Running Head: LETTER OF ADVICE 1 Letter of Advice Student’s Full Name COM 200: Interpersonal Communications Instructor:1 Use Full Date – September 24, 2015 1 Please use your instructor’s full name. Purpose: Use this sample Final Paper for a better understanding of what is present in a high quality Final Paper: Letter of Advice. We’ve included these elements of constructive criticism to demonstrate that even “A” quality work still receives comments to improve the student’s thinking and writing on the topic. Please note that this paper was written when a slightly different set of learning objectives were being used in this class. Be sure you use the learning objectives listed in the final paper prompt. See the footnotes at the bottom of each page for information about what the student has done well in this assignment and also some areas for improvement. LETTER OF ADVICE 2 Dear Cassy and Jeremy, Congratulations on your recent engagement. It’s such a great time in your life. My wife and I have been married almost 8 years. I also just took a class on interpersonal communications and would love to share with you some of what I learned in addition to some personal experiences.2 Knowing how your partner communicates and uses verbal and non-verbal communication is important in a relationship and will help in reducing miscommunications. Know going in to your marriage that there will be conflict but learning how to manage or resolve those conflicts will help in a successful marriage. I know you both love each other very much and that will help get you through those difficult times.3 Interpersonal Relationships4 Interpersonal relationships are part of our everyday life. Getting married forms one of the most important interpersonal relationships you will ever have. But with any relationship there are barriers to effectively maintain those interactions. Our self-concept is developed through our interpersonal relationships and changes over time. Emotional intelligence also has a great impact on how effective a relationship will be. The amount an individual discloses of themselves in a relationship can vary depending on the type of relationship and can have both negative and positive effects. Interpersonal conflict is probably one of the most challenging aspects of a relationship and managing these conflicts effectively is important to the relationship’s wellbeing. 2 While we usually discourage people from using the first person, this essay asks that the student write a personal letter, so it is okay to be more casual here 3 This is a good introduction. It would be even stronger with a more definitive thesis statement. The Writing Center has a great “Thesi.

1. Running Head: LETTER OF ADVICE
1
Letter of Advice
Student’s Full Name
COM 200: Interpersonal Communications
Instructor:1
Use Full Date – September 24, 2015

2. 1 Please use your instructor’s full name.
Purpose: Use this sample Final Paper for a better understanding
of what is present in a high
quality Final Paper: Letter of Advice. We’ve included these
elements of constructive criticism to
demonstrate that even “A” quality work still receives comments
to improve the student’s thinking
and writing on the topic. Please note that this paper was written
when a slightly different set of
learning objectives were being used in this class. Be sure you
use the learning objectives listed in
the final paper prompt.
See the footnotes at the bottom of each page for information
about what the student has done well
in this assignment and also some areas for improvement.
LETTER OF ADVICE
2
Dear Cassy and Jeremy,
Congratulations on your recent engagement. It’s such a great
time in your life. My wife

3. and I have been married almost 8 years. I also just took a class
on interpersonal communications
and would love to share with you some of what I learned in
addition to some personal
experiences.2 Knowing how your partner communicates and
uses verbal and non-verbal
communication is important in a relationship and will help in
reducing miscommunications.
Know going in to your marriage that there will be conflict but
learning how to manage or resolve
those conflicts will help in a successful marriage. I know you
both love each other very much
and that will help get you through those difficult times.3
Interpersonal Relationships4
Interpersonal relationships are part of our everyday life.
Getting married forms one of
the most important interpersonal relationships you will ever
have. But with any relationship there
are barriers to effectively maintain those interactions. Our self-
concept is developed through our
interpersonal relationships and changes over time. Emotional
intelligence also has a great impact
on how effective a relationship will be. The amount an

4. individual discloses of themselves in a
relationship can vary depending on the type of relationship and
can have both negative and
positive effects. Interpersonal conflict is probably one of the
most challenging aspects of a
relationship and managing these conflicts effectively is
important to the relationship’s wellbeing.
2 While we usually discourage people from using the first
person, this essay asks that the student write a personal
letter, so it is okay to be more casual here
3 This is a good introduction. It would be even stronger with a
more definitive thesis statement. The Writing Center
has a great “Thesis Generator” tool to help students write a
thesis: https://awc.ashford.edu/writing-tools-thesis-
generator.html
4 This segment is not required, but it was a nice addition.
LETTER OF ADVICE
3
Interpersonal relationships have many pieces. Imagine a clock,
there are many pieces that
make up a clock and each one has to be working properly for it
to run smoothly. With my
relationship we have set times we sit and talk to each other

5. about anything that is bothering us.
Just like with the clock sometimes you must work on that clock
and even make repairs. If you
work to maintain your relationship just like you do with that
clock it will run much smoother.5
Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Interaction6
Interpersonal communication is something we all participate in
everyday and though it is
very beneficial most of the time there are sometimes barriers
that make the interaction not as
effective. “Along with the many beneficial functions of
interpersonal communication come a
number of challenges” (Bevan, 2014).7 Three of these
challenges are misperceptions, long
distance relationships, and intergenerational relationships.8
Misperceptions, Long Distance and Intergenerational
Relationships9
Though interpersonal communications are an important part of
any relationship
sometimes there are barriers that make the interaction not as
effective. First is the misperceptions

6. that10 occur and most of the time the cause of this is noise that
affects how effective the
communication is between individuals. For example sometimes
work or children will keep you
5 Interesting analogy. The student has also introduced the
central themes that will be covered in the paper,
previewing what’s to come. Overall, this is a solid
introduction.
6 Again, the learning objectives have changed slightly. Please
use the current learning objectives listed in the
assignment instructions. For instance, the new learning
objective now says “Explain the principles of and barriers to
effective interpersonal communications.”
7 The student does not list both authors here and this quote is
free-standing. Please be sure to introduce all quotes by
either explaining who is speaking (e.g. According to Bevan and
Sole) or starting the sentence.
8 Introducing what is to come is a great way to highlight that
the student is addressing three different barriers to
healthy relationships.
9 Good. Because this is a subsection of the header above, the
first one should be centered and then this is justified
left. See https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/16/
for more information on levels of headings.
10 There is a missing word here. I believe the word should
have been “can.”
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/16/
LETTER OF ADVICE

7. 4
from answering a call or text from your significant other and
they11 may take the no response as
being ignored. This is a misperception caused by noise (too
much going on).12 Second13 is when
you’re having a long distance relationship which can cause
money issues because of travel, lack
of comfort, and tension and stress along with several other
challenges (Good point. Again,
Bevan & Sole address long distance relationship. Cite sources
whenever ideas are influenced by
them). Hopefully this will not occur in your relationship but
sometimes traveling for work can
cause these issues in a relationship. This occurred in my
relationship with a deployment and
doing your best to communicate as often is possible worked best
for us, even if it is with emails.
Sometimes it would be a short email maybe one sentence
because things were very busy, just
something to let her know I was thinking of her. Letting your
significant other know that you
there for them with calls and emails as much as possible will
keep your partner and you happy

8. with your relationship. As Bevan and Sole suggest, these types
of distant relationships can have
both challenges and opportunity (Bevan, 2014).14 And third15
is when there is an
intergenerational relationship which can cause issues because of
being in a different stage of life
which changes communication styles, different economic states,
and age related stereotypes.16 I
know this does not relate to your relationship but it is important
to remember that both of you
have different interests and entertaining both of your interests is
important to keeping you both
happy. It can also provide new and different insights17 into the
world around you (Bevan, 2014).
You will learn to work together to get passed the obstacles you
encounter. Though all these
11 Be clear about the referent. It’s not clear if the author’s use
of the term “they” is in reference to the children or if
it is other individuals.
12 Good. In Section 1.2 of Bevan and Sole, they address noise
and this was an opportunity to reference them and
give them credit and get credit for using a class resource.
13 A new topic means a new paragraph is necessary.
14 The student did not include both authors here either. The
year only has to be listed in the first reference.
15 Again, this should be a new paragraph.
16 This is an interesting point, but could be developed a bit
more to be more meaningful

9. 17 This was an opportunity for the student to explain a few of
them.
LETTER OF ADVICE
5
barriers could have negative effects on your interpersonal
interaction they are barriers that can be
worked through.
Self-Concept18
Self-concept will not only have effects on your identity and the
way you perceive yourself but
will also affect the relationships you form and the way you
communicate in those relationships.19
“Researchers believe that self-concept is a complex mix of how
we see ourselves, what others
have told us about ourselves, and what society says we should
be” (Bevan,2014).20 “Though
self-concept is an internal process, it is learned, maintained, and
can change through
interpersonal communication”21 (Bevan, 2014). Our22 self-
concept is developed through the

10. interpersonal relationships we have through the years and can
go through changes as we get
older. You can let what others say define you or you can change
your self-concept through your
interpersonal communications. Having a positive self-concept
will likely help in a successful
relationship. If others say negative things about you and you
begin to believe these things it will
likely affect your relationship. This could lead to a bad self-
concept and letting this affect you in
a negative way it could have negative effects on your current
interpersonal relationships.23 “A
person with high self-concept clarity should experience greater
relationship satisfaction and
commitment, in part, because of inclusion of other in the self”
(Lewandowski, 2010). If you
18 Please center the text here as this is a new section of the
paper. And remember, the learning objectives have
changed. Use the ones listed in the final paper instructions –
“Analyze the role of communication in developing and
maintaining one’s self-concept, self-image, and self-esteem.”
19 Excellent point. This is the gist of the importance of self-
concept and how it relates to communication and
relationships.
20 Per APA style, all quotes need a page or section number
21 This is another free standing quote. Please start the sentence
with something like: The authors continue by saying
….

11. 22 Once again, a new point means a new paragraph is needed.
23 Good point. It would be nice to see the student connect this
point to the couple as well
LETTER OF ADVICE
6
yourself are more stable than24 you are more attractive to your
partner and can contribute more
of a positive light in the relationship. Cassy and Jeremy it is
important to try and work on your
self-concept because this could greatly affect your relationship
in either a negative or positive
way.25
Emotional Intelligence and Effective Interpersonal
Relationships26
Being emotionally intelligent is a very important aspect of any
relationship. It is
important to not only understand your feelings but also the
person you are having a relationship
with.27 According to Michelle Pence and Andrea Vickery
(2012), “being able to listen in an

12. active-empathic way is positively related to having emotional
intelligence, which involves the
ability to monitor, regulate, and discriminate among your own
and your partner's feelings in
order to guide your thoughts and actions” (Salovey & Mayer,
1990) (Bevan, 2014).28 In an
article by the American Journal of Family Therapy, they
describe29 emotional intelligence as
being able to recognize emotions in the self and others
(Malouff, 2014).30 Being empathetic with
what your partner has to say is also an important element to
your relationship. “One of the
primary benefits of relational partners sharing their thoughts
and feelings with each other is that
doing so helps each partner understand the emotions of the
other person. It is for this reason that
researchers call empathy "a central and crucial" component of
healthy romantic couple
functioning” (Bevan, 2014). In any relationship especially a
romantic one being an active and
24 “Than” is used for comparisons, such as “This is ‘more than’
enough food.” If you start a sentence with “if,
which happens here, use “then.”
25 Explain how and why by using a specific scenario. Also,
whenever possible, try to create some transitions

13. between sections.
26 Please note that the learning objective now also covers self-
disclosure.
27 Great point. Having an emotional connection is a crucial
part of bonding with others.
28 When using a source that is cited in a source you read, use
this citation: (as cited in Bevan & Sole, 2014, Section
8.3).
29 Avoid using “they” and instead be precise and list the
authors. The journal didn’t describe emotional intelligence,
the authors did.
30 Use all of the authors’ names.
LETTER OF ADVICE
7
empathic listener is important and that is highly related to being
emotionally intelligent. If your
significant other is talking to you, stop and listen to what they
have to say, be active in the
conversation and show empathy.31 This shows your partner that
you care about what they have to
say, and that is extremely important in a healthy relationship.
Put your cell phone down, turn the
television off, plan 10 minutes a day to sit and talk with your
partner, it will make all the

14. difference. If you do not have good communication with your
partner there will likely be many
issues in the relationship.
Listening32
As I mentioned earlier listening is another key factor in a
healthy relationship. “Listening
skills are some of the most important ways in which you express
consideration for other
people—by making good eye contact, appropriately smiling,
being engaged with the other
person, and responding with meaningful questions and
comments”(Bevan, 2014). When you
make your partner feel important and loved it builds a stronger
bond. “If you do not listen during
an interaction, then you cannot understand others, respond
appropriately to what they say, or
provide helpful feedback” (Bevan, 2014). Listening leads to
better more comprehensive
conversations between the two of you. Cassy and Jeremy make
an effort to analyze your
listening skills, and work to improve them.33
Self-disclosure34

15. Everyone has the desire to feel close to others and share stories
of their life, but how
much of this self-disclosure should be shared and how soon?
When in a new relationship
31 Excellent advice based directly on what the student learned
in class. This is how a student can show they are
“applying” knowledge from the course
32 This works for a discussion about empathy as long as the
student clearly discusses empathic listening.
33 While this is an important point, this advice would be even
stronger if specific strategies listed above are
reiterated for the couple and maybe even an example of when
this might come up.
34 Again, remember that the learning objectives have changed.
You must now also “Analyze the impact of gender
and culture on interpersonal communications.”
LETTER OF ADVICE
8
whether it be an online one or face to face sharing too much
personal information too soon can
leave the individual vulnerable. “Sharing very personal or
revealing information may create a
vulnerability that threatens the person’s position in the
relationship” (Murstein & Adler,

16. 1995Terzino, 2009).35 Giving too much information too early
on could lead to being
emotionally hurt. But once in a serious committed relationship
it is important to disclose more,
but how much is always a question. Obviously you two are at a
point in your relationship where
sharing is extremely important. Knowing who you are marrying,
being best friends with each
other is extremely important. Self-disclosure in a marriage is
paramount in order to grow trust
with one another.36 Sharing your inner thoughts and feelings
will constantly change how you see
your partner and will help your relationship grow over the
years. I know that you two love each
other very much and this should not be a difficult task at first.
But once you have been married
awhile and life begins to get in the way, for instance children
and career demands it can become
a more challenge task. 37In an article titled “Can We Talk?”
the author talks about the quality of
the communication over the quantity. Obviously you will talk
daily but will you talk about
feelings and dreams or just about what’s for dinner and what
laundry needs to be put away? I

17. will admit that this happens with me and my wife, you get busy
and your communication
becomes mundane. You do not grow as a couple from these
mundane conversations, you grow
and are happier when you communicate how you feel and the
dreams you have for your family
and yourself.38 “Quality communication is defined somewhat
differently from study to study,
but research consistently has shown a link between happy
marriages and "self-disclosure," or
sharing your private feelings, fears, doubts and perceptions with
your partner” (Schoenberg,
35 Again, if a student uses a source that is quoting another
source, he or she must indicate this.
36 This is a crucial point. The student did a great job!
37 The student is approaching the topic from a new angle and
therefore a new paragraph is needed.
38 Excellent description of why disclosure matters in a healthy
relationship.
LETTER OF ADVICE
9
2011). So no matter how busy your life gets make sure you set

18. time aside even just 10 minutes a
day to focus on quality communication between the two of you
and you will continue to grow as
a couple.39
Managing Interpersonal Conflicts40
There will always be some conflict in a relationship but how it
is approached will
determine the success of a relationship. Management of conflict
is the most common outcome
but resolution of the conflict is recommended. “Although
management is the most likely conflict
outcome, it can be problematic when conflicts become serial
arguments” (Bevan, 2014). For
instance if Cassy tells you Jeremy on a regular bases that she
does not like you talking bad about
her family and you say you will not but it continues to be
brought up, this is an example of
management.41 The conflict will likely keep taking place.42 It
is important that instead you find
a way to resolve this conflict, so that it does not continue to
happen. “This means that there is a
strong likelihood that the issue will come up again and that the
parties will engage in future

19. interactions regarding the issue”. Resolution is important and
should try and be obtained, these
three things must occur for a resolution to happen:
“The parties in the conflict decide to end the conflict.
The parties are both satisfied with the outcome of the conflict.
The parties do not engage in or deal with the conflict again”
(Bevan, 2014).
39 This is a great point. It would be nice to hear what this
“growth” might mean.
40 The language now says “Evaluate strategies for using
communication techniques to resolve interpersonal
conflicts.”
41 The student could have been more specific here by adding
the word “poor” to management.
42 The student offers a good illustration of the importance of
confiding in others and taking it into account in how
one acts in the future.
LETTER OF ADVICE
10
With conflict management you’re basically agreeing to
disagree43 and the conflict is not resolved
and will more than likely come up again. For the well-being

20. your relationship both of you need
to make an effort to resolve the conflict, not just manage the
conflict.44 This could be dangerous
for you both and each time the conflict could grow and cause
more stress on the relationship.
Resolution to the conflict needs to occur in order to have a more
peaceful relationship.
So Cassy and Jeremy in closing if you do everything you can to
keep your relationship
healthy by working at it on a daily bases it will run more
smoothly. Just as I mentioned earlier it
is like a clock and needs all the parts working together. To have
a healthy, happy fulfilling
interpersonal relationship you must work at it. Constantly
looking at ways to better your
communication and conflict resolution with each other.45
Communicating your dreams and
hopes and your inner feelings will help you grown closer and
more intimate with each other.
Being empathetic towards your partner will also show each
other how much you care for one
another. There will be tough times, everyone has them, my wife
and I have them but putting the

21. work and time into your communication will defiantly46 have
positive impacts on your
relationship.47 Again congratulations and the best of luck to
you in your upcoming marriage.
Sincerely,
Student’s Name
43 This is a specific type of conflict management, not all.
44 This is a crucial distinction. Nice point!
45 This is an incomplete sentence. Notice that Microsoft Word
has underlined it in green to warn that there might be
an issue.
46 Be careful with word choices. The student likely means
“definitely.” Defiantly means to do something in a
rebellious way, which is very different than “definitely” which
is synonymous with the term absolutely.
47 Nice restatement of the student’s key points.
LETTER OF ADVICE
11
References
Bevan, J. L., & Sole, K. (2014). Making connections:

22. Understanding interpersonal
Communication (2nd ed.).48
Lewandowski, G. W., Nardone, N., & Raines, A. J. (2010). The
Role of Self-concept Clarity in
Relationship Quality.49 Self & Identity, 9(4), 416-433.
Malouff, J. M., Schutte, N. S., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2014).
Trait emotional intelligence and
romantic relationship satisfaction: A meta-analysis.
American Journal of Family Therapy,
42(1), 53-66. doi:10.1080/01926187.2012.74854950
Schoenberg, N. (2011, January 17). Can we talk? McClatchy-
Tribune News Service. Retrieved
from http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-01-
14/features/sc-fam-0111-talk-relationship-
20110111_1_happy-marriages-couples-marital-therapy.
Terzino, K. A., & Cross, S. E. (2009). Predicting commitment in
new relationships:
Interactive effects of relational self-construal and power.
Self & Identity, 8(4), 321
341.doi:10.1080/1529886080210227351

23. 48 To make this a perfect citation, include [Electronic version].
Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/ at the
end.
49 Please only capitalize the first word of the article title. So
this should read “
50 Omit DOI number.
51 This is mostly a very good reference list!
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-01-14/features/sc-fam-
0111-talk-relationship-
https://content.ashford.edu/
Endocrine System
Chapter 13
Related Combining FormsStructureRelated Combining
FormsAdrenal glandsadren/oGonadsgonad/oMale:
testiclestestic/oFemale: ovariesovari/oPancreatic
isletspancreat/oParathyroid glandsparathyroid/oPineal
glandpineal/oPituitary glandpituit/o,
pituitar/oThymusthym/oThyroid glandthyr/o, thyroid/o
Functions of Endocrine System
Production of hormones that work together to maintain
homeostasis
Hormones
Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands directly into
the blood stream reaching target cells and organs
Regulate activities of specific cells and organs

24. Structures of Endocrine System
Endocrine glands
Produce hormones
Are ductless
(endo-: within; -crine: to secrete)
13 major glands
One pituitary gland; one pineal gland; one thyroid gland; four
parathyroid glands; one thymus; one pancreas; two adrenal
glands; two gonads
Structures of Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
Located below hypothalamus in the brain
Two divisions
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Secretes hormones controlling the activity of other endocrine
glands
Responds to stimuli from neurohormones to maintain
appropriate levels of hormones
Pituitary Gland
Secretions of Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates growth/secretions of adrenal cortex
(adren/o: adrenal; cortic/o: cortex; trop: change)

25. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates secretion of estrogen and growth of ova in the
ovaries of females
Stimulates production of sperm in the testicles of males
Secretions of Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe
Growth Hormone (GH)
Regulates growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues
Also known as somatotropic hormone
(somat/o: body)
Lactogenic Hormone (LTH)
Stimulates and maintains secretion of breast milk in mother
after childbirth
(lact/o: milk; gen-: producing)
Secretions of Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Stimulates ovulation in females
Stimulates secretion of testosterone in males
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Increases production of melanin, causing darkening of skin
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Stimulates secretion of hormones by the thyroid
Secretions of Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Secreted by hypothalamus and stored in pituitary gland
Helps control blood pressure by reducing amount of water
excreted through kidneys
Secretions of Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe
Oxytocin (OXT)

26. Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
Controls postnatal hemorrhage
Stimulates flow of milk from mammary glands
(oxy-: swift; -tocin: labor)
Pineal Gland
Located in the central portion of the brain
Functions and Secretions
Secretions influence sleep-wakefulness cycle also called
circadian cycle
Melatonin is the hormone responsible for this cycle
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid
cartilage
Functions
Regulates body metabolism
Influences growth and functioning of nervous system
Thyroid Gland
Secretions
Two primary hormones regulate metabolic rate and affect
growth and rate of function of many body systems
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
(rate of secretion controlled by TSH produced by anterior lobe
of pituitary gland)

27. Thyroid Gland
Secretions
Calcitonin
Works with parathyroid hormone, decreases calcium levels in
the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in bones
and teeth
Parathyroid Glands
Four glands embedded in the posterior surface of thyroid gland
Functions
Regulate calcium levels
Secretions
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood
and tissues
Parathyroid Glands
Thymus
Located near midline in anterior portion of thoracic cavity;
posterior to sternum; superior to heart
Functions
Helps develop immune system before birth and in childhood
Reduced function after puberty as it turns into fatty tissue
Thymus
Secretions
Thymosin
Stimulates maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

28. Pancreas (Pancreatic Islets)
Pancreas functions as a part of digestive as well as endocrine
system
Pancreatic islets have the endocrine function
Pancreas (Pancreatic Islets)
Functions of the pancreatic islets
Controls blood glucose levels and glucose metabolism
throughout the body
Secretions of the pancreatic islets
Glucose
Basic form of energy used by the body
Pancreas (Pancreatic Islets)
Secretions of the pancreatic islets
Glucagon
Hormone secreted by alpha cells in response to the low levels of
blood glucose
Increases glucose level by stimulating liver to convert glycogen
into glucose to be released into bloodstream
Pancreas (Pancreatic Islets)
Secretions of the pancreatic islets
Insulin
Hormone secreted by beta cells in response to the high levels of
blood glucose
Allows glucose to enter the cells to be used as energy
Stimulates liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage
when additional glucose is not needed
Adrenal Glands
Located on the top of each kidney

29. Adrenal cortex = outer portion
Adrenal medulla = middle portion
Adrenal Glands
Functions of Adrenal Glands
Control electrolyte levels within the body
Electrolytes: calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus,
sodium, and potassium normally found in blood and other body
fluids
Help regulate metabolism and interaction with sympathetic
nervous system in response to stress
Secretions of Adrenal Cortex
Androgens
Sex hormones secreted by gonads, adrenal cortex, and fat cells
Corticosteroids
Steroid hormones
Aldosterone regulates sodium and water levels by increasing
sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys
Cortisol has anti-inflammatory action
Secretions of Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine
Stimulates sympathetic nervous system in response to the
physical injury or mental stress
Nonepinephrine
Released as a hormone by adrenal medulla and as a
neurohormone by sympathetic nervous system

30. Gonads
Gamete-producing glands
Ovaries in females
Testicles in males
Gamete = reproductive cell
Functions of Gonads
Secrete hormones responsible for development and maintenance
of secondary sex characteristics that develop during puberty
Puberty
Physical changes by which child's body becomes adult body
capable of reproducing
Secretions of Gonads
Estrogen
Secreted by ovaries
Important in development and maintenance of female secondary
sex characteristics and in regulation of menstrual cycle
Progesterone
Released during second half of the menstrual cycle
Secretions of Gonads
Gonadotropin
Any hormone that stimulates the gonads
(gonad/o: gonad)
Androgens
Primarily testosterone, secreted by gonads, adrenal cortex, and
fat cells
Promote development and maintenance of male sex
characteristics
Secretions of Gonads

31. Testosterone
Steroid hormone secreted by testicles and adrenal cortex
Stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen and testosterone are present in males and females both
but in different amounts depending on the gender
Specialized Types of Hormones
Have different chemical structure or are not secreted by
endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream
Steroids
Secreted by endocrine glands or artificially produced as
medications to relieve swelling and inflammation
Specialized Types of Hormones
Anabolic steroids
Man-made substances chemically related to male sex hormones
Used to treat hormone imbalance in men and to help the body
replace muscle mass caused by disease
May be used illegally by athletes to build muscle mass
Hormones Secreted by Fat Cells
Leptin
Protein hormone involved in the regulation of appetite
Acts on hypothalamus to suppress appetite and burn fat stored
in adipose tissue
Ghrelin
Produced in GI tract
Referred to as "hunger" hormone
Neurohormones
Produced and released by neurons in the brain and delivered to
various organs/tissues through the bloodstream

32. Medical Specialties Related to Endocrine System
Endocrinologist
Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases and malfunctions of
endocrine glands
Certified diabetes educator
Qualified to teach people with diabetes to manage their disease
Pathology of Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Acromegaly
Abnormal enlargement of hands/feet due to excessive secretion
of growth hormone after puberty
(acr/o: extremities)
Gigantism
Abnormal growth of entire body caused by excessive secretion
of growth hormone before puberty
Pathology of Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Hyperpituitarism
Excess secretion of growth hormone causing acromegaly and
gigantism
Short stature
May be due to deficient secretion of growth hormone
Pituitary adenoma
Slow-growing benign tumor of pituitary gland
Pathology of Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Galactorrhea
Excess of prolactin causing breasts to produce milk

33. spontaneously
Prolactinoma
Benign tumor of pituitary gland
(pro: on behalf of; lactin: milk)
Antidiuretic Hormone Conditions
Diabetes insipidus
Caused by insufficient production of ADH or inability of
kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone
Too much fluid is excreted by the kidneys
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
Overproduction of ADH leading to water retention
Pathology of Pineal Gland
Pinealoma
Tumor causing disruption of the production of melatonin
May cause insomnia by disrupting circadian cycle
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid carcinoma
Most common cancer of endocrine system
Affects more women than men
Insufficient Thyroid Secretion
Hashimoto's disease
Autoimmune disease in which body's antibodies attack and
destroy cells of the thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism
Deficiency of thyroid secretion
Insufficient Thyroid Secretion

34. Cretinism
Congenital form of hypothyroidism
Lack of treatment leads to arrested physical and mental
development
Myxedema
Extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion in the adult
Excessive Thyroid Secretion
Thyroid storm
Life-threatening condition due to exaggerated hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Overproduction of thyroid hormones
Causes imbalance of metabolism
Graves' Disease
Immune system attacks thyroid gland stimulating the production
of excessive amounts of thyroid hormone
Goiter
Abnormal benign enlargement of thyroid gland
Swelling in front of the neck
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of eyeball out of the orbit
Parathyroid Glands
Hyperparathyroidism
Overproduction of parathyroid hormone leading to
hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high concentration of calcium circulating in the
blood, instead of being stored in bones and teeth
Parathyroid Glands

35. Hypoparathyroidism
Insufficient secretion of parathyroid hormone causing
hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Abnormally low levels of calcium in blood
Thymus
Thymitis
Inflammation of thymus gland
(thym: thymus)
Pancreas
Insulinoma
Benign tumor of pancreas causing hypoglycemia by secreting
additional insulin
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of pancreas
Often due to long-term alcohol abuse
Abnormal Blood Glucose Levels
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high concentration of glucose in blood
(glyc: sugar)
Symptoms include polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
(-dipsia: thirst)
Abnormal Blood Glucose Levels
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger
(-phagia: eating)

36. Polyuria
Excessive urination
(-uria: urination)
Abnormal Blood Glucose Levels
Hyperinsulinism
Excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream
Hypoglycemia
Abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood
Diabetes Mellitus
Most common endocrine system disease
Metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to
defects in the production of insulin or inability to use it
properly
Classified as Type 1, Type 2, or Type 1.5
Type 1 Diabetes
Autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder
Caused by destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells
Treatment: diet, exercise, and insulin replacement therapy
administered by injection or insulin pump
Type 2 Diabetes
Insulin resistance disorder
Inefficient use of insulin by the body
Patient may be asymptomatic for years
Treatment: diet, exercise, and oral medications
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
Known as Type 1.5 diabetes

37. Development of Type 1 diabetes in adults
Shares characteristics of Type 2, but with autoimmune
antibodies
Often occurs in adults of normal weight, and family history of
Type 1 diabetes
Treatment: diet, exercise, oral medications, and insulin
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Occurs during some pregnancies
Usually disappears after delivery
Diabetic Emergencies
Diabetic coma
Due to hyperglycemia
Treatment: prompt administration of insulin
Insulin shock
Due to hypoglycemia
Treatment: administration of oral glucose that can be rapidly
absorbed into bloodstream
Diabetic Complications
Diabetic retinopathy
Damage to blood vessels in the retina
Blood leaks into posterior segment of eyeball resulting in loss
of vision
Heart disease
Walls of blood vessels become rigid
Diabetic Complications
Ketosis
High levels of ketones indicate insufficient production of

38. insulin to convert glucose into energy
Kidney disease
Due to damage to the blood vessels and reduction of blood flow
to the kidneys
Diabetic Complications
Peripheral neuropathy
Damage to the nerves affecting hands and feet
Causes slow wound healing
Adrenal Glands
Addison's disease
Adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone
Adrenalitis
Inflammation of adrenal glands
Aldosteronism
Electrolyte imbalance due to excessive secretion of aldosterone
Adrenal Glands
Conn's syndrome
Due to excessive production of aldosterone
Primary form of aldosteronism
Pheochromocytoma
Benign tumor of the adrenal gland causing high amount of
secretions of epinephrine and norepinephrine
(phe/o: dusky; chrom/o: color)
Cushing's Syndrome
Prolonged exposure to the high levels of cortisol
May be due to body's overproduction of cortisol, or by
prolonged use of corticosteroids

39. Gonads
Hypergonadism
Hypersecretion of hormones by sex glands
Hypogonadism
Hyposecretion of hormones by sex glands
Gynecomastia
Excessive mammary gland development in males
(gynec/o: female; mast: breast)
Diagnostic Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Thyroid gland
Radioactive iodine uptake test
Administration of oral radioactive iodine to measure thyroid
function
Thyroid-stimulating hormone assay
Measures circulating blood level of TSH
Thyroid scan
Use of nuclear medicine to measure thyroid function
Diagnostic Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Diabetes mellitus
Fasting blood sugar
Measures blood glucose levels after patient has not eaten for 8–
12 hours
Oral glucose tolerance test
Commonly used to diagnose gestational diabetes
Home blood glucose monitoring
Method of measuring blood glucose levels multiple times per
day
Diagnostic Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Random blood glucose test

40. Measures blood glucose level (without fasting)
Hemoglobin A1c testing
Measures average blood glucose level over the previous 3–4
months
Fructosamine test
Measures average blood glucose level over the previous 3 weeks
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Human growth hormone
Synthetic version of growth hormone administered to stimulate
growth
Hypophysectomy
Removal of abnormal glandular tissue
(hypophy: pituitary gland)
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Pineal gland
Pinealectomy
Surgical removal of pineal gland
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Thyroid gland
Antithyroid drug
Medication that slows the ability of thyroid gland to produce
thyroid hormones
Radioactive iodine treatment
Oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid
cells
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Thyroid gland

41. Lobectomy
Surgical removal of one lobe of thyroid gland
(May also refer to removal of a lobe of the liver/brain/lung)
Synthetic thyroid hormones
Oral medication for the replacement of thyroid function
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Parathyroid glands
Parathyroidectomy
Surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Thymus
Thymectomy
Surgical removal of thymus gland
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Pancreas
Pancreatectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas
Total pancreatectomy
Treatment for pancreatic cancer
Involves removal of spleen, gallbladder, common bile duct, and
portions of small intestine and stomach
Treatment Procedures Related to Endocrine System
Adrenal glands
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy
Surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
Cortisone
Administered to suppress inflammation or as an
immunosuppressant

42. Answers to Learning Exercises
Chapter 13 Answers
Matching
Word Parts 1
13.1 adren/o
13.2 acr/o
13.3 gonad/o
13.4 -dipsia
13.5 crin/o
Matching
Word Parts 2
13.6 -ism
13.7 pancreat/o
13.8 parathyroid/o
13.9 pineal/o
13.10 pituitar/o
Chapter 13 Answers
Matching
Word Parts 3
13.11 somat/o
13.12 poly-
13.13 glyc/o
13.14 thyroid/o
13.15 thym/o
Definitions
13.16 luteinizing

43. 13.17 pituitary
13.18 adrenocorticotropic
13.19 thymus
13.20 calcitonin
13.21 adrenal cortex
13.22 glucagon
13.23 adrenal medulla
13.24 oxytocin
13.25 testosterone
Chapter 13 Answers
Matching
Structures
13.26 pancreatic islets
13.27 pituitary gland
13.28 pineal gland
13.29 adrenal glands
13.30 thyroid gland
Which Word?
13.31 acromegaly
13.32 anterior
13.33 insulin resistance
13.34 diabetes insipidus
13.35 Cushing’s syndrome
Chapter 13 Answers
Spelling Counts
13.36 luteinizing
13.37 mellitus
13.38 myxedema
13.39 progesterone

44. 13.40 thymosin
Abbreviation Identification
13.41 adrenocorticotropic hormone
13.42 antidiuretic hormone
13.43 diabetes mellitus
13.44 fasting blood sugar
13.45 follicle-stimulating hormone
Chapter 13 Answers
Term Selection
13.46 thyroid storm
13.47 hypercalcemia
13.48 parathyroid
13.49 prolactinoma
13.50 fructosamine
Sentence Completion
13.51 electrolytes
13.52 thyroxine
13.53 retinopathy
13.54 polyphagia
13.55 exophthalmos
Chapter 13 Answers
Word Surgery
13.56 hyper-,
pituitar, -ism
13.57 hypo-, glyc,
-emia
13.58 hyper-, insulin,

45. -ism
13.59 gynec/o,
mast, -ia
13.60 hypo-,
calc, -emia
True/False
13.61 False
13.62 True
13.63 False
13.64 False
13.65 True
Chapter 13 Answers
Clinical Conditions
13.66 antidiuretic
13.67 polydipsia
13.68 Addison’s disease
13.69 insulinoma
13.70 Hashimoto’s disease
13.71 anabolic
13.72 leptin
13.73 cretinism
13.74 gigantism
13.75 pancreatectomy
Chapter 13 Answers
Which Is the Correct Medical Term?
13.76 neurohormones
13.77 pituitary adenoma
13.78 Graves’
13.79 diabetic coma

46. 13.80 melatonin
Challenge Word Building
13.81 adrenopathy
13.82 endocrinology
13.83 adrenomegaly
13.84 thymopathy
13.85 thyroiditis
13.86 pancreatotomy
13.87 thyroidotomy
13.88 pinealopathy
13.89 insulinemia
13.90 adrenitis
Chapter 13 Answers
Labeling Exercises
13.91 pineal
13.92 parathyroid
13.93 thymus
13.94 ovaries
13.95 hypothalamus
13.96 pituitary
13.97 thyroid
13.98 adrenal
13.99 pancreatic
13.100 testicles