Running head: SHORTENED TITLE 1 SHORTENED TITLE 2 Paper Title Author Name of the University Abstract The abstract is written in block format, meaning that the start of the paragraph is not indented. It begins on the next line following the Abstract heading and should not be more than 250 words. As an undergraduate, it is suggested that you verify the length of the abstract with your instructor (it is usually a FULL paragraph), but a graduate student must adhere to the 120 to 250 word abstract. The Abstract heading should NOT be in bold. All numbers in an abstract should be typed as digits and not as words unless they are at the beginning of a sentence. The abstract is a one-paragraph summary of the most important elements of the paper. This is an example of what an abstract looks like in a paper. Remember, it usually takes a minimum of 5 sentences to make a paragraph. If your paper is too short to warrant an abstract, delete this page and omit the title on the next page. Title of Paper The title of the paper is centered on the first line of the third page and is in uppercase and lowercase letters. Do not italicize the title, bold it, or put it in quotes. The introductory paragraph begins on the line following the title of the paper. The entire paper, including the title page, abstract, body, and references, should be double-spaced. The before/after paragraphs spacing should be set on zero and the margins should be one inch. In order to give proper credit to the ideas and words of others, any outside sources used in the body of the paper must be documented by citing the author(s) and copyright date of the source(s). This is called a citation. Each citation must have a corresponding full source reference on the references page that follows the body of the paper. As noted by Stevens (2008), a signal phrase “signals to the reader that either a direct quote or a paraphrase is about to follow” (p.43). This is an in-text citation. As in this example, when the name of the author is part of the sentence, the year of the publication appears in parentheses directly following the author’s name, e.g., Stevens (2008). When the author of a source is not mentioned in the sentence, both the author and year of publication appear in parentheses (Stevens, 2008). This is a parenthetical in-text citation. If a work has two authors, both authors are cited in each citation of that source. For a citation of a source with two authors, use the last names of both authors separated by an ampersand (&). When no author is listed, use the title. If the title is extremely long, one may shorten it to the first 4 words of the title and place them in quotation marks. If the headings are too long to use in your in-text citation use a shortened version in quotation marks like this: (Lorraine, 2009, “Stock market trends,” para. 56). When no publication date is listed, use the abbreviation n.d., which stands for no date. .

1. Running head: SHORTENED TITLE 1
SHORTENED TITLE 2
Paper Title
Author
Name of the University
Abstract
The abstract is written in block format, meaning that the start of
the paragraph is not indented. It begins on the next line
following the Abstract heading and should not be more than 250
words. As an undergraduate, it is suggested that you verify the
length of the abstract with your instructor (it is usually a FULL
paragraph), but a graduate student must adhere to the 120 to 250
word abstract. The Abstract heading should NOT be in bold.
All numbers in an abstract should be typed as digits and not as

2. words unless they are at the beginning of a sentence. The
abstract is a one-paragraph summary of the most important
elements of the paper. This is an example of what an abstract
looks like in a paper. Remember, it usually takes a minimum of
5 sentences to make a paragraph. If your paper is too short to
warrant an abstract, delete this page and omit the title on the
next page.
Title of Paper
The title of the paper is centered on the first line of the
third page and is in uppercase and lowercase letters. Do not
italicize the title, bold it, or put it in quotes. The introductory
paragraph begins on the line following the title of the paper.
The entire paper, including the title page, abstract, body, and
references, should be double-spaced. The before/after
paragraphs spacing should be set on zero and the margins
should be one inch.
In order to give proper credit to the ideas and words of others,
any outside sources used in the body of the paper must be
documented by citing the author(s) and copyright date of the
source(s). This is called a citation. Each citation must have a
corresponding full source reference on the references page that
follows the body of the paper. As noted by Stevens (2008), a
signal phrase “signals to the reader that either a direct quote or
a paraphrase is about to follow” (p.43). This is an in-text

3. citation. As in this example, when the name of the author is
part of the sentence, the year of the publication appears in
parentheses directly following the author’s name, e.g., Stevens
(2008). When the author of a source is not mentioned in the
sentence, both the author and year of publication appear in
parentheses (Stevens, 2008). This is a parenthetical in-text
citation. If a work has two authors, both authors are cited in
each citation of that source. For a citation of a source with two
authors, use the last names of both authors separated by an
ampersand (&). When no author is listed, use the title. If the
title is extremely long, one may shorten it to the first 4 words of
the title and place them in quotation marks. If the headings are
too long to use in your in-text citation use a shortened version
in quotation marks like this: (Lorraine, 2009, “Stock market
trends,” para. 56). When no publication date is listed, use the
abbreviation n.d., which stands for no date. When a direct
quote is taken from a source with page numbers, such as a book,
magazine, or newspaper, include the page number as part of the
citation. If the quote is fewer than 40 words, it should be
enclosed in double quotation marks and should be incorporated
into the formal structure of the sentence.
If the quotation that you are using is more than 40 words long,
you must use a block quotation. This is a block paragraph. In a
block paragraph, you should not use any quotations at all unless
they are needed to indicate a quotation within the original text.
(“APA Block Quotation,” n.d.) Note: Citations that start with
titles are in quotes and the title can be shortened but should also
be in quotes to designate that it is a title.
If you have a direct quote but your source does not have page
numbers but does give paragraph numbers, then you would give
the paragraph number to show where you found your quote. It
would look like this: (Franklin, 2009, para. 9). If there are not
any page numbers or paragraph numbers but headings are given,
then give the heading and the number of the paragraph that
follows it. You will need to count the paragraphs yourself since
the numbers are not given. That would look like this: (Franklin,

4. 2009, Past Research section, para. 9).
The references section begins on a new page. The heading is
centered on the first line of the new page. It is not in bold, not
in italics, nor underlined. The references, which are double
spaced, have a hanging indent and begin on the line following
the references heading. Entries are organized alphabetically by
whatever comes first in the reference (author last name or first
word of title). Go to the next page to see an example of a
reference page.
References
APA block quotation. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.rpi.edu/web/writingcenter
/wc_web/school/apa_block_quotation.htm
Cuddy, M. F., & Fisher, E. R. (2010). Investigation of the roles
of gas-phase CF2 molecules and F atoms during fluorocarbon
plasma processing of Si and ZrO2 substrates. Journal of Applied
Physics, 108(3), 033303. doi:10.1063/1.3467776
Stevens, J.R. (2008). The signal phrase. Retrieved from
http://www.englishdiscourse.org
/signal.html