overview on criminal sociology 1

1. A SCIENCEA SCIENCE
OR AN ART?OR AN ART?
CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY

2. OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
Review onReview on
Criminal SociologyCriminal Sociology
ByBy
Noemi Y. Domingo, MSCRIMNoemi Y. Domingo, MSCRIM

3. CRIMINOLOGY DEFINEDCRIMINOLOGY DEFINED
1. In its Broadest Sense1. In its Broadest Sense
Criminology is the entire body of knowledge regardingCriminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding
crime and criminals and the efforts of society to represscrime and criminals and the efforts of society to repress
and prevent commission of crime. It includes within itsand prevent commission of crime. It includes within its
scopescope
a.a. The making of lawsThe making of laws
b.b. of breaking of laws andof breaking of laws and
c.c. of reacting towards the breaking of laws.of reacting towards the breaking of laws.
2.2.In its Narrowest SenseIn its Narrowest Sense
Criminology is the scientific study of crimes andCriminology is the scientific study of crimes and
criminals.criminals.

4. This scientific study is extended only on three basis lines and
they are:
1.Sociology of Law- investigating the nature of criminal law
and its administration
2.Etymology of crime- Analysis of the causation of crimes
and behaviour of criminals
3.Penology- study of the control of crimes and the
rehabilitation of offenders

5. Criminological DomainCriminological Domain
 Criminal Statistics,Criminal Statistics,
 Criminal Demography,Criminal Demography,
 Criminal Psychology,Criminal Psychology,
 Criminal Physical Anthropology,Criminal Physical Anthropology,
 Criminal Psychiatry or Psychoanalysis,Criminal Psychiatry or Psychoanalysis,
 Criminal Law, andCriminal Law, and
 Police Science or Criminalistics.Police Science or Criminalistics.

6. Triad of Crime (Universal Elements ofTriad of Crime (Universal Elements of
Crime)Crime)
 Desire (Motive)Desire (Motive)
 Capability (Instruments)Capability (Instruments)
 Opportunity (chance or occasion)Opportunity (chance or occasion)

7. Nature of CrimeNature of Crime
 Crime Mala in Se – acts which by natureCrime Mala in Se – acts which by nature
are wrongful or sinful, e.g. murder, rape,are wrongful or sinful, e.g. murder, rape,
theft, arson, estafa, etc.theft, arson, estafa, etc.
 Crime Mala in Prohibita – are acts madeCrime Mala in Prohibita – are acts made
wrongful and punished only by specialwrongful and punished only by special
laws, e.g. violations of PD 1866, PD 1612,laws, e.g. violations of PD 1866, PD 1612,
BP 22, PD 825, etc.BP 22, PD 825, etc.

8. Legal Classification of CrimesLegal Classification of Crimes
 Felonies – are acts punished by the RPCFelonies – are acts punished by the RPC
 Offenses – are acts punished by specialOffenses – are acts punished by special
lawslaws
 Infractions of Laws – are acts punished byInfractions of Laws – are acts punished by
city/municipal ordinancescity/municipal ordinances

9. Two Main Theories of CrimeTwo Main Theories of Crime
CausationCausation
 Classical TheoryClassical Theory
- That man is essentially a moral creature whoThat man is essentially a moral creature who
is capable of thinking (rationality) that he fullyis capable of thinking (rationality) that he fully
knows the consequences of his acts (fullknows the consequences of his acts (full
responsibility)responsibility)
- That people have freewill to choose betweenThat people have freewill to choose between
normal or criminal conduct and behaviorsnormal or criminal conduct and behaviors
- That crimes are committed for grid orThat crimes are committed for grid or
personal need and satisfactions and crimepersonal need and satisfactions and crime
can be controlled by fear of criminalcan be controlled by fear of criminal
punishment and sanctionspunishment and sanctions

10. Two Main Theories of CrimeTwo Main Theories of Crime
CausationCausation
 PositivistsPositivists
- That crime is not the product of freewillThat crime is not the product of freewill
because criminals were driven to commitbecause criminals were driven to commit
crime because of conditions in their lives.crime because of conditions in their lives.

11. Criminological Classification ofCriminological Classification of
CrimesCrimes
1.1. As to the result of crimes:As to the result of crimes:
a.a. Acquisitive crimes – when the offender acquireAcquisitive crimes – when the offender acquire
something as consequence of his criminal act.something as consequence of his criminal act.
b.b. Extinctive crime – when the end of a criminal act isExtinctive crime – when the end of a criminal act is
destructive.destructive.
2.2. As to the time or period committed:As to the time or period committed:
a.a. Seasonal crime – those committed only a certainSeasonal crime – those committed only a certain
period of the year like violation of taw lawperiod of the year like violation of taw law
b.b. Situational crime – those committed only when theSituational crime – those committed only when the
given situation conducive to its commission.given situation conducive to its commission.

12. Criminological Classification ofCriminological Classification of
CrimesCrimes
3.3. As to the length of the time committed:As to the length of the time committed:
a.a. Instant crime – those committed in the shortestInstant crime – those committed in the shortest
possible crime.possible crime.
b.b. Espisodial crimes – those committed by the series ofEspisodial crimes – those committed by the series of
acts in a lengthy space of time.acts in a lengthy space of time.
3.3. As to the place of the location of the commission:As to the place of the location of the commission:
a.a. Static crime – those committed in only one place.Static crime – those committed in only one place.
b.b. Continuing crime – those that can be committedContinuing crime – those that can be committed
several placesseveral places
Example;Example;
Forcible crime with rape, kidnapping with ransomForcible crime with rape, kidnapping with ransom

13. Criminological Classification ofCriminological Classification of
CrimesCrimes
5.5. As to the use of mental faculties;As to the use of mental faculties;
a.a. Rational crime – those committed with intension andRational crime – those committed with intension and
offender is in full possession of sanity.offender is in full possession of sanity.
b.b. Irrational crime – those committed by the personIrrational crime – those committed by the person
who do not know the nature and quality of his act onwho do not know the nature and quality of his act on
account of the disease of mind.account of the disease of mind.
5.5. As to the types of offenders:As to the types of offenders:
a.a. White collar crimes – those committed by person ofWhite collar crimes – those committed by person of
respectability and of the upper socio-economic classrespectability and of the upper socio-economic class
in the course of their occupational activities.in the course of their occupational activities.
Ex. Adulteration of food by the manufacturer.Ex. Adulteration of food by the manufacturer.
b.b. Blue Collars crime – those committed by ordinaryBlue Collars crime – those committed by ordinary
professional criminal to maintain their livelihood.professional criminal to maintain their livelihood.

14. Criminological Classification ofCriminological Classification of
CrimesCrimes
7.7. As to the standard of living of the criminals:As to the standard of living of the criminals:
a.a. Crimes of the upper world-falsification cases – upperCrimes of the upper world-falsification cases – upper
class criminalclass criminal
b.b. Crimes of the under world – bag snatching –Crimes of the under world – bag snatching –
criminals that are under privilege.criminals that are under privilege.
Ex. Hold-up and snatching.Ex. Hold-up and snatching.

15. Classification of CriminalClassification of Criminal
 Acute Criminal – person who violates theAcute Criminal – person who violates the
Criminal Law because of Impulse of theCriminal Law because of Impulse of the
moment, passion or anger or spell of extrememoment, passion or anger or spell of extreme
jealousy.jealousy.
 Chronic Criminal – person who acted inChronic Criminal – person who acted in
accordance with their deliberated thinking, suchaccordance with their deliberated thinking, such
as:as:
 Neurotic Criminal – person with intra psychic conflictNeurotic Criminal – person with intra psychic conflict
between the social and anti social components of his/herbetween the social and anti social components of his/her
present personality Ex. A Kleptomaniacpresent personality Ex. A Kleptomaniac
 Normal Criminals – a criminal photo type resembling aNormal Criminals – a criminal photo type resembling a
normal individual.normal individual.

16. Classification of CriminalClassification of Criminal
according to behavioral systemaccording to behavioral system
1.1. Ordinary Criminal – the lowest form of criminals engageOrdinary Criminal – the lowest form of criminals engage
in petty crimes with lack of organization and mentalin petty crimes with lack of organization and mental
ability to plan.ability to plan.
2.2. Organized Criminal – this type of criminal is being flaredOrganized Criminal – this type of criminal is being flared
most. They exist in the street and in the highest positionmost. They exist in the street and in the highest position
in the government.in the government.
Example of highly organized crime is NarcopaliticsExample of highly organized crime is Narcopalitics

17. Big Three in CriminologyBig Three in Criminology
 Cesare LombrosoCesare Lombroso – Founder of the Classical School with the– Founder of the Classical School with the
theory of the “Born Criminal”theory of the “Born Criminal”
 Enrico FerriEnrico Ferri – Founder of the positivist school which focused more on– Founder of the positivist school which focused more on
social and economic influences on the criminal and crime rates. He wassocial and economic influences on the criminal and crime rates. He was
a student of Cesare Lombroso.a student of Cesare Lombroso.
 Rafaelle GarafaloRafaelle Garafalo – (1851-1934) was an Italian jurist and a student– (1851-1934) was an Italian jurist and a student
of Cesare Lombroso. He rejected the doctrine of free will and supportedof Cesare Lombroso. He rejected the doctrine of free will and supported
the position that crime can be understood only if it is studied by scientificthe position that crime can be understood only if it is studied by scientific
methods. He attempted to formulate a sociological definition of crimemethods. He attempted to formulate a sociological definition of crime
that would designate those acts which can be repressed by punishment.that would designate those acts which can be repressed by punishment.
These constituted "Natural Crime" and were considered offensesThese constituted "Natural Crime" and were considered offenses
violating the two basic altruistic sentiments common to all people,violating the two basic altruistic sentiments common to all people,
namely, probity and pity. Crime is an immoral act that is injurious tonamely, probity and pity. Crime is an immoral act that is injurious to
society. This was more of a psychological orientation than Lombroso'ssociety. This was more of a psychological orientation than Lombroso's
physical-type anthropology.physical-type anthropology.

18. PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OFPRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF
CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY
1.1. The sociology of law – concerned itselfThe sociology of law – concerned itself
with the role of social forces in thewith the role of social forces in the
shaping of criminal law in society.shaping of criminal law in society.
2.2. Criminal etiology – scientific analysis ofCriminal etiology – scientific analysis of
the causes of crime. It focuses on thethe causes of crime. It focuses on the
causes of criminal behavior.causes of criminal behavior.

19. 3. Penology – concern with the control of3. Penology – concern with the control of
crime, study of punishment. Concernscrime, study of punishment. Concerns
also with the isolation custody,also with the isolation custody,
reformation and re integration in thereformation and re integration in the
society of persons labeled as criminalssociety of persons labeled as criminals
by the authorities.by the authorities.
4.4. Crime Statistics – measures and studiesCrime Statistics – measures and studies
regarding amount and trend of crime.regarding amount and trend of crime.
Analysis of volume of crime in a givenAnalysis of volume of crime in a given
time and use as data to support thetime and use as data to support the
study of crime and criminalsstudy of crime and criminals
PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OFPRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF
CRIMINOLOGYCRIMINOLOGY

20. FACTORS THAT ENHANCE THEFACTORS THAT ENHANCE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINALDEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL
BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR
1.1. Criminal DemographyCriminal Demography – study of the relationship– study of the relationship
between criminality and population.between criminality and population.
2.2. Criminal EpidiomologyCriminal Epidiomology – study of the relationship– study of the relationship
between environment and criminality.between environment and criminality.
3.3. Criminal EcologyCriminal Ecology – study of criminality in relation to– study of criminality in relation to
spatial distribution in a community.spatial distribution in a community.

21. 4.4. Criminal physical anthropologyCriminal physical anthropology – study– study ofof
criminality in relation to physicalcriminality in relation to physical constitution of men.constitution of men.
5.5. Criminal psychologyCriminal psychology – study of human– study of human behaviorbehavior
in relation to criminality.in relation to criminality.
6.6. Criminal psychiatryCriminal psychiatry – study of human– study of human mind inmind in
relation to criminality.relation to criminality.
7.7. VictimologyVictimology – study of the role of the– study of the role of the victim in thevictim in the
commission of crime.commission of crime.

22. FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND EXISTENCE OFFACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND EXISTENCE OF
CRIMES AND CRIMINALITYCRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
1. Geography Factors1. Geography Factors
a.a. North and south pole – according to Quetelet “thermic lawNorth and south pole – according to Quetelet “thermic law
of delinquency:of delinquency:
b.b. Approach to the Equator According to Montesquieu SpiritApproach to the Equator According to Montesquieu Spirit
of Lawsof Laws
c.c. Season of the year crimes against person in in crisisSeason of the year crimes against person in in crisis
during summer than in rainy days while crime againstduring summer than in rainy days while crime against
property are on the rise during wet season.property are on the rise during wet season.
d.d. Soil formation – crimes against property dominates, theSoil formation – crimes against property dominates, the
highland crimes against persons dominate the law landhighland crimes against persons dominate the law land
area.area.
e.e. Month of the yearMonth of the year
f.f. TemperatureTemperature
g.g. Humidity atmospheric pressureHumidity atmospheric pressure
h.h. Wind VelocityWind Velocity

23. 2. The Biological Factors
a. Physiognomy – relationship between the
facial features.
b. Phrenology or Craniology – study of external
formation of the skull that indicates the
conformation of the brain and the development of
its various parts in relation to the behavior of the
criminal.
c. Somatotype Theory – has something to do with the
body type or physique of man. Their temperament is
also associated with their body built.

24. QUICK FACT:
Physiognomy
• greek word physis “nature” and gnomon “
judge/interpreter”
• Also known called as Anthroposcopy; the
art of determining character or personal
characteristics from the form or features

26. QUICK FACT:
Craniology was the science of character
divination, faculty psychology, theory of brain and
what the 19th
century phrenologists called “ The
only True Science of Mind”
Phrenology came from the theories of the
idiosyncratic Viennese physician Franz Joseph
Gall

27. QUICK FACT:
somatotype

28. QUICK FACT:
somatotype

29. QUICK FACT:
somatotype

31. 2. The Biological Factors
d. Heredity – as the causes of crime.
a. Study of Kalikak Family Tree (By Henry Goddard)
- about Martin Kalikak who was a soldier during
the revolutionary war in America had an illicit affair
with a feeble-minded girl. About 489 descendants
traced from their family tree
143 were feeble-minded.
46 were normal
- after the war Kalikak married an ideal person from
a good family and out of their marriage had produced
4967 descendants only 1 became normal 2 became
alcoholic 1 became criminal and 1 convicted of
religious offense.

32. b. Study of Juke Family Tree (By Richard Dugdale)
-The Juke Family was consisted of 6 girls some of
whom were illegitimate. One of them, Ada Juke was
also known as “Margaret” became the “mother of
all criminals”. Dugdale traced her 1, 200
descendants for 75 years from its origin and found
280 as paupers, 140 criminals, 7 murderers, 50
prostitutes, 440 afflicted with sexual diseases and
30 were persecuted for bastardy.
c. Study of Sir Jonathan Edward Family Tree
- Jonathan Edward was a famous preacher during
the colonial period. When his family was traced,
one of the descendants was found to be criminal
and many became successful and famous, some
became president and magistrate, writers,
preachers and teachers.

33. d. Study of KretschmerKretschmer by classifying types of physique
and the type of crimes they are prone to commit:
1. Pyknic type:
Those who are stout and with round bodies. They tend to
commit deception, fraud and violence.
2. Athletic type
Those who are muscular and slender. Their crimes are pretty
thievery and fraud.
3. Asthenic type:
Those who are skinny and slender.
Their crimes are pretty thievery and fraud.
4. Dysplastic or mixed type:
Those who are less clear evident having any
predominant type. Their offenses are against decency and
morality.

34. e. Study of William Sheldon
(Varieties of Delinquency Youth)
1. Endomorph – a person who is round, fat and fleshy with
short tempering limbs and small bones. Sometimes called
Viscerotonic Temperaments.
Viscerotonic Temperaments - who is a person
characterized by the tendency to relax comfortable loves
luxury an essentially extrovert.
2. Ectomorph – a person is thin, small, and bony mass,
relatively great surface area. Cerebrotonic temperaments
3. Mesomorph – a person whose big bone and muscular and
tends to have a large trunk, heavy chest and large wrist and
hands Somatonic Temperaments.

35. f. Study of Heredity as the causes of
Crimes
3.Sociological causes of Crimes
a.Lack of parental guidance
b.Broken homes and Family
c. Injuring Status of Neighborhood
d.Bad association with criminal groups
e.Lack of recreational facilities for proper use
of leisure time
f. Lack of employment poverty

36. 3.1. Sociological Theory - the most widely
accepted theory of criminal behavior is
sociological approach.
• Differential Association Theory by Edwin H.
Sutherland that criminal behavior is learned.
• Law of Imitations by Gabriel Tarde explained that
crime is a result of imitation, simulations and
idolatry
• Theory of Anomie by Emile Durkheim explain that
crime is a normal part of society (as in birth and
death). He stressed that crime is produced when
there is breakdown in social values and order.

37. Characteristics of a normalCharacteristics of a normal
homehome
1.1. Physically complete where both natural parent are presentPhysically complete where both natural parent are present
2.2. There is social and religious similarity in the groupThere is social and religious similarity in the group
3.3. It must be economically stable to maintain normal healthIt must be economically stable to maintain normal health
4.4. Both parents must have the same cultural backgroundsBoth parents must have the same cultural backgrounds
5.5. There must be physical and psychological normalityThere must be physical and psychological normality
6.6. There must be functional adequacyThere must be functional adequacy

38. Basic needs of ChildrenBasic needs of Children
1.1. SecuritySecurity
2.2. RecognitionRecognition
3.3. StatusStatus
4.4. CompanionshipCompanionship

39. Kinds of disorganized or brokenKinds of disorganized or broken
homeshomes
a.a. Home with criminal patternHome with criminal pattern
b.b. Home in which there are unsatisfactory relationsHome in which there are unsatisfactory relations
because of domination, favoritism, non – soliciture,because of domination, favoritism, non – soliciture,
neglect, jealousy, step parent and interfering relatives.neglect, jealousy, step parent and interfering relatives.
c.c. Home socially or normally maladjusted because ofHome socially or normally maladjusted because of
difference of race, religion or an immoral situation.difference of race, religion or an immoral situation.
d.d. Home in which one parent has physical or mentalHome in which one parent has physical or mental
disability.disability.
e.e. Home under economic pressures unemployment.Home under economic pressures unemployment.

40. Theories on SociologicalTheories on Sociological
causes of Crimescauses of Crimes
1.1. Differential Identification Theory by Daniel GlasserDifferential Identification Theory by Daniel Glasser
2.2. Imitation – Suggestion Theory by Gabriel TardeImitation – Suggestion Theory by Gabriel Tarde
3.3. Differential Social Organization TheoryDifferential Social Organization Theory
4.4. Conflict of Culture Theory by Thorsten SellinConflict of Culture Theory by Thorsten Sellin
5.5. Containment Theory by RecklessContainment Theory by Reckless

41. Criminogenic factors causes ofCriminogenic factors causes of
crimescrimes
a.a. Failure of the School in character development of theFailure of the School in character development of the
children and the youthchildren and the youth
1. Primary functions of the school1. Primary functions of the school
2. Relationship between school and delinquency or2. Relationship between school and delinquency or
crimescrimes
b.b. The teaching of religion may sometimes be misdirectedThe teaching of religion may sometimes be misdirected
from its purpose and objectivefrom its purpose and objective
c.c. The mass communication media develop an artificialThe mass communication media develop an artificial
environment of crimes and delinquency and influence theenvironment of crimes and delinquency and influence the
public to violate the lawpublic to violate the law
d.d. Political causes may likewise bring out on artificial set ofPolitical causes may likewise bring out on artificial set of
crimecrime

42. SIGMUD FREUD (The Ego and The ld., 1927)SIGMUD FREUD (The Ego and The ld., 1927)
 ““Id” - Instinct of social drives.Id” - Instinct of social drives.
 ““Ego” – this forms part of man’s physical organizationEgo” – this forms part of man’s physical organization
between his sensory stimuli on one hand and his motorbetween his sensory stimuli on one hand and his motor
activity on the other. the ego operates on the basis ofactivity on the other. the ego operates on the basis of
expediency.expediency.
 ““Super-ego” conscience of man. The super-ego tries toSuper-ego” conscience of man. The super-ego tries to
control the ego and maybe represented by the voice ofcontrol the ego and maybe represented by the voice of
God.God.

43. General Index of CriminalityGeneral Index of Criminality
This criminosynthesis explains the reason why a personThis criminosynthesis explains the reason why a person
may commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing somay commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing so
under the following conditions:under the following conditions:
 Need Frustration – the person before committing theNeed Frustration – the person before committing the
crime is likely to feel unhappy, unsatisfied, resentful orcrime is likely to feel unhappy, unsatisfied, resentful or
angry about something in particular or about life inangry about something in particular or about life in
general.general.
 Internal Inhibition – it refers to all types of internal forcesInternal Inhibition – it refers to all types of internal forces
which may prevent a person from committing a crime.which may prevent a person from committing a crime.
 External Inhibition – refers to all types of external forcesExternal Inhibition – refers to all types of external forces
which may prevent an individual from committing crime.which may prevent an individual from committing crime.

44. General Index of CriminalityGeneral Index of Criminality
This criminosynthesis explains the reason why a personThis criminosynthesis explains the reason why a person
may commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing somay commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing so
under the following conditions:under the following conditions:
 Contact with Reality – This refers to the extent to whichContact with Reality – This refers to the extent to which
person can learn from his past experiences, especiallyperson can learn from his past experiences, especially
his past mistakes, as well as to the extent to which hehis past mistakes, as well as to the extent to which he
can evaluate accurately the present situation andcan evaluate accurately the present situation and
foresee the consequence of his parent action in relationforesee the consequence of his parent action in relation
to his futureto his future
 Situational Crime potential – this refers to the culturalSituational Crime potential – this refers to the cultural
opportunity to commit the crime, that is to the easiest oropportunity to commit the crime, that is to the easiest or
possibilities to commit a crime offered by a given place,possibilities to commit a crime offered by a given place,
situation person or environment.situation person or environment.

45. General Index of CriminalityGeneral Index of Criminality
This criminosynthesis explains the reason why a personThis criminosynthesis explains the reason why a person
may commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing somay commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing so
under the following conditions:under the following conditions:
 Potential Satisfaction – This refers to the balance of gainPotential Satisfaction – This refers to the balance of gain
and loss that a person may experience if he commits aand loss that a person may experience if he commits a
given crime.given crime.

46. Mental Disturbance as Causes of CrimesMental Disturbance as Causes of Crimes
The following are cases of mental disturbances whichThe following are cases of mental disturbances which
are sometimes the causes of criminality and theare sometimes the causes of criminality and the
development of criminal behaviordevelopment of criminal behavior
 Mental Deficiency – a condition of arrested orMental Deficiency – a condition of arrested or
incomplete development of the mind existing before theincomplete development of the mind existing before the
age of 18, disease or injuryage of 18, disease or injury
 Schizophrenia – this is sometimes called dementiaSchizophrenia – this is sometimes called dementia
praecox which is a form of psychosis characterized bypraecox which is a form of psychosis characterized by
thinking disturbance and regression to a more relativelythinking disturbance and regression to a more relatively
unimpaired and intellectual functions are well preserved.unimpaired and intellectual functions are well preserved.
 Compulsive Neurosis – this is uncontrollable orCompulsive Neurosis – this is uncontrollable or
irresistible impulse to do something.irresistible impulse to do something.

47. Mental Disturbance as Causes of CrimesMental Disturbance as Causes of Crimes
The following are cases of mental disturbances whichThe following are cases of mental disturbances which
are sometimes the causes of criminality and theare sometimes the causes of criminality and the
development of criminal behaviordevelopment of criminal behavior
 Epilepsy – this is a condition characterized byEpilepsy – this is a condition characterized by
convulsive seizures and a tendency to mentalconvulsive seizures and a tendency to mental
deterioration.deterioration.
 Alcoholism – this is a form vice causing mentalAlcoholism – this is a form vice causing mental
disturbance. It is a condition wherein a person is underdisturbance. It is a condition wherein a person is under
the influence of intoxicating liquor or alcohol.the influence of intoxicating liquor or alcohol.
 Drug Addiction – this is another form of vice whichDrug Addiction – this is another form of vice which
causes strong mental disturbance. It is the state ofcauses strong mental disturbance. It is the state of
periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeatedperiodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated
consumption of natural or synthetic drugsconsumption of natural or synthetic drugs

48. End of LectureEnd of Lecture
Thank You!!!!Thank You!!!!
God Bless!!!God Bless!!!