higher tar and higher nicotine cigarettes
which will lead to high levels of change in the consumption of
both the alcohol and the tobacco. The consumption of these two
drugs will also be in the high levels of causing infections to the
different individuals and hence the medical costs will also
remain not be high. High taxes will affect the different
consumers of the two drugs and highly affect the poor
individual who are not able to maintain the same trend of taking
the two drugs (Karanikolos, 2013). The poor ones who are
highly addicted will hence find an alternative which will be
through shifting their consumption to other lowly priced drugs
in the economy and hence there will be reduction in the
consumers in alcohol and tobacco but an increase in the demand
of the other related drugs like the high nicotine cigarettes.
These cigarettes will also cause the different health difficulties
among the different consumes who will be using them and hence
here will be no changes in the medical costs.
Conclusion
Higher taxation on the alcohol and tobacco though will lead to a
rise of different problems in the economy like unemployment,
reduction in the government revenues and shifting of the
different consumers to other drugs should be implemented.
Implementation of the high taxes on the two drugs will lead to
an increase in the process of their products which will make

most of the users to reduce their usage rate and this will have a
long-term benefit to the economy and the medical field
(Grossman, 2013). The high taxes will mean that there will be
the reduction in the number of the increasing diseases resulting
from their consumption like lung cancer and hence this will lead
to a reduction in their medical costs. Hence, the government
should impose high taxes on the alcohol and tobacco.
References
Chaloupka, F. J., Yurekli, A., & Fong, G. T. (2012). Tobacco
taxes as a tobacco control strategy. Tobacco control, 21(2), 172-
180.
Grossman, M., Sindelar, J. L., Mullahy, J., & Anderson, R. T.
(2013). Policy Watch; Alcohol and Cigarette Taxes.
S., Stuckler, D.,& McKee, M. (2013). Financial crisis, austerity,
and health in America. The Lancet, 381(9874), 1323-1331.
Xu, X., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2011). The effects of prices on
alcohol use and its consequences. Alcohol research and health,
34(2), 236.
Running Head: Taxes on Alcohol and Tobacco
1
9
Kesha Harper

Strayer University
1 June 2017
Goods deemed to be harmful to the society ranging from
tobacco, alcohol, gambling, cider, wine among others are
subjected to a sin tax. A sin tax is an excise tax that is
specifically imposed on services such as gambling viewed as
defamatory in society. The government sanctions these
commodities for the purposes of alluring duties, an important
part of most states' economies. Revenue taxes from these
commodities are used to generate public revenue. These
proceeds are of essence foresees the government help in funding
special state projects, cracking medical expenses as well as
funding education programs among other projections.
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) collects taxes on alcohol
and tobacco as these assesses are deliberated as income.
Alcohol duties are admitted in the price one pays for beer, perry
or cider, wine, and spirits. Tobacco Duty, on the other hand, is
admitted in the price one pays for cigars, cigarettes and other
various tobacco products (Graves, 2000).
Regarding an analysis on sin taxes on alcohol and tobacco, "The
revenue lost to the illicit trade could fund a modest but much-
needed tax cut for millions of families while preventing
smugglers from profiting because of deeply regressive 'sin
taxes' which hit the poorest hardest. It is high time the
Government offered struggling taxpayers a better deal instead
of kowtowing to the self-appointed lifestyle police who remain
oblivious to the cost of ever-rising duties on ordinary
taxpayers" (Graves, 2000).
In the United States, alcohol and tobacco are items that are used
together. Studies show that people who smoke cigarettes and
various tobacco products are more than likely to drink and

people who drink are much more likely to smoke. Likewise, the
dependence on tobacco and alcohol is correlated. People who
depend on alcohol are three times most likely, in the general
population to be smokers, and people who depend on tobacco
are four times most likely to depend on alcohol. However, the
government imposes taxes in this both alcohol and tobacco as an
aid in contribution to the country’s’ revenue.
The government, through the IRS, ensures adequate support to
projects as a vantage to the reward on these proceeds. The US
defense has is a beneficiary of the expenditure on the military
as well as national defense. This outlook consists of adequate
protection of the country as well as ensuring there is civil rest
positively for economic reward. Nevertheless, this expenditure
does not enumerate spending on veteran’s welfares. The
benefits for veterans who have served the military include
medical care and pensions and are seen to have steadily
increased in recent years. According to the Department of
Veterans Affairs, there exist roughly 22 million veterans in the
United States.
The Healthcare system also inhibits as a benefactor to these
taxes that are imposed on sin tax goods, specifically alcohol and
tobacco. The high health care costs within the United States are
regulated through Medicaid, the government’s health insurance
program for the poor. Also, programs such as Consumer health
programs and Children’s Health Insurance Program are funded.
This aids at a social aspect, besides economic and political
environs as well.
Through general taxation, the IRS ensures for Income Security.
This includes the retirement and the disability benefits for job
training programs, federal employees, and other similar
programs. The government is also able to provide temporary
assistance to Needy Families program, which provides cash
benefits and other support to the poor.

According to the IRS, Education sums up to 3% of the
governments’ tax beneficiary. Through this government
allocation, the Education system is able to carry out its function
backing up of educational researchers and innovations though
people will feel better about funding education rather than
defense irrespective of the numbers that are depicted from the
defense system.
Consequently, sin taxes contribute to the wider revenue
contribution allocated on the federal budget in enabling the
United States to cater for Foreign aid programs. According to a
survey, “Many people believe the government spends a lot and
the average American guessed 31% of the federal budget on
foreign aid.”
Medicare is also a beneficiary to taxes implications on a sin tax.
Through these taxes, it is noted that Medicare constitutes of
about 15% of the federal budget. Health care-related
expenditures are continuing to billow over the coming years
requires for regeneration and improvement. Medicare is
incredibly important for the huge portion of the American
population and the high medical expenses seems to be a pinch to
the larger American population.
However, the IRS, allows an individual to deduct qualified
medical expenses that exceed 10% of your adjusted gross
income for the year. This is an individual’s taxable income
without any alterations to income such as contributions to an
Individual Retirement Account, student loan interest, and
deductions.
Consorting to a report on IRS, “the IRS allows you to deduct
preventative care, treatment, surgeries and dental and vision
care as qualifying medical expenses. You can also deduct visits
to psychologists and psychiatrists. Prescription medications and

appliances such as glasses, contacts, false teeth and hearing aids
are also deductible.”
The IRS also lets an individual deduct the expenses that he/she
pays for travel for medical care such as bus fare, parking fees
and mileage on a car.
Irrespective to the governments’ gain in economic benefits
through taxation, it is necessary to offer a resolution to
gambling. As it is seen, gambling is inevitable and is considered
a vice in society. It is therefore important to understand that the
addiction to gambling is real, and its consequences are as well
as tragic, just as of alcohol and generally drug abuse.
The American Medical Association and the American
Psychiatric Association recognizes general alcohol and tobacco
abuse as a correlating social vice. According to a recent report
by Frank J. Chaloupka, the use of tobacco in the United States
is alarming comprising of an adult smoking prevalence of
22.8%, a youth smoking prevalence of 28.5%, having more than
40% of adult smokers trying to quit in the pasts year a
population comprising of more than 70% saying they would
want to quit smoking.
In his report, he also ascertained that smoking in the United
States was slightly declining over the past two decades and also
becoming more concentrated in the lowest income, who are, the
least educated segments of the population. Youth smoking
arising much of the 1990s and fallen in recent years. Also, the
use of tobacco is rising in many developing countries.
On the other hand, the use of alcohol in the United States
incorporates an adult drinking prevalence of 64%, a youth
drinking prevalence of 73%, college student drinking prevalence
of 81%. Close to a half of all alcohol consumed by 10% of those
who drink most frequently and heaviest drinkers. Also, there is

a moderate downward trend in drinking among the adult
population. Notably, drinking among the youth and college
students is not changing much in the recent years.
The consequences of tobacco use are fatal and stand out as the
leading causes of the preventable death across the United
States. Over 440,000 deaths are caused by the use of tobacco
each year and globally’ estimates suggest that nearly 5 million
premature deaths are depicted from tobacco each year. The
exposure to the second-hand tobacco smoke ensues over 3,000
annual lung cancer associated deaths and over 50,000 deaths are
noted from cardiovascular diseases.
Also, the consequences of use ascertain as a major cause of
preventable death in the United States with over 100,000 deaths
each year. Nearly 60% of diseases are caused by or related to
the use of alcohol. Over 40% of these deaths are related from
violence, accidents and other outcomes that result from the use
of alcohol. The Consequences of alcohol results to violence
such as rape, homicides and assault, suicides, traffic crashes,
family instability, property crime, poor educational outcomes
among the youth, lost productivity, sexually transmitted
diseases, workplace accidents among others.
Basing on economic impact, tobacco’s estimated economic cost
is $150billion per year having $75.5 billion on medical care
costs, $81.9 billion in lost productivity and $7.18 per a pack of
cigarettes that is sold. Contrastively, alcohol’s estimated
economic cost comprises of $166.5 billion per year having
substantial costs inflicted on non-drinkers ranging from
violence, traffic crashes, and other consequences.
The link between tobacco and alcohol has an authoritative
implication for those in the field of alcohol treatment. Many
alcoholics also smoke and thereby putting them at a high risk
for tobacco-related complications as well including lung

disease, multiple cancers, and heart disease such as
cardiovascular disease. Statistics propose that more alcoholics
die of tobacco-related illness than the deaths from alcohol-
related problems. It is therefore needed for an intervention of
these co-occurring addictions. An effective treatment hinges on
a clear and better understanding of how these substances along
with their addictions interact (Nikolaou & Birkbeck College,
1989).
Due to the unwholesomeness and mortality associated with both
alcohol and tobacco abuse, it is very important to address these
addictions. Addiction in these co-relating vices is no doubt
associated with disorders. The treating of co-occurring
disorders remains a challenge, and all the same, evidence
suggests that combining of these treatments might be one of the
most effective ways to address concurrent addictions. Depressed
adolescents and patients, denotes additional challenges, but
research is exploring ample strategies in targeting these groups
(Lesch, 2011).
An essential strategy to this social correlating ill is the
preventive measure. This involves a system of self-control urges
to the societal vice. This can be advocated through sticking with
an individual treatment plan and monitoring cravings. Though it
might seem like a recovered appendage and thereby not take
measure to stay drug-free, the chances of staying drug-free will
be much higher if one continues seeing his/her counselor as
well as going to distinct support group meetings and also taking
prescribed medication. Avoiding high-risk situations is also
advised notably by staying away from old drug crews. These,
but a few can ideally act as a controlling measure to this alcohol
and tobacco urges (Limeback, 2012).
In conclusion, alcohol and tobacco duties are ascertained as
essential in government revenue. Concurrently, it is also viewed
as a vice inevitably taking an ill-timed course contributing to

negativism with respect to social ills and bad culture. The
solutions are nevertheless found to take a controlling course in
slowly amending the deceitful culture. Some of this imposition
might seem like strong medicine, but then again, we are
presenting a very severe societal illness that if adequate laws
and measures won’t take effect, the society is going to strive of
doom. But then again, the culture that sees young individual
striving in these negatively related vice is damned and the
country will adequately strive for the better.
References
Graves, B. B. (2000). Alcohol use and abuse. Mankato, Minn:
LifeMatters.
Graves, B. B. (2000). Tobacco use. Mankato, Minn:
LifeMatters.
Nikolaou, A., & Birkbeck College. (1989). Harmonisation of
tobacco and alcohol taxes in the EEC and the welfare of Greek
consumers. Birkbeck College, Department of Economics.
Lesch, O.-M. (2011). Alcohol and tobacco: Medical and
sociological aspects of usage, abuse, and addiction. Wien:
Springer.
Limeback, H. (2012). Comprehensive preventive dentistry.
Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.

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