Colon Cancer Study

Colon Cancer Study
It is without doubt that knowledge has evolved regarding colon cancer; several studies have
determined that there are numerous causes of the disease. Colon cancer is the third leading cause of
cancer related deaths in the United States (Brown, Hossain, & Forrester, 2013). Considering the vast
information gathered regarding the etiology of colon cancer, it is essential for Americans to
understand the importance of screenings in order to reduce the mortality rates related to the disease.
Indeed, a priority for the community nurse is to identify those populations who are at risk for colon
cancer in order to empower them with the knowledge required to obtain screenings and implement
lifestyle changes that will increase their chance of survival. ... Show more content on
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Brown et al., (2013) conducted a descriptive correlational study where the data from the 2007
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
(BRFSS) was analyzed (Brown et al., 2013). The BRFSS is a telephone health survey which gathers
information regarding "health risk behaviors, preventive health practices, and health care access
primarily related to chronic diseases and injuries (Brown et al., 2013, p. 361). In order to control the
effects for the complexity of the survey design, STATA statistical software was used to analyze the
data (Brown et al., 2013). It was found that people with high blood cholesterol levels were least
likely to participate in screenings for colon cancer (Brown et al., 2013). The majority of those who
reported not participating in screenings for colon cancer were those who had a diagnosis of high
blood cholesterol, were overweight or obese, were sedentary, and consumed less than five servings
of fruits (Brown et al., 2013). Because those diagnosed with high blood cholesterol had poor health
habits, the likelihood of them participating in screenings for colon cancer was low (Brown et al.,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Colon Cancer Research Paper
Colon Cancer
Your colon is the large intestine in your body. Colon cancer is pretty self explanatory from the name,
it is the cancer of the colon. The colon is the final part of your digestive tract. The digestive system
is the group of organs that allow us to eat and to use the food we eat to fuel our bodies. According to
mayo clinic on October 31st, 2017, most cases of colon cancer begin as small, non cancerous
clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps, which over time some of these polyps can become colon
cancers. Polyps can be small and they produce few, if any, symptoms. This is why doctors
recommend regular screening tests that help prevent colon cancer. The way they can detect colon
cancer from any stage is by identifying and removing

Essay On Colonoscopy
The American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines recommend colonoscopy,as the preferred
cancer screening test for patients 50 years and older(Rex 2017). The technique of Endoscopic
Mucosal Resection (EMR) was developed for removingsessile or flat lesions confined to the
superficial layers (mucosa and submucosa) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the colon,
esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. EMR with submucosal injection helps facilitate complete
resection of polyps (Hwang 2015; Fyock 2010; Steele 2013), which is critical, as incomplete
resections may contribute to the development of colon cancer in patients despite being on a
colonoscopy screening/surveillance pathway (i.e. interval cancers). (von Renteln 2017; Bujanda
2010; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Hwang 2015). This is typically controlled by snare tip soft coagulation (STSC), a technique
involving protruding the snare tip 2–3 mm beyond the catheter, followed by application of
coagulating current while lightly touching the tip directly onto the bleeding point. Vigorous
irrigation with the foot pump clears the resection field of blood and helps localize the bleeding
vessel. In the minority of cases where STSC does not achieve hemostasis, coagulating forceps or
through the scope (TTS) clips may be used, both of which have been associated with a low rate of
re–bleeding and complications. (Ma 2016)
Delayed post–polypectomy bleeding (DPPB) is rare after cold snare polypectomy and is usually
related to thermal injury following hot snare polypectomy, occurring in 1–2% of patients with
sessile polyps <20mm in size. The risk of DPPB is directly related to polyp size (risk increases by
9% to 13% for every 1 mm in polyp diameter), right colon lesions, pedunculated morphology, and
polyp pathology. For pedunculated polyps, the increased risk of DPPB is associated with a stalk
exceeding 5 mm, polyp head >20 mm in size, location in right colon, and the presence of
malignancy. Most DPPB cases can be managed endoscopically., In many cases bleeding resolves
spontaneously. Options for endoscopic hemostasis in the event of active bleeding include forceps
coagulation or endoclips. The method selected is based on lesion location, endoscopist

Colon cancer has an excellent prognosis when diagnosed early, with 92 percent of patients living
longer than five years who were diagnosed during Stage 1. Preventing colon cancer through a
healthy diet and getting regular colonoscopies is crucial in diagnosing the cancer at an early stage.
Cancers of the large intestine, or colon, and cancers of the rectum are lumped together as colorectal
cancer. It often begins from benign clumps of cells called polyps. As time passes, the polyps
sometimes become cancerous.
Symptoms
Though signs of colon cancer don't typcally occur until it is further advanced, the symptoms
include:
rectal bleeding or blood in the stool persistant abdominal pain increased pain from gas or cramps
change in bowel habits, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Family history or symptoms may make this screening occur earlier. There are several ways to
diagnose the cancer. In a colonoscopy, the doctor inserts a small, flexible viewing tube into the
rectum. Any polyps that are found can be removed and sent to a pathologist to be examined. A
barium enema involves patients drinking a white substance containing barium that helps the
intestines to show up on x–rays. A blood test that tests for tumor markers of colon cancer may also
be performed.
Treatment
Surgery is often the initial treatment for the cancer. The tumor, a portion of the intestines and lymph
nodes are surgically removed and sent to a pathologist for examination. The healthy portion of the
intestines are then re–attached. If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, chemotherapy is used to
kill the remaining cancer cells.
Prevention
The best way to prevent cancer from developing is removing polyps while they are benign or
precancerous. Regular screenings are required to find the polyps. Additionally, doctors recommend
that all patients 40 and over have their stool tested for blood and have their rectum physically
examined on an annual

Barium Enema Research Paper
Barium Enema A barium enema is an X–ray test. It is used to check for problems in the colon or in
the last part of the small bowel. The colon is also called the large intestine. For this test, a liquid
called barium will be put into your colon. The liquid shows up well on X–rays. This makes it easier
to see problems. The test can help find the cause of symptoms such as belly pain or blood in your
poop (stools). BEFORE THE PROCEDURE Follow instructions from your doctor about what you
cannot eat or drink. Ask your doctor about: ○ Changing or stopping your regular medicines. This is
important if you take diabetes medicines or blood thinners. ○ Taking medicines such as aspirin and
ibuprofen. These medicines can thin your blood.

Crohn's Disease And Ulcerative Colitis Case Study
Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis belong to the same disease category, inflammatory bowel
disease. Both of the diseases share many of the alike symptoms. However, there are some essential
differences. Ulcerative Colitis is limited to the big intestine (colon) and also the rectum.
Inflammation takes place just on the surface layer of the intestinal lining. Normally, it begins in the
rectum and then, in a constant way it expands up the colon.
The benefit of medical management of Ulcerative Colitis is that it offers the option of avoiding
surgery in most patients. Even though colectomy is possibly curative in several patients and
significantly decreases the dangers of colon cancer, the surgery normally does comprise of several
complications especially with patients who have restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch–anal
anastomosis. Some of the short–term and the long–term surgical problems comprise of anastomotic
leaks, pelvic sepsis, pouchitis, Crohn's disease of the pouch, cuffitis and irritable pouch syndrome.
Also, ileal pouch–anastomosis can have an influence on the patient's sex life and fertility and there
is also a small risk for the progress of neoplasia of the anal ... Show more content on
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Ulcerative Colitis is a long–life disease that necessitates in long–term therapy. A step–up method for
medical therapy is regularly applied from 5–aminosalicylate compounds, corticosteroids,
immunomodulators, and biologics. There is not enough evidence that suggests that long–term
medical therapy may possibly change the natural history of Ulcerative Colitis. Also, there are some
patient concerns about compliance to medical therapy, cost and side effects of medications and the
risk of dysplasia. Before offering any sort of treatment, it is necessary that the risks and also the
benefits are discussed carefully in

Ulcerative Colonoscopy Research Paper
While everyone should begin obtaining regular colonoscopies once they reach the age of 50 (or
earlier if there is a history of colon problems in the family), you may need one at a much younger
age if your doctor suspects you may have a colon disease, such as ulcerative colitis. If you are
experiencing any of the signs of ulcerative colitis, then a colonoscopy is an important part of
obtaining an official diagnosis, so you can begin treatment to help control this chronic disease. Read
on to find out what to expect when your doctor suspects you have ulcerative colitis.
Ulcerative Colitis Facts and Signs
While ulcerative colitis currently has no known definite cause, it often runs in families. There is
currently no cure, but there are many treatments that can keep the symptoms under control. The
disease can range from mild to severe, and it can affect only some parts of the colon or the entire
colon. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During a colonoscopy, your doctor will be looking for the telltale colon ulcerations inside of your
colon that signal a case of ulcerative colitis. There are none of these ulcerations in IBS sufferers, and
in Crohn's disease, many other parts of the digestive tract can be affected. This means that if your
doctor finds ulcerations in only your colon, then a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis may be made.
The Colonoscopy

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Essay
The term Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a general name given to a few disorders that all fall
under the category of inflamed intestines (they become red and swollen.) This is usually due to a
reaction the body causes against its own intestinal tissue. The two most common types of
Inflammatory Bowel Disease are Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). Crohn's disease
can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract; however, it more commonly affects the small
intestine or colon. Inflammatory Bowel Disease is a chronic disease, which means that it lasts a long
time and can occur frequently. There are some cases where a person will only suffer from one
occurrence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and then be in remission from ... Show more content on
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People who suffer from Crohn's disease may also suffer the same risks of colon cancer, but typically
only if the entire colon is affected. There are also rare extra–intestinal cases of Inflammatory Bowel
Disease that occur in organs other that the intestinal tract. These symptoms may include arthritis,
liver and kidney disorders, bone loss, and more.
In cases of children suffering from Inflammatory Bowel Disease, it may also delay puberty. This is
due to the body not absorbing all of the nutrients from their food. They may also suffer from fever,
fatigue, and weight loss.
One symptom that is not definite, but may help decide what form of IBD is present, is where the
pain in the abdomen is located. Typically Ulcerative Colitis patients experience pain in the lower
left section of the abdomen, while Crohn's Disease patients tend to suffer from pain in the lower
right section of the abdomen. "With Ulcerative Colitis, bleeding from the rectum during bowel
movements is very common, and bleeding is much less common in patients with Crohn's Disease."
(Tresca, 2009)
While Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease share similar symptoms, they are treated different
medically. "There are cases where the diagnosis of one form of Inflammatory Bowel Disease over
the other is very difficult.

Inflammation and Infection Caused by Diverticulitis Essay
Diverticulitis is an aliment of the colon that affects the inner lining. Approximately 50% of all
Americans will experience diverticulitis by the time they reach age 60. Pouches or bulging sacs in
the lining become inflamed or infected. The most common site of diverticulitis is the large intestine.
A low fiber diet is believed to be responsible for most cases of diverticulitis. Small pieces of feces
can become trapped in the pouches and bulging sacs, which then cause the inflammation and/or
infection.
Diverticulitis normally responds well to treatment, some patients will have repeated bouts of
diverticulitis, very few patients will require surgery to remove the effective section of bowel. (Fox
& Stollman, 2010)
Patients with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
The inflammation in diverticulitis is believed to be the result of fecal material that gets trapped in a
diverticulum. The resulting fecal stone, or fecalith, causes pressure and necrosis of the diverticulum.
The inflammation progresses and perforates into the mucosa of the colon. A small perforation is
easily treated with antibiotics. A large perforation may wall off and create an abscess which can
erode into nearby structures such as the small bowel or bladder, anterior abdominal wall, and fecal
peritonitis can occur. (textbook)
Patients present with left lower quadrant pain, reiterating the tendency for diverticulitis to affect the
sigmoid colon in western countries. The pain can be constant or intermittent, and lack of appetite, or
nausea and vomiting can be present. Physical examination of the abdomen reveals localized
tenderness but frank rebound or guarding should be negative. Bowel sounds are frequently distant or
depressed, if bowel sounds are very active an obstruction may be present, in mild cases the bowel
sounds may be normal. The WBC may be elevated and the patient may present with a fever.
Occasionally a palpable mass may be felt and may be very painful. Eating exacerbated the pain of
left–sided diverticulitis and pain can be lessened with the passage of feces or flatus. Patients may
complain of a feeling of being bloated.
Differential diagnoses for diverticulitis include colon cancer, colitis, crohn's

Summary: What Happens After Colonoscopies
What Happens After a Colonoscopy?
Colonoscopies are one of the most dreaded screening procedures for many patients, but they are
very important for those who are over age 50 or at an increased risk for colon cancer. While the
preparation required before the test –– usually consisting of a combination of laxatives –– can be
unpleasant, the recovery from a colonoscopy is typically quick and easy for most people.
During a colonoscopy, the doctor feeds a long, narrow flexible tube–shaped scope into your anus
and through your rectum to look at your colon. The scope is outfitted with a light and camera on the
tip, allowing it to capture pictures and relay video back to your doctor in real time. Because sedation
is required, many patients report ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the first 24 hours, however, you may feel disoriented and fatigued from the sedative. You
may want to plan to rest at home the evening of your screening.
Many also report feeling bloated and having higher–than–normal amounts of gas following the
procedure. This shouldn't come as a surprise since doctors often pump a small amount of air into a
patient's colon and large intestines in order to improve their view. This also typically passes within
24 hours of the test.
While there is typically little aftercare beyond the first few hours following a colonoscopy, it is
important for you, or a trusted family member or friend, to discuss what is required in your specific
case. If you have had polyps removed or a biopsy taken, for example, you may need to eat a
restricted diet or refrain from some activities for a short time after the procedure. Most people,
however, can return to their normal diet immediately.
It will also be important that you are aware of the signs of complications following a colonoscopy.
They are extremely rare, but can be serious if not caught and treated early. If you experience severe
abdominal pain, fever and chills or an excessive amount of rectal bleeding, you will need to see
your doctor or go to the emergency room

The Colostomy Procedure
The colostomy procedure has changed the medical world in a major way because it allowed people
with intestinal issues to live a longer life. Having a colostomy means a "portion of your colon
(digestive tract) was removed, which left an opening in your abdominal area; the opening is
something many refer to as an ostomy with the stoma being the correct terminology for the actual
opening of the abdominal wall." This makes the condition more efficient to handle whereas the
surgery makes it possible for patients to defecate again without passage through the rectum or anus.
Having this surgery does not mean you possess any type of sickness, but that you had to alter the
way your body works due to an incident that did not allow you to carry out regular human functions.
The colostomy has made it feasible for many people to lead normal lives even though being gone
through something. We are unsure today who invented this glorious idea, but we do know the 1st
known and successful procedure was done by "Dr. M. Pilore, a French surgeon in 1776." Getting a
colostomy can be the aftereffect of having an illness, colon cancer, a disease of the stomach area,
damage to the colon or rectum, or incomplete/complete blockage of the large intestine. This
technique was to made to permit the passage of bodily waste out,yet it carries many risks and a
number of things that could go wrong if not properly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having a colostomy can be looked upon as something horrible, but it has made thousands of lives
better. Some people after the surgery may have sociological issues though, and the best way to get
over them is by having a sense of humor and/or a positive outlook on life. Nothing but the way the
digestive tract works have changed with the surgery so patients can lead their normal lives, therefore
making the procedure a world changing

Colon Cleanse Pros
Everything you do in life has pros and cons. Moderation is a good rule of thumb when it comes to
your lifestyle. For example, sleeping, eating, and exercising too much or too often is considered
unhealthy just as much as not getting enough sleep, exercise, or food.
Keeping that in mind, a Premium Detox and Cleanse product can be a good thing, when used as
directed or under the supervision of a healthcare professional, or it can be harmful if you go beyond
the scope of its intended use.
Colon Cleanse Health Benefits Debate
Colon Cleanse Side Effects and health benefits spark controversial debates on the subject between
medical professionals from researchers and conventional doctors to alternative doctors and other
medical practitioners. Some say that if you're healthy, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reducing the dosage often helps the problem.
Fatigue – When you are going through a detox, your body is trying to adjust and heal. You may
experience some fatigue that lasts for a few days. Fatigue that continues throughout the detox
program should be addressed by a medical professional.
Moderate
Vomiting – Vomiting during a colon cleanse or detox is a side effect that can range from mild to
moderate in nature.
Cramping – Some products cause abdominal cramping or discomfort. It's a sign of a product that is
too strong for you, you have not followed the directions, or the ingredients aren't of high quality.
Major
Electrolyte imbalance –Sometimes a Premium Detox and Cleanse product will throw off your
electrolyte balance. Symptoms of electrolyte imbalance include vomiting, severe nausea,
dehydration, diarrhea, or low blood pressure. These symptoms should not be ignored.
Kidney failure – It's rare for a Premium Detox and Colon Cleanse program to cause kidney failure,
but it can happen. Be aware of this and if you have kidney problems, don't take

Essay On Colon Cancer
What is Colon Cancer?
Breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer are the most frequently diagnosed cancers in the US. They
affect millions of people worldwide and are responsible for a staggering number of deaths as a
consequence. Cancer occurs due to the malfunctioning of the cell division process. Usually, this is a
smooth procedure and is needed for the growth and repair of tissues, however when uncontrolled
and rapid, it can lead to the formation of abnormal tissue. This abnormal tissue is known as a tumor,
the tumors that are cancerous in nature are called 'malignant'. Cancerous tumors are so deadly
because they have the ability to spread and grow within one area of the body and (through
metastasis) also spread through the bloodstream or lymph system, causing the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Colorectal cancer refers to cancer that has affected both the colon and the rectum areas of the body.
The colon is involved in the absorption of nutrients and water from food and the rectum is the
storage and passageway through which waste is removed from the body. Colon cancer tends to
originate from the formation of tumors against the walls of the bowels or on polyps that are present
in the colon. These polyps can be present without being cancerous, so having bowel polyps is not
necessarily a sign of having colon cancer.
What are the signs and symptoms of colon cancer?
Depending on the positioning or stage of the disease, the symptoms for colon cancer will vary.
Typically, tell–tale signs are blood being passed out in urine or stools, difficulty or pain when
passing out waste and deep pains from the bowel region. Changes in bowel movements and visits to
the toilet may occur, as well as abdominal pains or cramps. Due to the location of the tumor, bowel
cancer may not always display these symptoms as obviously as some cancers and disease do. This
can make the detection of colon cancer incredibly difficult.
What are the risk factors for developing colon

Ulcerative Colitis
Introduction: What is Ulcerative Colitis? Just from the name, you can guess that this disease
concerns ulcers. But does this entail anything else? Let us find out in this article about the disease
that still has its causes unverified by the world. Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a disease/disorder of the
Large intestine. It occurs in the colon and rectum areas only. When food passes through the Large
Intestine, the body's immune system may mistake the food materials, bacteria, etc as foreign
invading agents and sends White blood cells (WBC) to defend the body. This causes chronic
inflammation and ulceration of the large intestine, which causes severe pain and discomfort for the
patient. This is why this disease falls under the category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and
is also referred to as an autoimmune disease. Furthermore, we still don't ... Show more content on
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They are considered as auto–immune disorders and both of them successfully fall under the criteria
of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) but they work in different areas of the body. Crohn's disease
can occur in any part of the Gastro Intestinal Tract (GIT), while Ulcerative Colitis only affects the
colon and rectum of the large intestine. Again, Crohn's Disease can affect all layers of the bowel
while Ulcerative Colitis, can harm only the linings of the colon. These are the major differences
between them. Conclusion
Though Ulcerative Colitis is not a disease that can cause certain death, but it can lead to the creation
of many other which have high mortality rates. Such as, strokes and colon cancer. We know that
there is bleeding when Ulcerative Colitis occurs. So, during blood clotting, increased amounts of
blood clots also form in the brain causes strokes. Again, the breaking of the mucus layer in the colon
can give rise to cancerous lesions, which develops to colon cancer later

A Research Project On Colon Cancer
Research Project Outcome
Colon cancer claims the lives of 12 Australians each day and is the second largest cancer killer (1).
Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer in the Australian population after the age of 50.
It is essential that Australian men and women are aware of the aggressiveness and severity of the
disease (2) and the primary preventative methods. The Indigenous Australian population, in
comparison to the non–indigenous population, have a higher prevalence of the disease and
experience higher mortality rates (3). Due to the lack of medical resources and awareness, men and
women living in rural areas have an increased risk of developing colon cancer (4). For these
reasons, I have decided to conduct an investigation on the significance, the primary preventative
methods and the impact they can have on the health and awareness of the Australian population.
I conducted my initial research by investigating the internet and books, both of which encompassed
the anatomy of the stomach and allowed me to gather a greater understanding of Colon Cancer.
Bowel cancer is a malignant growth that develops most commonly in the lining of the large bowel.
The vast majority of bowel cancers develop from growths called 'polyps '. Not all polyps become
cancerous. The larger that a polyp grows, the more likely it is to become malignant (cancerous).
Polyps can be easily re moved without surgery by a procedure called a colonoscopy (inspection of
the bowel with a

The Case Study Of Colon And Rectal Cancer
Colon and rectum cancer is ranked third for cancer incidence and fourth for cancer death globally in
2013. Further colon and rectum cancer ranked second for incidence and mortality for developed
countries and ranked fourth for both incidence and mortality for developing countries. The Global
burden of cancer study showed that colon and rectal cancer was the fourth leading cause for cancer
related years life lost between 1990 and 2013. The number of people diagnosed with colon and
rectal cancer doubled from 1990 to 2013, most of the increase being explained by an aging and
growing population. But a 16% of this increase was independent of the aging and growing
population. The study showed colon and rectum cancer caused 15.8 million ... Show more content
Disadvantages of FIT is repeated testing in an opportunistic setting and requiring further diagnostic
invasive test if positive.3.
The natural history of transition of polyp to cancer pathway is well known. Colorectal cancer can be
prevented to a large extent by removing polyps. Additionally, detection of colorectal cancer in early
stage by screening also results in lower mortality rate. Hence colorectal cancer screening is
recommended for asymptomatic average risk individuals. In the study by M. Aronsson, one–time
colonoscopy yielded 49 more quality adjusted life years (QALYs) as compared to screening twice
with FIT gave 26 more QALYs. All screening strategies showed cost effectiveness as compared to
no screening though colonoscopy was more cost effective than FIT.6
Although, more CRCs occur in high income countries, CRC incidence has been rising rapidly in
many less developed countries including Brazil, Philippines and Bulgaria.7 However, currently few
countries are having a CRC screening program in place.8 Even in countries with screening program
uptake rates are suboptimal and screening programs are unutilized.9 The effect of it is the unsettling
truth that a large proportion of the CRC related 700,000 deaths should not occur. On the other side, a
model calculation done in Germany about the effect of colonoscopies done for 10

Barium Enema Essay
Everyone should know that a lower GI is a very common and important exam used to diagnose
many colon conditions. A lower GI examination, also know as a barium enema, is an x–ray
examination of the large intestine. The large intestine, or large bowel, consists of the entire colon,
including the appendix, rectum, and sigmoid colon. This commonly performed test is essentially the
predecessor to the more familiar colonoscopy. A lower GI is used worldwide to help diagnose fatal
diseases and many other problems that affect the large intestine.
Some of the reasons that your doctor might order this exam are if you are experiencing diarrhea,
constipation, blood in your stool, unexplained weight loss, anemia, to screen for colon polyps or ...
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The barium is then released from the bag and begins to flow slowly into your colon. As the barium
begins to fill your bowel you will feel some pain and pressure, and an urgency to have a bowel
movement. The doctor will watch the barium as it moves through your intestine on a TV screen,
using a special "live x–ray" called fluoroscopy. You will be asked to turn to different positions, and
the table may be tilted slightly to help the barium flow through your colon and to take x–rays from
different directions. Sometimes a slightly different version of the test may be done. It is called a
double contrast barium enema. If a double contrast study is being done, the barium will be drained
out, and then air will be injected into your colon. As you can imagine with the air contrast study, the
amount of cramping and pain increases, due to the expansion of the bowel with air. After all of the
films are taken the enema tube is removed, and you are taken to the restroom to expel the remaining
barium and air. One or two films may be taken afterwards, to check how much barium is remaining
in your bowel. The entire test takes anywhere from thirty minutes to one hour. After the exam you
may resume a regular diet, and be sure to drink plenty of liquids to replace those you have lost and
to help flush the remaining barium out of your system.
During the

Pp Lab Report Digestion Essay
LABORATORY REPORT
Activity:
Effect of Dietary Fiber on Transit Time and Bile
Name:
Hope Schallert
Instructor:
Dr. Weithop
Date:
03.08.2015
Predictions
Dietary fiber will: increase transit time
Dietary fiber will increase the amount of bile acid in solution
Materials and Methods
Effect of Dietary Fiber on Transit Time
1. Dependent variable. number of radiopaque markers in GI tract
2. Independent variable. amount and type of fiber in meal
3. Controlled variables. calories in meal, nutrients in meal
Effect of Dietary Fiber on Bile Acid Adsorption
1. Dependent variable. amount of bile acids in solution
2. Independent variable. amount of fiber in meal
3. Controlled variables. moisture in meal, size of meal particles, calories and ... Show more content
again I am going to assume this is soluble since I have not done it yet RC42 17 0 LC33 21 4 SC13
17 4Total 83 54 8
8. Which meal had the least percentage of markers in the total colon at 24 hours?

Insoluble fiber–rich diet
Table 5. Effect of Dietary Fiber on Bile Acid Adsorption
Experimental Optical density (OD) of colored filtrate (reflects amount of bile 1 – OD (reflects
amount of bile acid adsorbed by food particles)
Trials
acid in filtrate)
Bile Acid
Standard
Standard Fiber–Rich Fiber–rich
Bile Acid
Standard
Standard Fiber–Rich Fiber–rich
With Buffer meal without meal with
Meal
meal with With Buffer meal without meal with
Meal
meal with
Solution (No bile bile acid Without Bile bile acid Solution (No bile bile acid Without Bile bile acid
Fibers)
Fibers)
1
1
0
0.47
0
0.32
0
1
0.53
1
0.68
2
1
0
0.45
0
0.3
0
1
0.55
1
0.70
3
1
0

0.51
0
0.41
0
1
0.49
1
0.59
Average
1
0
0.48
0
0.34
0
1
0.52
1
0.66
Effect of Dietary Fibers on Bile Acid Adsorption
9. Which had the greatest average OD (amount of bile acid in filtrate), the standard meal with bile
acid or the fiber–rich meal with bile acid? Standard meal
10. Which had the greatest average 1– OD (amount of bile acid adsorbed to meal particles), the
standard meal with bile acid or the fiber–rich meal with bile acid? fiber rich meal
Laboratory Report/ Hope Schallert/ Effect of Dietary Fiber on Transit Time and Bile/ Dr.

Adenomatous Polyps Theory
Randomized patients, whose colonoscopy revealed the presences of adenomatous polyps, viewed a
power point presentation that documented the precancerous nature of adenomatous polyps and
associated an increased risk with immediate family members. Additionally, a randomized portion of
the adenomatous positive population received a one page personalized letter reinforcing the
information contained in the Computer Based Education Program (CBEP). Furthermore, each
patient received a follow–up telephone survey to quantify how well they absorbed the information
concerning adenomatous polyps. Access the full study @
https://rtips.cancer.gov/rtips/programDetails.do?programId=1472737 . Beneficiaries of the CBEP
and the personalized letter, attained ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the social marketing conceptual framework, there are three categories of products:
actual products, core products, and augmented products. Actual products, in this instance, are the
colorectal screenings marketed to adenomatous positive patients and their family members. Benefits
of colonoscopy participation (core products) include decreased risk of developing cancer, life, and
the added benefit (augmented product) of saving loved ones from cancer diagnoses. With respect to
colonoscopies, the price is a perceived loss of dignity, embarrassment, and pride (Mikocla–Walus,
2012). Post recovery, adenomatous positive patients viewed an educational video regarding
precancerous polyps, therefore the marketing strategy takes place in the recovery room; and The
Computer Based Education Program and the one paged, personalized, letter of reinforcement are the
tools used to promote awareness of adenomatous polyps and the importance of colorectal

Colorectal Anatomy : The Large Intestine
Colorectal anatomy
The large intestine starts at the end of the ileum extending to the anus. It measures around 1.5
meters long. It's differentiated from the small intestine by having a greater caliber with a more fixed
position, and in having certain appendages to its external coat (the appendices epiploicae).
Furthermore, its longitudinal muscular fibers are arranged in three longitudinal bands rather than
forming a continuous layer around the gut. The large intestine is divided into the cecum, colon,
rectum, and anal canal (Henry Gray 2004).
I–The Cecum:
It is connected to the ileum and extends around two and half inches below it. The adult cecum is
usually adherent to the posterior wall of the peritoneal cavity with a serosal cover on its anterior
wall only. The cecum also forms a blind pouch from which the appendix projects (Henry Gray
2004).
It varies in size according to different authors, but on average it reaches around 6.25 cm in length
and 7.5 cm in width. It rests on the iliacus & psoas major muscles, usually in contact with the
anterior abdominal wall. (Henry Gray, 2004).
II–The colon:
The colon functions as a reservoir, moving its contents in the caudal direction towards the anal
canal. It is divided into four parts from proximal to distal; the ascending colon, the transverse colon,
the descending colon, and lastly the sigmoid colon (Fenoglio et al,1999).
 Ascending colon:
It reaches about 6 inches long and extending upwards from the ileo–cecal

Colorectal Cancer Research Paper
Colorectal cancer is a frequently known cancer around the world. It is responsible, however, for a
small amount of cancer deaths in the United States. Contrary to most cancers, there are discrete
amounts of treatments to extend prognosis in patients that have been diagnosed with colorectal
cancer. Despite all of the numerous treatments and therapy for colorectal cancer, it should never be
taken lightly.
Primarily, colorectal cancer, if not treated, is a deadly cancer that focuses on the last two parts of the
digestive system: the colon (which is the large intestine) and the rectum. It is the third most
prevalent cancer in the United States, and is the culprit of 10 percent of all cancer deaths.
Unfortunately, about 40 percent of the nation's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A person's diet, as well as lack of physical activity and obese citizens is severely large risk factors
too. Inflammatory bowel disease, which is often mistaken for colorectal cancer, too, plays a part in
the risk factor. Smoking, which most people think would be the most common cause of lung cancer,
has a higher colorectal cancer rate than the average person, as well as African American citizens.
Colorectal cancer affects not only the colon itself, as well as a person's genes. The APC, p53, and
K–ras genes are commonly involved. The APC gene stands for the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
gene. It is known as a tumor suppressor gene, and mutations of it are found in common colon polyps
or cancers. Furthermore, in the p53 gene, cells that have damaged DNA are repaired by this gene.
As well as the APC gene, it is a tumor suppressor. When it's mutated, it no longer functions, leaving
damaged DNA cells in the body. Lastly, the K–ras gene helps with cellular growing and signaling.
In the abnormal state, it can result in a continually growth–simulated state. The treatments for
colorectal cancer may not help the mutation of these

Colorectal Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
Cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the body uncontrollably replicate forming a malignant tumor
that invades nearby tissues. It has the capability to affect any part of the body and spread to tissues
throughout the body. There are many different types of cancers including rectal cancer, colon cancer,
breast cancer, lung cancer, and skin cancer. Rectal cancer is a disease in which cancer cells develop
and form in the tissues of the rectum. Rectal cancer is typically classified with colon cancer where
they are collectively called colorectal cancer. According to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer–related deaths in the United
States and the third most common cancer in men and in women (CDC, 2014). Colorectal cancer is
the third most commonly cancer diagnosed in men and second in females worldwide (Jemal, 2011).
Certain ethnicities such as blacks have an increased chance of having colorectal cancer compared to
whites and other races. Colorectal cancer also has a higher incidence in men versus in women. It has
been noted that about 90 percent of colorectal cancers are diagnosed in patients who are at the age
of 50 and older. Two–thirds of these patients that were diagnosed were older than 65 years old.
(Haggstrom, 2013). Some of the risk factors of colorectal cancer include environmental factors and
genetic component, high fat, low–fiber diet, diet high in red meats, family history of colorectal
cancer, male

Bowel Cancer Issues
A current health issue which I encountered in my placement was bowel cancer. This essay will
provide an overview of the research process, explanation of the client and their health issue and
relate the care that the client received to two of the Nursing Council of New Zealand's
Competencies, within domain two (NCNZ, 2012b, p.14).
To locate my resources for this essay I used the EBSCOhost database and the Nursing Reference
Center, both of which were accessed through the WINTEC website. From there I refined my search
by full text articles and articles between 2012 and 2017. This created a narrower search window for
my research. I entered search words such as: 'bowel cancer', 'bowel cancer screening', 'bowel cancer
treatment' and 'bowel cancer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the FIT comes back positive the client is then offered further diagnostic testing, which is usually a
colonoscopy (MOH, 2017). The FIT is particularly important for the detection of colorectal cancer
as 80% of patients with this test positive ("Fecal occult blood tests", 2016). A colonoscopy involves
a doctor inserting a flexible scope into the anus, to visualise the interior walls of the rectum and
colon ("Colonoscopy, assisting", 2016). During the colonoscopy, the doctor is able to remove any
polyps in the colonic or rectal wall and/or take samples as required ("Colonoscopy, assisting", 2016;
MOH, 2017). Any samples that are taken are sent to the laboratory where a diagnosis can be made,
usually within a period of two weeks (Davis at al., 2016, p.305).
Boswell, Cannon and Miller (2013) describe holistic nursing care as care which encompasses the
whole person: the physical, spiritual, family and mental health (p.303). In practice, I found it useful
to integrate the Te Whare Tapa Wha health model. Although this model was more specifically
created for Maori clients I discovered that it can be incorporated into the care for everyone. The Te
Whare Tapa Wha model involves caring for the whole patient, tending to all aspects of their health;
suggesting

Colon Polyps Research Paper
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My Doctor Found Polyps, Now What?
Doctors recommend having regular colonoscopy screenings beginning at age 50, because being over
that age is the greatest single risk factor for developing colon polyps. In fact, the American Society
for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (http://www.asge.org/patients/patients.aspx?id=396) estimates that
one out of every four seniors has at least one polyp. And that excludes those who have other risk
factors for developing colon cancer or other growths. This means about 25 percent ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...

During these lab tests, specially trained technicians will be able to determine if they contain cancer,
have a potential to develop into malignant masses or if their characteristics indicate other polyps
may form in the same area in the future.
A polypectomy is considered a routine part of a colonoscopy, and does not typically complicate the
outpatient screening. While very rare, there are a few possible complications that can occur as a
result of having a polyp removed. These are usually minor, and can often be corrected during the
colonoscopy. They include bleeding from the site where the polyp was removed, and the possibility
of perforating the colon. Although a colonoscopy can identify about 95 percent of all polyps
(http://www.medicinenet.com/colon_polyps/page4.htm#how_are_colon_polyps_diagnosed), some
polyps may be too large or dangerous to remove during the screening. In some cases, the growths
will be biopsied to determine if they could be cancerous. Treatment of non–cancerous polyps may
include endoscopic removal spread over several colonoscopies. Cancerous, precancerous or
symptomatic polyps may require surgical

Ulcerative Colitis Essay
Ulcerative Colitis Have you ever heard about ulcerative colitis? For those that have not or might
want to know a little more information regarding this disease here are in this essay you will learn the
definition, risk factors, symptoms, if there is any treatment to cure and many more important details
that many of us should take into consideration. Ulcerative colitis is a disease that causes
inflammation and sores, called ulcers, in the lining of the rectum and colon, also known as the large
bowel. The inflammation may be taking place in the whole colon consisting of the pancolitis and
ulcerative proctisis or perhaps somewhere in between the two. Ulcers form were inflammation has
killed the cells that usually line the colon, then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, in some rare cases, surgery is required, life threatening bleeding, perforation of the intestine
and inflammation of the abnormal cavity may occur. Other risk factors are inflammation of the
joints, eyes, skin and/or liver, malnutrition and partial blocking of the bile ducts which carry bile
from the liver to the intestine, however, there is much that can be done about all these
complications. One risk and a major one is colon cancer. The risk of developing colon cancer
increases when the disorder begins in the childhood, the disorder has been present for more then 8
years and when there is a history of colon cancer in the family. There have cases that colitis can
become so severe that the removal of the colon had to be done. It affects everyone differently. The
most symptoms of ulcerative colitis are abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea mixed with pus, blood
and mucus. Individuals may become very sick and weak, they can suffer form anemia, weight loss,
loss of appetite, rectal bleeding, loss of body fluids and nutrients, skin lesion, joint pain, and growth
failure specially in children according to the extent of the disease. Just how risk factors have a
different affects on everyone symptoms are also different. A quarter of the patients only have the
disease only have mild symptoms while others suffer from fevers, bloody diarrhea, nausea and
severe abdominal cramps. Complications may also occur outside the colon such as arthritis,
inflammation of the

Colorectal Cancer : The Third Most Common Type Of Cancer
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the third most common type of cancer in women.
Furthermore, it is the fourth most dominant kind of cancer in men recorded all over the world.
Consequently, CRC accounts for over a million new cases and more than half a million deaths every
year. Colonoscopy allows early discovery and removal of precancerous lesions and may, therefore,
effectively prevent or reduce the risk of Colorectal cancer. Although studies under hugely
standardized conditions have shown that colonoscopy is linked with a 76% to 90% risk reduction of
colorectal cancer in individuals with colorectal polyps, its effectiveness in preventing this type of
cancer, especially in the community environment, is not clear. The aim ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Biases
The main bias noted in the research investigation was the selection of the respondents, which had
limitations and restrictions on age, sex, and previous colonoscopy results. Essentially, such
considerations ended up biasing the research investigation.
Confounding
The study had a higher possibility of a residual confounding bias because the measure of association
between the use of previous colonoscopy results was bound to be mixed up other factors under
investigation that could not give an opportunity for getting the most accurate results. In this study,
the conclusions indicated that risk reduction of colorectal cancer was observed for both the right–
sided and left–sided colon cancer.
Methods
Study Design, Sample, and Population. The study employed a case–control and population–based
design that was carried out in the Rhine–Neckar region in the southwestern part of Germany that has
a population of more than two million individuals. Initially, the study required eligible patients aged
30 years or older, had experienced their first diagnosis of invasive primary colorectal cancer, were
able to communicate in German, and were mentally and physically capable to participate in the
study. The report of the study was based on an enormous number of control patients (n _ 1945) and
case patients (n _ 2399) who were recruited from January 2003 to December 2007. Furthermore, a
total of 22

Testing Based Fecal Occult Blood Test Sensitivity And...
Guaiac–based Fecal Occult Blood Test Sensitivity and Specificity
Colon cancer The large intestines are a part of the digestive system (Colorectal cancer, 2015). The
large intestines (large bowels) are made up of the colon and the rectum (What is colorectal cancer,
2016). The colon is five feet long muscular tube that makes up the majority of the large bowel
(What is colorectal cancer, 2016). After food goes through the small intestines, of the digestive
system, the colon absorbs the salt and water from the food that remains and the waste matter (feces)
is the byproduct (What is colorectal cancer, 2016). The feces is then expelled from the body through
the anus (What is colorectal cancer, 2016).
When a cancer forms in the lining of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The localized stage is stage where cancer is only found in the part of the body where it originated
from (Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program, n.d.). In Virginia, 39% of colorectal
cancers are detected at the localized stage (Cancer in Virginia, 2014). The 2012 Behavioral Risk
Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey reported that 69% of Virginia adults age 50 or older
reported that they have had a colon cancer screening (Cancer in Virginia, 2014).
Guaiac–based Fecal Occult Blood Test
The guaiac–based Fecal Occult Blood Test (gFOBT) is a screening test for colorectal cancer (A
guide to FOBT, n.d.). The guaiac–based Fecal Occult Blood Test uses the chemical reagent guaiac
to detect the presence of heme in stool (A guide to FOBT, n.d.). Colorectal neoplasms can cause
blood (heme) in the stool because the blood vessels on the surface of colorectal cancer and/or
colorectal polyps have fragile blood vessels that are easily damaged when feces pass through the
large bowel (A guide to FOBT, n.d.). A small amount of blood from the fragile colorectal polyps and
cancer vessels merge with the stool (A guide to FOBT, n.d.). The small amount of blood that is
combined with the stool from the colorectal polyps and cancer vessels is not visibly noticeable in
the stool (A guide to FOBT, n.d.). Consequently, Fecal Occult Blood Tests, such as gFOBT, can be
used to detect the small amount of blood that can be found in the stool if a person has colorectal
polyps or cancer (A

What is Colon Cancer? Colon cancer is considered as the second killer cancer in United States and
Western Europe (1). Moreover, in the U.S it is the third common cancer ,and the risk is about 6
percent(1).It mostly affects elderly men and women, and the risk to the people who are African–
Americans higher (1). Moreover, a personal history or family history makes the risk greater and the
lifestyle effects too (1). For example, if the person overweight or suffers from obesity, that makes
him under the risk. However, what is the Colon cancer?, and why is it a deadly disease ?.This will
present in this essay based on a definition of colon cancer and its symptoms, screening, treatment.
Colon cancer is a cancer impacts the rectum or colon which is the large intestine , and sometimes
doctors and scholars called it colorectal cancer (1). However, why is it a deadly disease?.As it
known cancer takes 5 to 10 years to causes symptoms. Therefore, colon cancer sometimes does not
give any symptoms because it starts as polyps in the colon for years , before it develops to cancer, so
it cannot be noticeable(1). Moreover, Most people with colon cancer do not express any symptoms
in early stages, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
FOBT has two types the first type uses the chemical guaiac, and the other uses antibodies to find
blood in the stool (3). Flexible Sigmoidoscopy uses tube in rectum and sees is there polyps or
not(3). Similarly to Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Colonoscopy the doctor uses a thinner tube to sees
cancer, but in this method he can remove polyps (3).These Types help to find the polyps in earlier
stages then eliminate them, so colon cancer can be prevented

George Hall Case Study Essay
George Hall is a 49–year–old male, who is a practicing Hindu. After being diagnosed with
metastatic colon cancer, George had a surgical colon resection. Currently he is 36 hours post–
operation, George is on a clear liquid diet, and continuing intravenous fluid replacement. A
colostomy bag and nasogastric tube are being utilized right now as well. The use of the colostomy
bag is to collect intestinal waste, allowing the bowel to heal properly. Mr. Hall's diet will be
progressed to continuous tube feedings once he is able to tolerate the clear liquid diet. The
continuous tube feedings will go through the nasogastric tube and pumped at a constant pace
throughout the course of a day. Utilizing continuous feedings will prevent risks of intolerance, and
aspiration of the formula. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After surgery Mr. Hall was placed on a clear liquid, which does not provide ample nutrients. The
use of this diet should not exceed more than a few days, for its purpose is primarily for hydration,
and it is easy on the gastrointestinal tract. His diet will progress to continuous feedings when there
are no signs of gastrointestinal discomfort, and regular sounds of the stomach are present.
Continuous tube feedings will be most beneficial with the use of a colostomy to prevent large
gastric residuals, and aspiration. While Mr. Hall is in the hospital, his nurse will do the following to
prevent any complications; keep the head of the bed at a 30–45–degree angle, flush the tube every
four hours, flush the tube before and after administering medications, monitor gastric residuals,
consult with pharmacist, assess the osmolality of the formula, keep feedings at room temperature,
and use proper hygiene when handling the formula or equipment (Tucker & Dauffenback, 2011, p.

Colon Cancer: A Case Study
Colon cancer is one of the most common cancers found in obese people. The colon (large intestine)
absorbs water and salts before the remains are passed out of the rectum as faeces and also helps to
absorb remaining carbohydrates and some fats (BHIA, n.d.). Among men, a higher BMI is strongly
associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer and an association between BMI and colon
cancer risk is also seen in women, however, the link is weaker (NIH, 2012). In addition, people who
are overweight also have a higher potential for developing gallbladder disease and gallstones which
are clusters of solid material in the gallbladder made mostly of cholesterol (NIH, 2012). Researchers
have found that people who are obese tend to produce higher levels ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Obese individuals have an increased total blood volume to meet the perfusion needs of the increased
adipose tissue (Garrett, 2004). As a result, the increased stroke volume increases resting cardiac
output and left ventricular work, meaning oxygen consumption is also increased, affecting the
respiratory system as well as the circulatory (Garrett, 2004). More circulating blood means higher
pressure on the artery walls, resulting in increased blood pressure (Stanford Health Care, 2015).
Atherosclerosis refers to the accumulation of fatty deposits called plaque on the inside walls of
arteries. Plaque is a combination of calcium, cholesterol, other fatty materials and blood components
which attach to the artery wall lining. As a result of plaque build up, the arteries gradually narrow,
eventually becoming clogged which allows less blood to flow through (NIH, 2015). This may have
damaging effects on the digestive system. Furthermore, the incidence of hypertension (abnormally
high blood pressure) is more prevalent in the obese (Garrett,

Bowtrol Research Paper
Introduction.
Bowtrol is a dietary supplement whose primary purpose is to get rid of accumulated dirt, unwanted
feces and excess toxins from the intestinal tract, commonly known as colon cleansing. Many people
have labeled Bowtrol as the best detoxifier ever got. Usually, there has not been compelling
scientific evidence on benefits of colon cleansing. However, people using Bowtrol have had their
weight lost within no time. This article outline all you need to know regarding Bowtrol.
What is Bowtrol's response to Constipation?
Constipation is a big problem affecting many people all over the globe. The problem occurs due to
lack of the required number of bowel movements caused by problems in the digestive system. Some
of the causes include; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One should consume foods with much fiber and low–fat content. These foods may include,
vegetables, fruits, whole grain bread and multi–grain bread. The best approach is to have an eating
plan on diets to maintain good health while still cleaning the colon.
In case the user is not very sure on the proper usage, he/she should promptly seek doctor's advice
before making an attempt at using it.
What You Get After a Bowtrol Colon Cleanse
Enhanced absorption of nutrients
By treating the colon, the bodies overall absorption of nutrients is improved. Colon clogged with
dirt and other substances make absorption almost impossible. Bowtrol Cleanse facilitate the removal
of these toxins from the colon making the intestines absorb nutrients maximally.
Eradication of Gases and Bloating
Bowtrol helps eradicate unwanted gasses and bloating. Bloating occur as a result of toxins
remaining in the colon for a long time. When the colon holds toxins for months, it can cause
intolerable gas and bloating

Diverticulitis Research Papers
Diverticulitis
The Disease have always been cured through the hospital system, medication, however, recently it
has begun a movement stated we should depend less on our medication. Base on statics publish for
the center for disease as of 2012, about half of all adults–117 million people–had one or more
chronic health conditions. One of four adults had two or more chronic health conditions. Among
those disease diversities is one the disease. Diverticulitis is a disease when pouches form in the wall
of the colon. If these pouches get inflamed or infected, it is called diverticulitis. Therefore,
diverticula have always been a serious disease in the United States; thus there has been several of a
reason for causing the disease. Research has dictated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
L., Millan, M., Kreisler, E., & Jaurrieta, E. (2011). Currentstatus of the treatment of acute
colonic diverticulitis: a systematic review.Colorectal Disease, 14(1). doi:10.1111/j.1463–
1318.2011.02766.x
Diverticular Disease | NIDDK. (n.d.). Retrieved March 6, 2017, from
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health–information/digestive– diseases/diverticulosis– diverticulitis
Edna, T., Talabani, A. J., Lydersen, S., & Endreseth, B. H. (2014). Survival after acute colon
diverticulitis treated in hospital. International Journal of Colorectal Disease,29(11), 1361–1367.
doi:10.1007/s00384–014–1946–3
Haegeli, Laurent M., Ercüment Ercin, Jan Steffel, Thomas Wolber, Felix C. Tanner, Rolf Jenni,
Oliver Gämperli, Ardan M. Saguner, Thomas F. Lüscher, Corinn Brunckhorst, and Firat Duru.
" Incidence and Prognosis of Ventricular Arrhythmiasin Patients with Congenital Left
Ventricular Aneurysms or Diverticula." The American Journal of Medicine 128.6 (2015): n.
pag. Web.
How Much Do Americans Really Spend on Drugs Each Year? (n.d.). Retrieved May 02, 2017, from

Colon Cancer Essay
Colon Cancer
What is the disease?
Colon and rectal cancer develop in the digestive tract, which is also called the gastrointestinal, or
GI, tract. The digestive system processes food for energy and rids the body of solid waste matter
(fecal matter or stool). Colon cancer and rectal cancer have many features in common. Sometimes
they are referred to together as colorectal cancer.
Over 95% of colorectal cancers are ad enocarcinomas. These are cancers of the glandular cells that
line the inside of the colon and rectum. Other, less common type of tumors may also develop in the
colon and rectum. Carcinoid tumors develop from hormone–producing cells of the intestine.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors develop in the connective tissue ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The small intestine continues breaking down the food and absorbs most of the nutrients. The liver
and the pancreas release bile and enzymes into the small bowel to aid in this process. The small
intestine joins the large intestine or large bowel, a muscular tube about five feet long. The first part
of the large bowel, called the colon continues to absorb water and mineral nutrients from the food
matter and serves as a storage place for waste matter. The waste matter left after this process goes
into the rectum, the final 6 inches, or so of the large bowel. From there, it passes out of the body
through the anus.
What are the casual factors for this disease? Colon cancer is expected to be responsible for about
47,700 deaths (23,100 men and 24,600 women) during 2000. About 8,600 people (4,700 men and
3,900 women) will die from rectal cancer during 2000. The death rate from colorectal cancer has
been going down for the past 20 years. This may be because there are fewer cases, more of the cases
are found early, and treatments have improved.
The 5–year relative survival rate is 90% for people whose colorectal cancer is found and treated in
an early stage, before it has spread. Nevertheless, only 37% of colorectal cancers are found at that
early stage. Once the cancer has spread to nearby organs or lymph nodes, the 5–year relative
survival rate goes down to 65%. For people whose colorectal cancer has spread to distant parts of
the body such as the

The Anatomy Of Colorectal Anatomy
Colorectal anatomy
The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus. It is about 1.5 meters long. It
differs from the small intestine in its greater caliber, its more fixed position, its sacculated form, and
in possessing certain appendages to its external coat, the appendices epiploicae. Further, its
longitudinal muscular fibers do not form a continuous layer around the gut, but are arranged in three
longitudinal bands. The large intestine is divided into the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
(Henry Gray 2004).
I–The Cecum:
It is attached to the ileum and extends approximately two and one–half inches below it. The cecum
in an adult usually is adherent to the posterior wall of the peritoneal cavity and has a serosal
covering on its anterior wall only. The cecum forms a blind pouch from which the appendix projects
(Henry Gray 2004).
Its size is variously estimated by different authors, but on an average it may be said to be 6.25 cm in
length and 7.5 cm in width. It rests on the iliacus & psoas major muscles, usually in contact with the
anterior abdominal wall. (Henry Gray , 2004).
II–The colon:
The colon functions as a reservoir moving its contents caudally toward the anal canal. It is divided
into four parts: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid
colon ( Fenoglio et al,1999).
 Ascending colon:
It is approximately six inches long and extends upward from the ileo–cecal valve to the hepatic

Diverticulitis
Diverticular disease has two separate manifestations. The subtle signs and symptoms of
diverticulosis are important to understand because many people who have this problem are
asymptomatic, but often this diverticular disease can lead to a more serious condition known as
diverticulitis. In diverticulosis, there are diverticula present, but they do not cause any symptoms. In
diverticulitis, which will be discussed in detail, the diverticula are inflamed which can lead to other
serious consequences for the patient (Gramse, 1983). Diverticulitis is a bugling protrusion of a
mucous membrane through the wall of the colon (Marrs, 2006). These saclike or pouch protrusions
have the potential to cause inflammation, obstruction, infection, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Fifteen percent of the remaining patients develop symptoms of their diverticulosis, while the
remaining five percent develop diverticulitis. The symptoms of diverticulosis are often hard to
differentiate and determine because they are often nonspecific symptoms, such as simple abdominal
pain that is relieved by moving their bowels (Marrs, 2006). Once inflammation occurs, the
diverticulosis is progressed to diverticulitis. This inflammation occurs from the large number of
bacteria that target the areas of weakened gastrointestinal wall and combine with undigested foods.
It is still unknown today why some diverticula became inflamed while others do not. There are some
theories surrounding this issue that states the inflammation occurs only when the erosion of the
colon wall is so bad that the body's immune system is unable to protect such a large, disrupted area.
In some cases, the inflammation gets so bad and infection co–exists. This combination can result in
the enlargement of the infection, allowing it to extend into the abdomen and become peritonitis
when it infects the lining of the abdomen (Unknown, 2010). Diverticulitis is often classified as
either uncomplicated and mild or complicated and chronic. Regardless of the classification of the
disease, pain is the main symptom. Since diverticulitis occurs most often in the Sigmoid colon, the
pain associated with diverticulitis occurs most often in the lower, left quadrant of

Low Faty Diet : The Benefits Of A High Fat Diet
Eat more fiber. Eat less fat. Your parents or doctors have told you this many times before, but do
you know why you should eat more fiber instead of more fat? A high fiber diet has many benefits
that high fat diets do not offer. Unlike a high fiber diet, a high fat diet causes weight gain, slower
bowel movements, cholesterol and risk for different heart diseases. Wait, what is fiber? Fiber comes
in foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains that are a necessity for our bodies to digest food in
our digestive system. Fiber is the parts of foods that are indigestible. So when they pass through our
digestive system, they push all the food down through the system.
Having some fat in your body is healthy but when you have a high fat diet, you take in too much fat.
When you have a high fat diet, all or most of the food you intake has twice the calories of a normal
diet. For the way our body works, we intake fat and protein and we burn it off through the activities
we do. But if you have a high fat diet, you never have enough energy to burn off the fat. Because
your body cannot burn off the fat, it is stored in your belly which causes you to gain weight. Unlike
a high fat diet, a high fiber diet helps you lose weight. A high fiber diet is low in calories compared
to a high fat diet. Because of the low calories, your body is easily able to burn off the fat and a high
fiber gives you more energy to burn off that fat. A high fiber diet does not offer more energy.
Basically, a

Cancer #1 Essay
Case Study 92
Scenario
R.T. is a 64–year–old man who comes to his primary care provider's (PCP's) office for a yearly
examination. He initially reports having no new health problems; however, on further questioning,
he admits to having developed some fatigue, abdominal bloating, and intermittent constipation. His
nurse practitioner completes the examination, which includes a normal rectal exam with a stool
positive for guaiac. Diagnostic studies include a CBC with differential, chem 14, and
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). R.T. has not had a recent colonoscopy and is referred to a
gastroenterologist for this procedure. A 5–cm mass found in the sigmoid colon confirms a diagnosis
of adenocarcinoma of the colon. A referral is made for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advanced disease Sx: pain, anorexia, weight loss, palpable abdominal / rectal mass, anemia.
6. What is a CEA? How does it relate to the diagnosis of colon cancer?
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor marker that can be detected in the blood of clients with
colorectal cancer. CEA level is used to estimate prognosis, monitor treatment, and detect cancer
recurrence.
7. After bowel prep, R.T. is admitted to the hospital for an exploratory laparotomy, small bowel
resection, and sigmoid colectomy. List at least five major potential complications for
Infection (Leakage from Colon) Bleeding Blood Clots
Damage to Internal Organs bulging of tissue through surgical incision colon blockage due to the
formation of scar tissue incomplete joining of the reattached sections of your colon and rectum
8. After surgery, R.T. is admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) with a large abdominal
dressing. The nurse rolls R.T. side to side to remove the soiled surgical linen, and the dressing
becomes saturated with a large amount of serosanguineous drainage.
Would the drainage be expected after abdominal surgery? Explain.
Serosanguineous drainage is expected after abdominal surgery because of incision and time needed
for clotting process. It is not normal if the bandage is soaked with blood, if green or yellow drainage
is coming from it, or patient have black or tarry stools, or there is blood in his stool.
9. Four weeks after surgery, R.T. is

Colon Cancer Case Study
Could Coffee be the Cure for Colon Cancer?
There are approximately 200,000 to 3 million cases of colon cancer in the US each year; could
Coffee be the answer to this illness? The Dana– Farber Institute in Boston, MA conducted the study.
"Those who drank four or more cups of regular (not decaf) coffee per day saw the most benefit,"
said Diane Stern, co–anchor of WBZ News. Cancer researchers located in Boston have discovered
drinking coffee daily reduces the risk of colon cancer.
The Experiment
Dr. Charles Fuchs, director of the Gastrointestnal Cancer Center at the Dana– Farber Institute, led
the study. 950 people suffering from advanced colon cancer and went through surgery and
chemotherapy who partook in the experiment. Patients suffering from stage III colon cancer and
drank four cups (460 milligrams) of coffee daily lowered their risk of recurrence by 42 percent.
"Even people who regularly drank slightly less (two to three cups) per day appeared to reap some of
the same benefits, just to a lesser degree," said Alan Mozes, reporter for HealthDay.
The Result ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The researchers found that drinking two cups of caffeinated coffee daily was associated with a
reduced risk for cancer recurrence and colon cancer death. That protection was even greater for
those consuming three or four cups of coffee daily," reported Mozes. Researchers believe telling
their patients to drink coffee as treatment for colon cancer would be rash despite the success of the
experiment. Dr. Fuchs said there is only a 35 percent chance of colon cancer recurrence after

Virtual Colonoscopy Research Paper
Virtual Colonoscopy
Virtual colonoscopy is a procedure that can be used to examine the large intestine (colon), the
rectum, and the small intestine. In this procedure, X–rays and computers (CT scan or MRI) are used
to produce images of these body areas. The exam can help find problems such as tumors, polyps, or
diverticulosis.
Virtual colonoscopy provides a way to examine the colon without inserting the flexible instrument
(colonoscope) into the colon as is done in a regular colonoscopy. However, a virtual colonoscopy
does not show as much detail, so smaller polyps may not be seen during this procedure. Also, your
health care provider cannot take tissue samples or remove polyps during a virtual colonoscopy. If
problems are found during this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Previous problems you or members of your family have had with the use of anesthetics.
Any blood disorders you have.
Previous surgeries you have had.
Medical conditions you have.
If you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant.
RISKS AND COMPLICATIONS
Generally, this is a safe procedure. However, problems can occur and include:
A tear in the lining of the colon from inflating the colon with air during the procedure. The risk of
this is small.
Exposure to radiation (small amount).
BEFORE THE PROCEDURE
Ask your health care provider about changing or stopping your regular medicines. This is especially
important if you are taking diabetes medicines or blood thinners.
You may be prescribed an oral bowel prep. This involves drinking a large amount of medicated
liquid, starting the day before your procedure. The liquid will cause you to have multiple loose
stools until your stool is almost clear or light green. This cleans out your colon in preparation for the
procedure.
Do not eat or drink anything else once you have started the bowel prep, unless your health care
provider tells you it is safe to do so.

Colon Cancer Study

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