Running head: OIL SPILLS OIL SPILLS 8 Oil Spills Name collage Introduction: Oil spills are a serious problem all over the world. It is widely known that oil is the very important resources in human daily life. In this research paper, I will discuss how government and environment scientists have to solve this situation. Billions of dollars are lost and it is an oil spill disaster management so as to rehabilitate the environment. Many countries are focusing on finding a safer ways to transfer oil between countries and remedy the spills. As a worldwide problem, the public should pay more attention to the consequence of oil spills, to prevent the advance effects and seek a preventative measure of the long-term effects associated with oil spills. Thesis statement: Oil spills cause both short-term and long-term environmental destruction, some of the effects of oil spills can be long-lasting. This research paper looks into the cause and effects of Oil Spills Cause and Effect Pattern, Problem Oil spills in water bodies such as rivers, lakes bays and ocean or along the pipelines are usually as a result of accidents which may involve oil tankers, breakage or linkages on the pipeline storage facilities or accidents on the drilling rigs. More often than not these spills are caused by human errors or negligence during operations sometimes equipment's may break down resulting in oil spillage. Another cause of oil spillage is natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes. When they occur they result in massive destruction of the oil storage and drilling facilities. More often than not, a majority of oil transportation facility does not withstand the impact of earthquakes hence they break down causing spillage. In recent years there have been reported spillages caused by deliberate acts e.g. by terrorism, war and vandalism. Illegal dumping of used engine oil and grease has also emerged as a major cause of oil spills. Oil spills have two major categories of effects namely economic and environmental effects the effects are similar for both patterns only that the large spills have a far-reaching effect. To begin with, we shall look at the environmental effects. Oil spill covers the shoreline with oil residue, as a result, it becomes difficult for plants to thrive. When it occurs on the land, it covers plants, therefore, hindering transpiration as a result plants wither off and die. Aquatic animals choked to death. When the pattern is large the young once of wildlife animals may starve to death because the oil covers there skin making it hard for the mothers to detect their natural smell. Marine oil spills destroy plankton and collar reefs (Ramseur, 2015). Heavily furred sea mammals subjected to oil spills are afflicted in similar ways. Oil coats the hair of sea otters and seals, lowering its insula ...

1. Running head: OIL SPILLS
OIL SPILLS
8
Oil Spills
Name
collage
Introduction:
Oil spills are a serious problem all over the world. It is widely
known that oil is the very important resources in human daily
life. In this research paper, I will discuss how government and
environment scientists have to solve this situation. Billions of
dollars are lost and it is an oil spill disaster management so as
to rehabilitate the environment. Many countries are focusing on
finding a safer ways to transfer oil between countries and

2. remedy the spills. As a worldwide problem, the public should
pay more attention to the consequence of oil spills, to prevent
the advance effects and seek a preventative measure of the long-
term effects associated with oil spills.
Thesis statement: Oil spills cause both short-term and long-term
environmental destruction, some of the effects of oil spills can
be long-lasting. This research paper looks into the cause and
effects of Oil Spills
Cause and Effect Pattern, Problem
Oil spills in water bodies such as rivers, lakes bays and ocean
or along the pipelines are usually as a result of accidents which
may involve oil tankers, breakage or linkages on the pipeline
storage facilities or accidents on the drilling rigs. More often
than not these spills are caused by human errors or negligence
during operations sometimes equipment's may break down
resulting in oil spillage. Another cause of oil spillage is natural
disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes. When they occur
they result in massive destruction of the oil storage and drilling
facilities. More often than not, a majority of oil transportation
facility does not withstand the impact of earthquakes hence they
break down causing spillage. In recent years there have been
reported spillages caused by deliberate acts e.g. by terrorism,
war and vandalism. Illegal dumping of used engine oil and
grease has also emerged as a major cause of oil spills.
Oil spills have two major categories of effects namely economic
and environmental effects the effects are similar for both
patterns only that the large spills have a far-reaching effect. To
begin with, we shall look at the environmental effects. Oil spill
covers the shoreline with oil residue, as a result, it becomes
difficult for plants to thrive. When it occurs on the land, it
covers plants, therefore, hindering transpiration as a result
plants wither off and die. Aquatic animals choked to death.
When the pattern is large the young once of wildlife animals
may starve to death because the oil covers there skin making it
hard for the mothers to detect their natural smell. Marine oil
spills destroy plankton and collar reefs (Ramseur, 2015).

3. Heavily furred sea mammals subjected to oil spills are afflicted
in similar ways. Oil coats the hair of sea otters and seals,
lowering its insulating result and resulting in fluctuations in
body's temperature and hypothermia. Oil can also blind a
creature, giving it defenceless. The ingestion of oil triggers
dehydration and impairs the intestinal process. Pets or animals
can be poisoned and could die from oil joining the lungs or
liver.
In addition, engine oil spills can also damage the quality of air.
The chemicals in crude oil are typically hydrocarbons which
have dangerous chemicals such as benzenes and oxygenated
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These chemicals can create
adverse health results when being inhaled into the body.
Furthermore, these chemicals can be oxidized by oxidants in the
atmosphere to create fine particulate subject once they
evaporate into the atmosphere. These particulates can permeate
lungs and hold toxic chemicals into the human body. Losing
surface oil can even be a source of air pollution such as soot
allergens. Through the cleanup and healing process, it will
generate air contaminants such as nitric oxides and ozone from
boats. Last but not least, bubble bursting can even be an era
pathway for a particulate subject during an oil spill. Quality of
air monitoring data has revealed that requirements contaminants
experienced exceeded the health-based standard in the coastal
parts (Corchado, 2017).
Oils spills are very expensive to manage. Other than the cost of
managing and compensation cost oil spillage has a trickle-down
effect that may affect other economic infrastructures. An oil
spill in Delaware River in November 2004 resulted in a
temporary shut down of Salem Nuclear Plant- which uses river
Delaware water for cooling (Ramseur, 2015).
Problem Solving Pattern
There is two oil spill problem-solving patterns namely Case-
Based Reasoning (CBR) methodology and the Weighted Voting
Superposition (WeVoS) –this is an algorithmic oil spill solving
a problem which uses superposition of map to compare changes

4. due to oil spills hence determines the extent(Cohen, 1986). CBR
is a methodology deliver from computational solutions designed
by analysis of similar but previous solutions for problems that
had occurred in the past. These problem-solving models are
used for environmental sensitivity mapping in the following
ways;
Shoreline type: Shoreline type is categorized by getting ranking
depending on how easy the marked site was prior to the spill in
order to clean up, just how long the oil would persist, and
exactly how delicate the shoreline may be to the floating oil the
effect of the oil spill when they reach offshore is determined .
Biological resources; Problems are taken into account when
ranking natural resources are the observance of a sizable
amount of people in a tiny area, whether special life levels arise
ashore (nesting or moulting), and whether there are types
present that are threatened, endangered or rare
Infrastructure /utility resources; split into four major
classifications; archaeological importance or ethnical learning
resource site, high-use recreational areas or shoreline gain
access to points, important secured management areas or
learning resource origins. A few examples include international
airports, popular beach sites, natural reserves diving sites sea
sanctuaries and marinas,
After an environmental sensitivity is done indexing a cleanup is
usually the final step in risk control of an oil spill .the
following methods are used during clean up.
Controlled burning up can effectively decrease the amount of
oil floating in water if done properly. Nonetheless, it can only
be achieved in the low breeze and can cause polluting of the
environment. Proper assessment should be done first.
in order to dissipate oil Dispersants may be used. It is usually a
colloid, dispersants are polymers that are used to prevent
clumping or settling or oil granules -
Dredging: for oils dispersed with detergents and other oils
denser than normal water can be dredged
-Skimming: Requires still water all the time through the process

5. is very tedious and expensive as water wave will always disrupt
the process.
Comparison of the two methods
This method involves a classification database network and
retrieval. The network is constructed using algorithms for result
summaries of the ensemble self-organizing map. The maps are
then analyzed for the purpose of the present study. On the other
hand, the Weighted Voting Superposition (WeVoS) usually aims
at achieving the best topography his order that can be used to
the dataset in the map unlike CBR, WeVoS uses information.
Salinity, pressure-temperature.in combination with a number of
satellite sticks to determine with accuracy area with spills in
relation to historical data (Cohen, 1986).
References
Corchado, E., Baruque, B., Mata, A., & Corchado, J. (2017). A
WeVoS-CBR Approach to Oil Spill Problem. springer.
Retrieved 29 November 2017, from
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-87656-
4_47

6. Cohen, M. (1986). The costs and benefits of oil spill prevention
and enforcement. Retrieved 29 November 2017, from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/009506968690
0343
Oil spill centre. (1999). Understanding Oil spills and oil spill
response. New York: United States Environmental protection
Agency.
Ramseur, J. L. (2015). Oil Spills: Background and Governance.
W. DC: Congressional research service.
Apex Printing
Balance Sheets
As of December 31, 2013 and 2012
000$ 000$
Assets 2013 2012
Cash 6,000 5,700
Accounts Receivable 2,350 2,300
Inventory 12,100 6,500
Total Current Assets 20,450 14,500

7. Land 25,000 20,000
Building & Equipment 300,000 300,000
Less: Accumulated Depreciation - Building & Equipment
(187,850) (160,000)
Total Long Term Assets 137,150 160,000
Total Assets 157,600 174,500
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Accounts Payable 4,600 3,500
Salaries Payable 0 2,100
Interest Payable 1,500 0
Short Term Notes Payable 12,000 0
Taxes Payable 0 5,600
Total Current Liabilities 18,100 11,200
Mortgate Payable 54,950 100,000
Total Long Term Liabilities 54,950 100,000
Common Stock 60,000 60,000
Retained Earnings 24,550 3,300
Total Stockholders' Equity 84,550 63,300
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity 157,600 174,500

8. Apex Printing
Income Statements
For the Periods Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 000$ 000$
2013 2012
Revenue: 450,000 475,000
Less: Cost of Goods Sold (324,300) (374,500)
Less: Depreciation Expense (27,850) (26,000)
Gross Margin 97,850 74,500
Selling, General & Administrative Expenses (29,100) (32,000)
Income Before Interest & Taxes 68,750 42,500
Interest Expense (7,500) (6,000)
Income Before Taxes 61,250 36,500
Income Taxes (35,000) (30,000)
Net Income 26,250 6,500
Apex Printing

9. Statement of Cash Flows
For the Period Ended December 31, 2013
000$
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net Income 26,250
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by
operating activities
Depreciation Expense 27,850
Increase in accounts receivable (50)
Increase in inventory (5,600)
Decrease in salaries payable (2,100)
Increase in interest payable 1,500
Decrease in taxes payable (5,600)
Increase in Short Term notes Payable 12,000
Increase in accounts payable 1,100
Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities
55,350
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Cash paid to purchase land (5,000)
Net Cash Flow from Investing Activities
(5,000)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:

10. Cash paid for mortgage (45,050)
Cash paid for dividends (5,000)
Net Cash Flow from Financing Activities
(50,050)
Net Increase in Cash
300
Plus: Cash Balance at December 31, 2012
5,700
Cash Balance at December 31, 2013
6,000