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La causalité entre
mécanismes et déterminants socio-économiques :
enjeux conceptuels et défis pratiques
dans les sciences de la santé
Ce que la philosophie et les statistiques nous apprennent
Federica Russo & Clémence Leyrat
Excusez mon frainglais !
Our questions start from
concrete challenges
OBESITY AND
FOOD LABELLING
4
Social causes, biological interventions
Obesity ‘epidemic’
Wide recognition of social factors (besides biological ones)
Top priority for EU health policy
EU announces to tackle social factors (e.g. behaviour)
One of the biggest actions: regulating food labelling
Ultimately tackles the biology of obesity
Claims to target food industry, but in fact it makes info
available and leaves the choice to the individual person
Pulls in opposite directions with actions to improve on
competitiveness of SMEs
5
DEPRIVATION AND
HEALTH INEQUALITIES
6
What should follow
from well known correlations?
A vast literature
Health inequalities <> Socio-economic inequalities
Health & disease inherently biological and social
Studies on deprivation and excess cancer rates
By and large, patients from deprived socio-economic groups
experience higher excess cancer rates
What’s been done?
A lot is in place, in the form of national agendas
But how to address the specific needs of specific groups?
7
Ce que la philosophie nous apprend
…
Posez bien vos questions !
THE ‘VEXATA QUAESTIO’ OF
CAUSALITY
9
What is causality?
What are mechanisms?
• In biology?
• Or physics?
• Or sociology?
• Or in genetics?
• Or in epidemiology?
• Or in public health?
• …
10
How to ‘dissect’
a ‘what is’ question
11
12
5 philosophical questions
Metaphysics
What is causality? What kind of things
are causes and effects?
Semantics
What does it mean that C causes E?
Epistemology
What notions guide causal reasoning?
How can we use C to explain E?
Methodology
How to establish whether C causes E?
Or how much of C causes E?
Use
What to do once we know that C
causes E?
5 scientific problems
Inference
Does C cause E? To what extent?
Prediction
What to expect if C does (not) cause
E?
Explanation
How does C cause or prevent E?
Control
What factors to hold fixed to study the
relation between C and E?
Reasoning
What considerations enter in
establishing whether / how / to what
extent C causes E?
13
HEALTH SCIENCES
AND PUBLIC HEALTH
14
Newer special sciences
A long process to legitimise philosophical interest
What’s so interesting, then?
Methods: experimental, observational, data/technology-
driven, …
Concepts: health-related, borrowed from bio-chemistry or
social science, …
Actions: diagnosis/prognosis, treatment, public health
interventions, …
Contextualisation: historical, cultural, political, …
15
CONCEPTUALISING
HEALTH & DISEASE
16
A question of definition
Essential to the field, and with its own tradition
What is normal and what is pathological
Biologically, statistically, experimentally, socially,
politically, historically, …
Dimensions of the question
Metaphysical, Epistemological, Methodological,
Normative
17
How to get to a useful definition
{What is …?} >> {How do we study …?}
Scientific practice first
How do we study health&disease?
What are the causes and mechanisms of health&disease?
{What is X} is answered by {How we study X}
Yes, I derive metaphysics from epistemology
18
Descriptive and normative
Descriptively: plenty of research to establish
correlations <social social factors--health&disease>
Normatively: social factors are active causes in the
mechanisms of health&disease
We need a concept of causation/mechanisms that accounts
for the mixed nature of health&disease
Social factors are proximate, not distant causes
19
CONCEPTS AND ACTIONS
20
A general argument
IF we conceptualise X such-and-such
THEN what actions should follow?
Replace X by your favourite: health, evidence,
probability, …
Normativity:
PhilSci concepts are non-neutral
PhilSci concepts can influence actions
21
The specific argument
IF the social has active causal role in
health&disease
THEN what public health interventions should
follow?
22
NORMATIVE CONCEPTS
23
Value-ladenness
Value-ladenness may have 2 directions:
i. Values that influence our concepts/methods
ii. Our concepts that influence the values we
promote
(i) is much more studied than (ii)
I will call (ii) ‘value promoting’
24
How ‘health’ can be value-promoting
‘Health’ is certainly normative in the practice of
public health
But ‘health’ is also normative at the level of the
scientific concept
Whether social factors are proximate – rather than
distant – causes is likely to make a difference on the
actions taken
25
AGAIN ON OBESITY
26
Social factors
are proximate causes of obesity
What to do with
Food labelling?
Food industry?
Marketing?
What consequences to draw from a concept that would
(naturally?) lead to paternalist attitudes?
How to reconcile it with (justified?) libertarian intuitions?
Is a ‘libertarian paternalism’ a viable option?
…
27
AGAIN ON DEPRIVATION
Social factors can be actionable causes
to prevent or reduce cancer
29
How to make ‘more local’ available global approaches?
Which socio-economic mechanisms are specifically at work?
What drives patients behaviour?
How to pursue inclusiveness and reduce inequalities in health?
Which values do we want to promote by making treatments more
accessible?
A lot more can be done, by tailoring interventions at the local level
Very local interventions can intervene more effectively on socio-
economic factors
But for this we need more social science research into local communities!
TO SUM UP AND CONCLUDE
30
What we know, what we can do
We do know that health & disease are biological and social
phenomena
Conceptually and methodologically, a lot can still be done to offer
definitions and methods that capture this composite nature
Better equipped with concepts and methods, we can can gain
deeper understanding of the working of social factors for specific
diseases or conditions
What we can do
Rethink the process of intervention design to incorporate social
factors as actionable causes
Think globally but act locally, where social factors are more
actionable
31

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Causal Relationships Between Socio-Economic Mechanisms and Health

  • 1. La causalité entre mécanismes et déterminants socio-économiques : enjeux conceptuels et défis pratiques dans les sciences de la santé Ce que la philosophie et les statistiques nous apprennent Federica Russo & Clémence Leyrat
  • 3. Our questions start from concrete challenges
  • 5. Social causes, biological interventions Obesity ‘epidemic’ Wide recognition of social factors (besides biological ones) Top priority for EU health policy EU announces to tackle social factors (e.g. behaviour) One of the biggest actions: regulating food labelling Ultimately tackles the biology of obesity Claims to target food industry, but in fact it makes info available and leaves the choice to the individual person Pulls in opposite directions with actions to improve on competitiveness of SMEs 5
  • 7. What should follow from well known correlations? A vast literature Health inequalities <> Socio-economic inequalities Health & disease inherently biological and social Studies on deprivation and excess cancer rates By and large, patients from deprived socio-economic groups experience higher excess cancer rates What’s been done? A lot is in place, in the form of national agendas But how to address the specific needs of specific groups? 7
  • 8. Ce que la philosophie nous apprend … Posez bien vos questions !
  • 9. THE ‘VEXATA QUAESTIO’ OF CAUSALITY 9
  • 10. What is causality? What are mechanisms? • In biology? • Or physics? • Or sociology? • Or in genetics? • Or in epidemiology? • Or in public health? • … 10
  • 11. How to ‘dissect’ a ‘what is’ question 11
  • 12. 12
  • 13. 5 philosophical questions Metaphysics What is causality? What kind of things are causes and effects? Semantics What does it mean that C causes E? Epistemology What notions guide causal reasoning? How can we use C to explain E? Methodology How to establish whether C causes E? Or how much of C causes E? Use What to do once we know that C causes E? 5 scientific problems Inference Does C cause E? To what extent? Prediction What to expect if C does (not) cause E? Explanation How does C cause or prevent E? Control What factors to hold fixed to study the relation between C and E? Reasoning What considerations enter in establishing whether / how / to what extent C causes E? 13
  • 15. Newer special sciences A long process to legitimise philosophical interest What’s so interesting, then? Methods: experimental, observational, data/technology- driven, … Concepts: health-related, borrowed from bio-chemistry or social science, … Actions: diagnosis/prognosis, treatment, public health interventions, … Contextualisation: historical, cultural, political, … 15
  • 17. A question of definition Essential to the field, and with its own tradition What is normal and what is pathological Biologically, statistically, experimentally, socially, politically, historically, … Dimensions of the question Metaphysical, Epistemological, Methodological, Normative 17
  • 18. How to get to a useful definition {What is …?} >> {How do we study …?} Scientific practice first How do we study health&disease? What are the causes and mechanisms of health&disease? {What is X} is answered by {How we study X} Yes, I derive metaphysics from epistemology 18
  • 19. Descriptive and normative Descriptively: plenty of research to establish correlations <social social factors--health&disease> Normatively: social factors are active causes in the mechanisms of health&disease We need a concept of causation/mechanisms that accounts for the mixed nature of health&disease Social factors are proximate, not distant causes 19
  • 21. A general argument IF we conceptualise X such-and-such THEN what actions should follow? Replace X by your favourite: health, evidence, probability, … Normativity: PhilSci concepts are non-neutral PhilSci concepts can influence actions 21
  • 22. The specific argument IF the social has active causal role in health&disease THEN what public health interventions should follow? 22
  • 24. Value-ladenness Value-ladenness may have 2 directions: i. Values that influence our concepts/methods ii. Our concepts that influence the values we promote (i) is much more studied than (ii) I will call (ii) ‘value promoting’ 24
  • 25. How ‘health’ can be value-promoting ‘Health’ is certainly normative in the practice of public health But ‘health’ is also normative at the level of the scientific concept Whether social factors are proximate – rather than distant – causes is likely to make a difference on the actions taken 25
  • 27. Social factors are proximate causes of obesity What to do with Food labelling? Food industry? Marketing? What consequences to draw from a concept that would (naturally?) lead to paternalist attitudes? How to reconcile it with (justified?) libertarian intuitions? Is a ‘libertarian paternalism’ a viable option? … 27
  • 29. Social factors can be actionable causes to prevent or reduce cancer 29 How to make ‘more local’ available global approaches? Which socio-economic mechanisms are specifically at work? What drives patients behaviour? How to pursue inclusiveness and reduce inequalities in health? Which values do we want to promote by making treatments more accessible? A lot more can be done, by tailoring interventions at the local level Very local interventions can intervene more effectively on socio- economic factors But for this we need more social science research into local communities!
  • 30. TO SUM UP AND CONCLUDE 30
  • 31. What we know, what we can do We do know that health & disease are biological and social phenomena Conceptually and methodologically, a lot can still be done to offer definitions and methods that capture this composite nature Better equipped with concepts and methods, we can can gain deeper understanding of the working of social factors for specific diseases or conditions What we can do Rethink the process of intervention design to incorporate social factors as actionable causes Think globally but act locally, where social factors are more actionable 31

Editor's Notes

  1. Bonjour Honeur de donner avec Clem la conf d’ouverture d’epiclin. Tres dommage qu’on puisse pas etre physiquement ensemble. Un moment complique et ces questions sur causalite et mecs restent tres pertinents aussi pour le Covid Clem et moi: discute ensemble du sujet et nous avons decouvert bcp de point de contact entre nos approaches, a partir de nos disciplines respective. Je vais presenter en premier car nous avons estime que ma presentation aurait donne un cadre conceptual large; la discussion de clem, sur des questions method plus puntuelle fera suite logique
  2. Avant de commencer, je vous demande d’excuser mon franglais, les transparents sont en anglais mais je donnerai ma conference en francais, avec un bel accept ita > w l’Europe !
  3. Avec clem, nous avons pense etre utile commencer par des defis concrets, pour montrer pourquoi nous pensons qu’il faut d’avantage reflechir sur causalite et mes, et sur le role des facteurs sociaux
  4. Le probl de l’obesite ne necissite pas bcp de presentation ou d’explication. Cela nous a paru un bon example pour montrer comment un traite une maladie/condition ou c’est connu qu’il y a une interaction entre facteure BIO et SOC Obesite c’est une priorite en EU et dans different pays. On remarque que l’on cherche a reduire obesite en visant les facteurs BIO *meme* quand on dit qu’on vise le comportement des consommateurs / patients. Pour se render compte de cela, suffit de voir les directives EU sur le food labelling. Dans ces textes on dit qu’on cherche a changer le comportements. Mais en fait avec le food labelling on donne de l’info sur les aspets BIO, puis toute la responsabilite est laisse a l’individu si acheter / consommer ou pas les produit. En plus, souvant ces directive sont en conflt avec d’autre, qui cherchent a promovoir la competition entre les entrepreises (SMEs), par ex celle qui font le ‘processed food’, souvant pas tres bon pour la sante.
  5. 2eme example: inegalite dans la sante et deprivation socio-economique La aussi, un grand connu, avec des correlations stable et bien etudies. Pour nombre de maladies, ceux dans les groups deprive, ne guerissent pas, ou pas assez vite. Alors que bcp se fait dans les agenda au niveau nationale, notre question porte sur ce qu’on peut faire a petite echelle >> la ou les facteurs sociaux vraiment agissent. Ici le defi est de 1 comprendre cause et mecs de ces groups 2 identifier ces groups 3 mettre en place des intervention qui agissent vraiment au niveau social Probl: souvant pour agir sur un facteur SOC on doit agire pas sur sa cause directe mais trouver les bons detour
  6. Avec ces 2 probl en tete (parmis d’autres), j’aborde ma partie >> ce que la philo nous apprenne. Mauvaise nouvelle: Pas de recette magique, MAIS bonne nouvelle: on peut apprendre a bien poser une question, ou encadrer un probleme
  7. Notre question est vieille comme la philo. C’est la causalite.
  8. Et aussi les mecanisme! Traditionellement, la philo a examine causality et mecs dans des domains tres specifique Ex: Physique > processus Bio > mecanisme / systeme Socio > aussi mecanisme, mais avec des definition parfois tres different de la bio Surtout, la philo s’est concentre sur la question QU’EST-CE QUE …
  9. Puisque la question WHAT IS est centrale, Ici je prpopose une methode philosophique pour couper les cheveux en 4 ou meme plus que 4 !
  10. Pardonnez le moment de ‘self-promotion’, dans ce livre avec mon amie et colleague Phyllis Illari nous avons propose une approche a la causalite qui puisse etre utile dans la demarche scientifique. Nous discutons comment la philosophie de la causalite peut aider dans la demarche scientifique Nous presentons different concepts developpes dans philo causalite pour montrer qu’il n’y a PAS qu’un seul concept de causalite, et que dans different contexts scientifiques on besoin de concepts qq peu different.
  11. En particulier, ici est pertinent de noter que la question WHAT IS est rarement pose en tant que telle en philo ou en science. D’ou l’identification de 5 question philo et 5 probl scientifique. BRIEVEMENT toutes les questions Le point n’est pas banal car a notre avis le debat en philo est suouvant coince parce que ces questions sont melangees En particular, je vous propose cette “division de travail” entre phil et sci parce que, comment Clemence le montrera, on doit essayer d’advancer sur la question methodologique meme si la question metaphysique n’est pas resolue. Tandis que on a l’impression que souvent en science de la sante (mais aussi en sciences sociale) on veut pas dire que les facteur SOC sont des VRAIS causes car nous n’avons pas une reponse complete a la question metaph.
  12. Les sciences de la sante et la sante publique on fait l’objet recent de l’interet de philosophes. Plain des choses sont interessante: BRIEVEMENT tous les aspets Methodes Concepts Action Contextualization >> ex: interventions en sante public au debut (donc 2eme moite 19eme siecle) portaient sur facteur SOC. Mais au fur et a mesure, la sante publique a vise les facteur BIO, aussi parceque nous avons bcp avance dans la comprension de la biologie de sante et maladie … Il y a du boulot pour tout le monde
  13. En pariculier, je voudrais dire ici qq mot sur la conceptualization de sante et maladie
  14. C’est une question de definition, donc le WHAT IS … Qui a une long tradition … ici j’emprunte expres Canghullem Normal et Patho, car je n’ai pas trouve de meilleur expression que exprime la complexite dal question en 2 mot. Question de def de sante et maladie: Aborde point de vu bio, stat, experimental, social, politique, historique Le probleme, a vrais dire, n’est pas seulement metaph mais aussi scientifique, epistemologique, et naturelemment methodologque Ici > lien entre aspet metaph et normative Clem > lien entre aspet metaph et methodologique
  15. Je propose d’aborder la question de maniere suivante: What is >> How do we study Tres pertinent pour la presentation de Clemence: a partir de comment elle etudie le role des facteurs sociaux, je voudrais ‘construire’ una definition Donc a la question WHAT IS x, je reponds de fait avec la reponse a la question COMMENT ON ETUDIE x Oui, j’essaie de deduire la metaph a partir de l’epistemo et methodologie Nombre de collegue philosophes ne seront pas d’accord avec cela. Mais je ne vois pas d’autre route pour rendre une question metaph ‘utile’ a la methodologie et a l’action/intervention. Je suis tout a fait consciente que mon approche en philo n’est pas neutre. MAIS je n’ai pas trouve d’autres methodes pour entamer un bon dialogue avec les scientifiques.
  16. Pourquoi est-ce important de chager de strategie? Du point de vu descriptive, on a deja enormement de correlations. Nous n’avons pas beoins de chercher plus loin pour etablir qu’il ya une connexion entre sante et facteur sociaux. MAIS du point de vu normative, cela n’est pas assez. On doit pouvoir arriver a une def de cause / mec qui ont un role ACTIF dans la production de ‘health outcomes’. Pour moi tout cela se joue au niveau de l’identification de mecanisme MIXTES ou on arrive a expliquer le role de facteur BIO ET AUSSI des facteur SOC. Mon hypothese est qu’on y arrive pas a une def ”utile’ de cause/mecs, tant qu’on aborde la question WHAT IS en abstrait. Il faut en revance partir de la pratique >> ceci fait l’objet de la presentation de clem.
  17. Je voudrais maintenant renforcer mon approche avec un argument qui met en jeu l’action (e.g. intervention en sante publique)
  18. L’argument general est comme suit: SI on conceptualize X d’une certaine maniere DONC, quelles actions devraient suivre?? On peut faire l’exercise avec ‘evidence’ proba, etc Je veux mettre en evidence que les concept philo ont une normativite intrinseque. Ils ne sont pas neutre, on le sait, mais de plus ils influence l’action. >> comment? On va voir plus en detail tout de suite.
  19. De maniere un peu plus specifique SI les facteurs sociaux ont un role causal ACTIF, quel genre d’actions politique (sante publique) devraient suivre?? Ici, idee est de prendre vraiment au serieux les facteurs SOC. Pas seulement des correlation. Ce sont de VRAIS causes. Mais s’ils sont des vrais causes, comment les ”exploiter” dans les interventions??
  20. Je vais maintenant discuter un peu plus en detail cette idee de la normativite des concepts
  21. En literature anglo-americaine, on utilise le mot ‘value-ladennes’. Ceci a fait l’objet d’importants etudes de la parts d’historiens, philosophes, sociologues des sciences. Je ne vais pas inventer l’eau chaude! Mais j’espere mettre l’accent sur un aspet qui, a mon avis, et moins etudie. ”value-ladeness” a 2 directions, pour ainsi dire: Les valeurs influencent nos concepts et methodes, meme quand ils ne sont pas explicite Nos concepts influences les valeurs qu’on veut (ou veut pas) promovoir 1) c’est le plus etudie. C’est 2 qui m’interesse ici. Je veux pouvoir dire que selon notre def de sante et maladie, nous pouvons promovoir certain valeures, ou d’autres, dans nos interventions de sante publique. C’est pour cela que je veux appeler sante/maladie des concepts “value-promoting”.
  22. Les philosophes, historiens, et les STS ont bcp etudie l’aspet normative du concept de sante. E.g. au nivau politique; pensez aussi aux debat sur la conception du corp etc. ICI je veux dire que le concept est aussi normative sur le plan scientifque. Si les facteurs sociaux sont ou ne sont pas des ‘vrais’ causes fait une grande difference: Sur la maniere dont on les etudies Sur la maniere dont on fait des recommendations aux policy makers Sur la maniere dont ils sont effectivement “exploites” dans les interventions Probl: on doit pouvoir arriver a des interventions meme si la reponse a la question metaphysique n’est pas complete. Car agir ou ne pas agir sur les facteur SOC signifie – de fait – promovoir des valeurs et pas d’autres.
  23. Je reviens a nos 2 examples pour que ces discussions soient un peu plus concretes.
  24. Ici j’ouvre le vase de pandore, j’en suis consciente. l’idee est que au moment ou nous avons une certain def de maladie, e.g. d’obesite, nous devons aussi en tirer les consequences au niveau ethique ou politique. Que va-t-on faire avecs les interventions existentes, e.g. food labelling, food industry, marketing … >> comment les facteurs SOC sont “exploites” dans ces interventions? La question de definire obesite en tant que maladie n’est pas indep de question telle que l’autonomie due patient / citoyen, de ce que nous pensons de strategie de ‘nudging’ etc. La strategie “Je donne l’info, puis l’individu decide” n’est PAS une maniere de “exploiter” les facteurs SOC. De cette maniere on va – de fait – promovoir une idee de sante/maladie ou les fact SOC sont ”accessoir”, ou la sante n’est pas un “bien publique” etc. Je voudrais que ces questions soient abordes plus souvant ensemble, non pas separemment.
  25. De maniere analogue, comment aboutir a des approche plus ‘locaux’, qui puissent agire sur les causes et mes au niveau SOCIAL. Tout ceci n’est pas indendant de questions ethiques comme l’inclusion ou l’accessibilite aux traitement. Car la question est: comment favoriser inclusion ou accessibilite aux traitments?? Souvent, les chemins causaux / mecs sont tres indirects, voir tordus. Donc il faut BIEN etudies les dynamiques specifiques, pour promovoir des concepts de sante/maladie qui incluent ces valeurs d’inclusion ou accessibilite. Ici, il me parait, nous avons besois de bcp plus de recherce en sciences sociales, et en philo!
  26. J’arrive a la fin de ma presentation, j’essaie de resumer et conclure
  27. On le sait tres bien que sante et maladie sont de phen bio ET sociaux. Mais on a pas terminer de compredre cette nature mixte et surtout on a besoin d’arriver a des definitions ALIGNES avec la methodologie (ou meme deduits de la methodologie) De maniere tres pragmatique, je voudrais pouvoir repenser tout le processus de policy design de telle sorte que les facteurs sociaux puisse etre inclus. Cela peut sembler tres simpliste, mais penser globale et agire locale fait un bon resume du chemin a prendre. Merci pour votre attention!