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Integration:
What it Means
                 Quest and
                 Barriers
                                  Supporter
                                  Experiences

 Motivations
 and Values     Emotions in
                Decision-making
                                   Influencing and
                                   Influencing and
                                   Social Psychology
                                   Social Psychology


Opportunities
                   Planning
                                  Toolkit
                                       Tools
Table Talk
Integrating Fundraising and Campaigning




• Becoming a Campaigning Organisation?

• Connecting Supporters to Mission?

• Making a Difference
We are changing
And our supporters are changing



                                             Valley of Death!

                             Dorothy Donor




                          Susan Supporter
Integration: Why do it?




• Brand re-positioning

• Fundraising goals

• Supporter acquisition

• Public support to leverage advocacy

• Consumer/public pressure on specific targets

• Supporters want involvement
What Integration offers




• Involvement and experience for supporters

• Connection and loyalty (supporter retention)

• People power (leverage for advocacy)

• Brand focus and focused communications

• Organisational catalyst

• Improved ways of working

• Fun
Transformational connection

Low value                              High value

Single product                     Multi products

Transaction                          Relationship

Aware                         Emotionally engaged

Project responsive                    Brand loyal

Supporter                            Ambassador

Uninformed                              Informed

Sceptical                                Trusting

Activity                              Experience

Moment                                   Memory
What Integration looks like




• Coherence: the story you will tell, consistently

• Integrity: being true to yourself, and mission

• Alignment: of activities, messages, opportunities

• Coordination: prioritisation, decisions, planning
• Integration is NOT everything, to everyone, all the time
What Integration requires




• Supporter-focused philosophy

• Planning and processes

• Systems and discipline

• Hard work

• Leadership and decisions
But it’s difficult


    Leadership        Managing data      Definition of value

     Change
                     Supporter insight   Supporter vision
   management

    Ownership /        Consistent         Communication
  responsibilities     procedures           strategies

                      Supporter care      Integration with
 Shared objectives
                         strategy            branches

    Integrated        Organisational
                                            Evaluation
  communications         mindset
We think these are important
Does it work?

Care2 stats from the US:

• “Non-donors who take action online are 3.5 times more likely to donate
  than non-donors who get e-mail but haven’t taken action,”

• Existing donors who take action online are 2.3 times more likely to
  donate than donors in the e-mail file who haven’t.



  “I feel like I can do a lot more when I am involved with them personally”

 “I just wanted to thank Lisa for her letter in which she provided a postcard
     and a petition with addressed envelope. She made it so easy for me to
    respond and I appreciate that. And she didn't ask for money at this time,
        either. Also appreciated, since I always send money when I can.”
People want experiences




Good Insights
The Experience Economy:




                                                    Customisation




                                                                    Commoditisation




Source:
The Progression of Economic Value
The Experience Economy: Pine II and Gilmore, 1999
Premium Pricing




                                               £15.00


                                               £12.50


                                               £10.00


                                                £7.50


                                                £5.00


                                                £2.50


                                                £0.00




Source:
The Price of Coffee Offerings
Adapted from: The Experience Economy: Pine II and Gilmore, 1999
The shopping experience
The best?
The Starbucks Experience



                  Principle 1:                                            Principle 2:

          Make it your own                                            Everything matters



                  Principle 3:                                            Principle 4:

          Surprise & delight                                          Embrace resistance


                                                       Principle 5:

                                                    Leave your mark


Source:
The Starbucks Experience: Joseph A Michelli, 2007
What does it mean for us?




                   Transactions




                    Experiences
Our great opportunity?

   “Fundraisers will wake up to the fact that they are selling neither their
 organisations nor their causes, nor their missions and certainly not all the
 nuts and bolts and insignificant minutiae of what they do. Rather they are
 promoting joy, the warm glow, the exhilaration, the sense of achievement
and fulfillment, even the meaning of life. As business life and political life are
     so discredited now, the timing for all this could not be better now.”
                  Ken Burnett: http://www.kenburnett.com/Blog2020vision.html



 But fundraisers cannot do this alone. While the basic offer is,
 “If you give us money and we’ll sort out the problem” then we
 are missing the chance to engage the donor in the one thing
 that will really excite them – the chance to change the world.
•
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Table Talk
Values and Motivations




Good Insights
Why do people do anything?




                                           Self fulfilment needs

             Self Actualisation
             Personal growth and
                self fulfilment
              Aesthetic Needs
      Beauty / Know, understand, explore
                Self Esteem
                Achievement
              Esteem of others
                 Recognition
                                           Psychological needs
           Belongingness / Love
               Friends / family
                   Safety
         Security / freedom from fear
                Physiological              Basic needs
            Food / Water / Shelter
Why do people give?


            Completeness

                Status


            Pride & Esteem

             Achievement

                Tribal


               Basic
              Emotional
More recent research

          Guilt 5%                            Donors

  Compassion                  41%
    Belonging          20%
    Inspiration              34%

         Guilt    7%               Donors who do more

  Compassion           22%
    Belonging                32%
   Inspiration                 39%
Our values drive everything


 Sustenance           Outer   Inner
Values modes attributes

                                                                                                                                             Sustenance
                                                                                         Discipline



                                                                                                             Acquiescence
                                                                                                                                             Driven
                                                                                                                                            Non-reflective


                                                                                                                     Security
                                                                                 Conformity
                                                                    Traditional Family                      Safety
                                Material Wealth                                                                            National Security
                                                                        Distracted              Rules
                                                   Power                                                    Complacent
                                                                                     Luddism
           Showhome                                                                                            Indulgent Diet
                                                                           Wrong Clothes                                                     Distant
                             Respected                     Convenience             Propriety
                                                                                                                                                    Insular
                   Visible Success                                       Asocial                                                Skeptical
                                                Bargain Hunter                                              Reserved
                    Achievement                                                           Control Others                             Irresolute
                                               Impulsive Spender
         Looking Good                                                               Budget Bedlam                                     Be Satisfied
                                        Busy
                        Pleasure                               Good Time Romantic Love                                     Tradition
                                         Visible Ability                         Money Casual
                                                                    Hedonism
                                                                                                                                   Socialist
                 Persona                                                  Spiritualism         Honesty
                                       Speculate
                                                                                Fun                                               Passivity             Bodily Ease                 WYSIWYG
                                                   Sensitive
                                                                                        Prudent              Religious               Solitary                     Modest Unease

                                                      Tolerant                          Exhilaration                              Shrewd                     Price Conscious                Coasting
                                                                                      Adventure
                                                              Stimulation                                                Loyalty                                               Car Casual
                                                                                        Novelty
                           Healthy Lifestyle                     Cheerful                          Inquisitive                               Constrained Spender
                                                     Local                                                Caring                    Benevolence


         Outer                                                  Sexual Awareness
                                                              Artisan
                                                                          Beauty
                                                                                        Ozone Friendly
                                                                                                             Global
                                                                                                                     New Family
                                                                                                                         Nature       TV Casual
                                                                                                                                                Self-choice

                                                                                                                                                                   Non-acquisitive

         Directed
                                                                                             Creativity                       Financial Morality
                                                                         Listening
                                                                                               Unplanned                             Self-direction

                                                   Self-efficacy                                                            Tao

                                                                                                   Equivalence                    Justice
                                                                         Boldness                                                                      No Sweat
                                                                                                                     Openness                                          Independent
                               Feeling Good

                                                                                                                                                        Universalism

                                                                                             Inner
                                                                                             Directed
                                                                                                                                                                   Adaptable



                                                                            Equanimity


                                         Copyright Cultural Dynamics Strategy and Marketing Ltd 2009
The population is changing



                                              VALUES
                         50
                         45
                         40                                                  irected
                                                                      Inner D
            PERCENTAGE



                         35                                                Outer Directed
                         30
                         25                                                   Susten
                                                                                    ance D
                                                                                              riven
                         20
                         15
                         10
                         5
                         0
                         1985             1990               1995              2000                   2005
                                                            YEAR

                                Copyright Cultural Dynamics Strategy and Marketing Ltd 2009
How does this affect us?



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What does this mean for you

• Do you know why someone would support you?

• Do people give to you for the same reasons they campaign for you?

• Can you match your needs to their needs? And your values to their
  values?
Decision Making is Emotional




Good Insights
Emotion is essential in decision making
Three brains in one
The extent is individual
Blink




        Thin slicing
Post-rationalisation
Two types of emotion



  Positive   Negative


               Fear
 Happiness
              Anger
   Love
              Disgust
   Hope
             Sadness
Emotion in decision making



          Incidental                           Integral                                    Expected


                                                                                        Much less important
      The feelings that
                                         The feelings about                             Cognitive analysis
    you happen to have
                                         the specific issue /                            of these leads to
    at the time you need
                                              decision                                  less post-decision
     to make a decision
                                                                                            satisfaction




Source:
The role of emotions in foreign policy decision making, Renshon, J.B. & Lerner, J. S.
Wilson et al, 1993
Do emotions evoke responses?



          Emotions that evoke responses                                          Emotions that don’t evoke responses

                                                                               Disgust:             Causes disengagement,
    Anger:               Typically involves attempts to                                             although it can trigger
                         redress injustice                                                          attempts to cleanse oneself of
                                                                                                    offending objects / ideas
    Hope:                Creates optimism which is
                         important if encouraging risk                         Sadness:             Causes disengagement, and
                         taking                                                                     sometimes efforts to change
                                                                                                    one’s circumstances
    Happiness:           Happy people are most likely
                         to help other people                                  Contentment: Appraised with low effort and
                                                                                            inactivity




Source:
Do positive and negative emotions have opposing influences on hope? Jennifer S Lerner and Deborah Small, 2002
What does this mean for us?

                                                   Our emotions need to overcome
  Our emotions must create actions
                                                        incidental emotions

What emotion is                      Consistency
 right for you?


                                             Cause /
                               Brand
                                              Issue
         Relationship                                         Action
                                            What you
                              Your
                                           want them to
                            supporters
                                                do



                             Their values, your needs


                  Fundraising, campaigning and behaviour
                    change are not about being rational
Fundraising skills are key to inspiring action

• Reach                = the right audience and channel

• Relevance            = connection to their world

• Resonance            = emotionally moving

• Realism              = confidence it makes a difference
   i.e. clear need, clear solution, a clear role for our supporters,
      clear ask for the task

• Reward               = thanks feedback, appreciation
                       (before you start again ...)
Social psychology and public
              campaigning
Influence and persuasion
   – the importance of the big six…

•   Reciprocation
•   Commitment and consistency
•   Scarcity
•   Liking
•   Authority
•   Social proof
              Influence – the psychology of persuasion
              Robert Cialdini
Herd
• More on psychology to really
  freak out those who believe
  we are independent
  thinkers….




                                 Herd
                                 Mark Earls
Social psychology and public
      campaigning – why Dove?
• Reciprocation – We didn’t do this one (but I’ll come
  back to it later…)

• Commitment and consistency – Initial easy action for
  our supporters against the Chair of the Round Table on
  sustainable Palm Oil
• Scarcity – disappearing forest
• Liking – Oang-utan (not Greenpeace!!), and their
  favorite brand good here too
• Authority – 3-year investigation
• Social proof – well this is where Flickr and the ad
  agencies came in…
Pyramid of involvement

           1




           9




          90
http://groundwire.org/blog/groundwire-engagement-pyramid
Leading



  Owning



Contributing



  Acting



 Observing
Leading



  Owning



Contributing



  Acting



 Observing
Leading



  Owning



Contributing



  Acting



 Observing
Leading



  Owning



Contributing



  Acting



 Observing
Leading



  Owning



Contributing



  Acting



 Observing
Leading



  Owning



Contributing



  Acting



 Observing
Leading



  Owning



Contributing
               Endorsing

  Acting
                 Endorsing

 Observing
Leading
            Endorsing

  Owning
               Endorsing

Contributing
                  Endorsing

  Acting
                        Endorsing

 Observing
Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away with
                  itself!




      1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad
                     on YouTube
Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away with
                  itself!




         300,000 people have emailed Nestle
      1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad
                     on YouTube
Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away
             with itself!




     ~8,000 people stopped and had there first
    face-to-face conversation with Greenpeace
              and then wrote to Nestle
       300,000 people have emailed Nestle
    1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad
                   on YouTube
Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away with
                  itself!




      10% of our appeal donors gave an extra gift
         to our palm oil appeal – in 10 days…
       ~8,000 people stopped and had there first
      face-to-face conversation with Greenpeace
                and then wrote to Nestle
         300,000 people have emailed Nestle
      1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad
                     on YouTube
Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away with
                  itself!




    ~1,000 people became Nestle ‘friends’ on Facebook
       10% of our appeal donors gave an extra gift
          to our palm oil appeal – in 10 days…
        ~8,000 people stopped and had there first
       face-to-face conversation with Greenpeace
                 and then wrote to Nestle
          300,000 people have emailed Nestle
       1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad
                      on YouTube
Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away with
                  itself!


         750 people gave a gift to fund a press
         ad – 50% of them their first gift

    ~1,000 people became Nestle ‘friends’ on Facebook
       10% of our appeal donors gave an extra gift
          to our palm oil appeal – in 10 days…
        ~8,000 people stopped and had there first
       face-to-face conversation with Greenpeace
                 and then wrote to Nestle
          300,000 people have emailed Nestle
       1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad
                      on YouTube
Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away with
                  itself!

           3 people ‘dropped’ in on their AGM

         750 people gave a gift to fund a press
         ad – 50% of them their first gift
   ~1,000 people became Nestle ‘friends’ on Facebook

       10% of our appeal donors gave an extra gift
          to our palm oil appeal – in 10 days…
        ~8,000 people stopped and had there first
       face-to-face conversation with Greenpeace
                 and then wrote to Nestle
           300,000 people have emailed Nestle
       1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad
                      on YouTube
A patchwork of involvement
that was building a mighty pyramid




               91,000 people became
                 beneficial owners
A patchwork of involvement
that was building a mighty pyramid




                             Hundreds of people
                             twinned with our
                             orchard and
                             allotment
A patchwork of involvement
that was building a mighty pyramid

                                 Over 2,000 donors
                                 gave an extra gift
                                 to Airplot = £67,000



                                 Just under 200 people
                                 took out a direct debit
                                 as a result of our thank
                                 you email to Airplot
                                 joiners


 8% people of Airplotters
 contacted have started direct
 debits – so far!
Our vision was -
unashamedly - here
                     Physical block




                      Legal block
                                      We won here




                      Social block
A work in progress pyramid - bp




>2,000,000 people have viewed the BP competition
A work in progress pyramid - bp




     All donors have been asked to join the
      competition, and we took out an ad

>2,000,000 people have viewed the BP competition
A work in progress pyramid - bp




 Thousands of people have re-branded bp on our
                    streets

     All donors have been asked to join the
      competition, and we took out an ad

>2,000,000 people have viewed the BP competition
A work in progress pyramid - bp




  > 2,359 people have entered our competition

 Thousands of people have re-branded bp on our
                    streets

     All donors have been asked to join the
      competition, and we took out an ad

>2,000,000 people have viewed the BP competition
A work in progress pyramid - bp




     Just started to recruit on our homepage

  > 2,359 people have entered our competition

 Thousands of people have re-branded bp on our
                    streets

     All donors have been asked to join the
      competition, and we took out an ad

>2,000,000 people have viewed the BP competition
A work in progress pyramid – bp

      2 people climbed bp’s headquarters

           3 people interrupted bp’s
         National oil convention speech

     Just started to recruit on our homepage

  > 2,359 people have entered our competition

 Thousands of people have re-branded bp on our
                    streets

     All donors have been asked to join the
      competition, and we took out an ad

>2,000,000 people have viewed the BP competition
A work in progress pyramid – bp
Table Talk
Opportunities and Planning
Opportunities to Integrate Fundraising and Campaigns




 • External
                                         Quest
 • Internal
                            Creativity            Involvement
 • Planned activity

 • Opportunistic                         Valued
Communications Planning



                       Brand narrative



                Communications Strategy


    Story     Story          Story       Story   Story



            Campaign




    Issue    Issue          Issue        Issue   Issue
Campaign Coordination


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Communications Prioritisation


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Activity Alignment


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                              6   6   6   6   6   6   6   6   6   6   6   6
Greenpeace US Save the Whales
newsletter with supporter involvement
EveryChild Christmas appeal – Mail and e-mail
Integration with web and landing pages
(        #
                                                                              22nd March                                              Palm Oil Supporter Journey 2010
                            17th   March
                                                     ,
29th March




                                                                                           17th March -                                                                              ! "

                                                                                           '
                                                                                                                                                                             1
                                                                        17th March -
         17th March                                                                            $    %                                                                    +
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                                                 17th March -
                                                                                                         24th March -
     "                                                                                                                       "
             17th March -
                                                                                                                        "
                                                                                                                        "         #


                                                                                                                                                   31st March

     &# 17th March -                                                                                                                           -    #                                         7th April
                                                            '                                                                                               "                        ) #
                                                                                                                                                        ,
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                                                                $             %
    27th March -                                                                                                             *+                                                           "      #
                                                                        & #
                                                                                                                                                                12th /13th
                                                                                                                                                                  April
                                                                         '




                                                                                                                                                                                              P.T.O.
Palm Oil communications to potential GPUK supporters                                                                                                            Key


      Ebulletin                                                                                                                                                                                            Web team
                                                                                                     Thank you
                                                Email action                                          email 1
    GPUK                                                                                                                                                                                                     Direct marketing – recruitment activity
    website


                                                                                                                                                                                                              Direct marketing – development activity

                                                         Intro email 2/
       Press                                              thank you
      inserts                                                                                                                                                                                                   Campaign-led communication



        Google Adwords
                                                                                                                                                                                                             Active Supporters programme


           Paid-for                                                                                             Thank you                                                                            E-mail and e-action follow-ups – new programme
         banner ads                                                             Email action                     email 2                   Photo action


              Supporter-hosted
                  banner ads




SMS from press                   Get email                       Intro email
      ad
                                  details
                                                                                                                                                                        Mid-May follow-up email                                              Mid-June follow-up email

                                                  On-street leaflet



         Photo not taken                                           Thank you
       but opted-in for info                                          email 4




                                             Thank you                                     Email your
    Photo taken
      on street
                                              email 3                                   photo to company




                                                                                                 Thank you                                                  Thank you
  F2F fundraising teams will also be participating in the photo
                         action work                                                              email 5                   Email action                     email 6




                                 Palm Oil communications to existing GPUK financial supporters

                                                                                                                                                                                                               Postal
                                                                                        Email upgrade ask                                                 Postal upgrade                                                                           Connect – Palm Oil
                                                                                                                                                                                                              reminder                                  special
                                                                                                                                                                ask

                                                                                               Email action ask

                                                                                                                                                          Postal cash ask                                  Postal reminder
                                                                                                Email cash ask

                                                                                                                                                                          Mid-May: follow-up email                                             Mid-June: follow-up email
Integrated Campaigning
Some Reflections
Jonathan Smith
Head of UK Campaigns
Save the Children
Knit One Save One




124
What and Why

      Supporters knit hats for
      newborns and add a
      message label for the Prime
      minister

•     Poorest babies vulnerable to cold
•     Engage traditional fundraising
      supporters in:
       – Our new child survival campaign
       – Political campaigning
•     Show support for aid from
      ‘unusual suspects’



125
How

      •   Campaign Brand - Knit One Save One
          (March - Oct 2008)
      •   DM / WoM - StC channels
      •   PR - Paul O’Grady, Women’s Weekly,
          Sun, local and regional press
      •   Political - PM hand-in and MP events
          (Westminster and constituency)
      •   Follow up - ‘campaigning explained’
          mail with further ask
      •   Hats - Kenya, S Africa, Afghanistan,
          Mongolia, Tibet



126
What happened

•     800,000 hats
•     100,000 knitters
•     40,000 messages to PM
•     20,000 new campaigners + data
•     2,800 second action cards
•     £500k equivalent PR
•     50 MP’s actively involved
•     10 constituency events
•     1 PM quoted Save the Children
      campaign in speeches




127
So…

      •   Start with your audience
      •   Make it simple, emotional, creative
          and visual with tangible impact
      •   Don’t get all ‘political’ with
          supporters, media or targets (well not
          all the time)
      •   When people invest time they think
      •   New approaches refresh old hands
      •   Success brings challenges -
          messaging control, logistics, data,
          budget….


128
GAZA CEASFIRE




129
Why

• Israel launch massive air
  and ground attack on Gaza
    (late Dec 08 - early Jan 09)
•   ‘Response’ to Hamas rockets
•   ‘Like 1.5m people on Isle of White’
•   50% U16
•   Hugely polarised media
• Regardless of politics
  children in real danger


    130
What and How

•     Public pressure for ceasefire
•     Build brand as ‘leading
      independent emergency
      responder’
•     Provide action as an outlet
•     Place press ads on 10th & 11th
      Jan
•     Offer txt response + permission
      to contact
•     Support with traditional media
      work


131
What happened

• Ads + back-end set up in 4
  days
• Guardian, Times,
  Independent, Telegraph
• And then to our surprise…

      – 100,000 txt
      – Extensive digital media pick up
      – 83,000 ‘pass to friend’ follow up
        txt
      – PM personally tracking response
        and using in negotiations
132
Taking it further

• Huge pool of new contacts
• No email or postal data
• Took risk on follow up
  calling
• 100k calls
• 8,960 new regular givers
      – High average annual donation
• Campaign ROI of 1.4
      – Over 1, including initial media
        costs


133
And for campaigning…

 Great first phase but limited
 opportunity for follow up…

  – Gaza not a long term policy or lobbying
    priority
  – Hard to build journey as very issue specific
    group
  – Limited resources for any campaign follows
    ups where no email captured




134
So…

• High profile moments drive response and longer term
  value, if you can catch them right

      – Be flexible and quick off the mark
      – Offer a specific, tangible first ask, with a clear purpose
      – Build with relevant second asks and feedback
      – Integrate campaigning and fundraising


• BUT….sustainable public campaigning needs a longer
  term integrated policy and political strategy
135
ROBIN HOOD TAX




136
Why and What

      Financial crisis shows
      how global financial
      markets make vast
      profit at public’s
      expense and hurt poor

•     Bonuses continue after bail out
      and turn down
•     Unique moment of political and
      public opportunity
•     Campaign for Global Financial
      Markets to pay:
      –   full cost of their part in crisis
      –   fair share towards global public goods
          like health, education and climate
          change
137   –   tiny transaction tax = $20bn in
          revenue for UK alone
How

• Reframe for our times…
  a tiny tax on bankers to make a massive
      difference…
      good…fair… workable… common sense…
• Not naïve, ranty, complicated, bad or a cost
      you…
•     Serious heart - political and policy
•     Strong popular identity – visual, simple, flexible,
      shareable, embodying idea
•     Broad ‘lite’ coalition - focused, shared interest at
      moment in time
•     Channel anger - debate, sharing, action, creativity



138
What happened

•     Richard Curtis develops Robin Hood Tax
      brand
•     100 + organisations sign up
•     190,000 on facebook
•     Top trending tweet
•     47,000 sign ups
•     20,000 actions
•     Going global
•     ‘Robin Hood Tax’ widely used term
•     Extensive coverage as ‘serious’ and ‘viable’
      option
•     IMF support tax on financial markets
•     Sarkozy, Merkel, Osborne, Obama accept
      banks must pay fair share for mess
•     Battle is now on the type of tax and how much!



139
So…

• Never waste a good crisis -
      opportunity, alignment, energy,
      engagement, emergent activity
•     Make it simple, visual, shareable,
      timely emotionally resonant
      (and work with a brilliant communicator)
•     BUT ensure it goes deep
•     Mix ‘voices’ and ‘tones’
•     Let it out there and ride the waves
•     Be reactive and flexible when needed
•     Plan in phases
•     keep an eye on horizon


140
Thank you for listening

j.smith@savethechildren.org.uk
Forest Law
                 Argentina

Create pressure over the Senators to make them
           approve the Forest Law.

 To create real pressure into the Senate we will
have to ask for 1 million votes (hopefully getting 5
                thousand hundred).
Emailing appeals cycle

         If voted                   If opened the email



  Vote           Forward to your contacts      Print the chart and make people sign


If didn’t vote              If didn’t opened
Channels
•   Emails
•   Newsletters
•   Appeals
•   Video
•   Face-to-face
•   Press

And if you have a lot of money…
• Mail
• Telephone
Propositions… we need you
             because…
• We need people in key constituencies
• We need as many people as possible
• We have a target membership that will be
  powerful because
• The company we are targeting cares what
  you think about their brand
• If even a small number write to their MP…
• We know you care about this issue
  because you gave to it last year
Asks
•   ‘View’
•   Poll
•   Petition
•   Lobby        Share…
•   Create
•   Join
                      And lead…
Assets
• E-assets are cool!!
   –   Killer logo
   –   Photographs on Flickr
   –   Videos on Youtube
   –   Upload of logo re-design
   –   A place to put ‘real life’ work
   –   I’m an Airplotter
• Real assets are cool too
   – T-shirts
   – Badges
   – Stickers
•   G0
•   000*AAA =
•   BAH          4 #              6
•   >AH     = #4              6
•   7 @H      *CAH       8            I
•   G?*CAA        G0@*AAA
•   J =              >A*AAA           0CH   *
    07AA
J#                       !
             9 ,9 K " %3 + 9 J 3 %< L9     /3
•                -             #
•                    -
•                     -                !
•            -
    –                  *       #       *        #
         #             *
• ,              *         *
    4            ! #               6
•   9
•   3
•   L
•   '
•   J    = =
%       ! #    !&
•
•   ,
%    3 ,/ J 3 %< ' 9
•   +#             -        !
•        + M   *       ,8
%
•   :L
•   '
•   '
•   <    !
•
•
•   N
•
Emailing campaign summary
Percentage of Internet users that voted         9.4%
Number voting                              >1,100,000
New cyberactivists                          >750,000


Approached by email                         ~600,000
Response rate                                   ~1%
Conversion to regular giving in 2007          ~6,000


Approached for regular gift by telephone     170,000
Response rate                                  9.65%
Conversion to regular giving in 2007         ~16,500


Total conversion in 2007                      23,647
$1 at cost order = main cell
• 111,000 e-mail test
• 40% open rate (double best appeal)
• 30% click-thru (triple best appeal)
• 2.6% orders, 50% with extra donations;
• $9,500 sales and$16,000 income

Free-sticker = test cell
• 30,000 generated
• 15% with donations
• 1200 new donors
Table Talk

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The Good Agency_Integration Afternoon at the IoF 2010 convention

  • 1.
  • 2. Integration: What it Means Quest and Barriers Supporter Experiences Motivations and Values Emotions in Decision-making Influencing and Influencing and Social Psychology Social Psychology Opportunities Planning Toolkit Tools
  • 4. Integrating Fundraising and Campaigning • Becoming a Campaigning Organisation? • Connecting Supporters to Mission? • Making a Difference
  • 6. And our supporters are changing Valley of Death! Dorothy Donor Susan Supporter
  • 7. Integration: Why do it? • Brand re-positioning • Fundraising goals • Supporter acquisition • Public support to leverage advocacy • Consumer/public pressure on specific targets • Supporters want involvement
  • 8. What Integration offers • Involvement and experience for supporters • Connection and loyalty (supporter retention) • People power (leverage for advocacy) • Brand focus and focused communications • Organisational catalyst • Improved ways of working • Fun
  • 9. Transformational connection Low value High value Single product Multi products Transaction Relationship Aware Emotionally engaged Project responsive Brand loyal Supporter Ambassador Uninformed Informed Sceptical Trusting Activity Experience Moment Memory
  • 10.
  • 11. What Integration looks like • Coherence: the story you will tell, consistently • Integrity: being true to yourself, and mission • Alignment: of activities, messages, opportunities • Coordination: prioritisation, decisions, planning • Integration is NOT everything, to everyone, all the time
  • 12. What Integration requires • Supporter-focused philosophy • Planning and processes • Systems and discipline • Hard work • Leadership and decisions
  • 13. But it’s difficult Leadership Managing data Definition of value Change Supporter insight Supporter vision management Ownership / Consistent Communication responsibilities procedures strategies Supporter care Integration with Shared objectives strategy branches Integrated Organisational Evaluation communications mindset
  • 14. We think these are important
  • 15. Does it work? Care2 stats from the US: • “Non-donors who take action online are 3.5 times more likely to donate than non-donors who get e-mail but haven’t taken action,” • Existing donors who take action online are 2.3 times more likely to donate than donors in the e-mail file who haven’t. “I feel like I can do a lot more when I am involved with them personally” “I just wanted to thank Lisa for her letter in which she provided a postcard and a petition with addressed envelope. She made it so easy for me to respond and I appreciate that. And she didn't ask for money at this time, either. Also appreciated, since I always send money when I can.”
  • 17. The Experience Economy: Customisation Commoditisation Source: The Progression of Economic Value The Experience Economy: Pine II and Gilmore, 1999
  • 18. Premium Pricing £15.00 £12.50 £10.00 £7.50 £5.00 £2.50 £0.00 Source: The Price of Coffee Offerings Adapted from: The Experience Economy: Pine II and Gilmore, 1999
  • 21. The Starbucks Experience Principle 1: Principle 2: Make it your own Everything matters Principle 3: Principle 4: Surprise & delight Embrace resistance Principle 5: Leave your mark Source: The Starbucks Experience: Joseph A Michelli, 2007
  • 22. What does it mean for us? Transactions Experiences
  • 23. Our great opportunity? “Fundraisers will wake up to the fact that they are selling neither their organisations nor their causes, nor their missions and certainly not all the nuts and bolts and insignificant minutiae of what they do. Rather they are promoting joy, the warm glow, the exhilaration, the sense of achievement and fulfillment, even the meaning of life. As business life and political life are so discredited now, the timing for all this could not be better now.” Ken Burnett: http://www.kenburnett.com/Blog2020vision.html But fundraisers cannot do this alone. While the basic offer is, “If you give us money and we’ll sort out the problem” then we are missing the chance to engage the donor in the one thing that will really excite them – the chance to change the world.
  • 24.
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  • 29.
  • 30. , S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M Staff Members Public launch F2F GE advocacy Budget advocacy Devolveds
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  • 52. Why do people do anything? Self fulfilment needs Self Actualisation Personal growth and self fulfilment Aesthetic Needs Beauty / Know, understand, explore Self Esteem Achievement Esteem of others Recognition Psychological needs Belongingness / Love Friends / family Safety Security / freedom from fear Physiological Basic needs Food / Water / Shelter
  • 53. Why do people give? Completeness Status Pride & Esteem Achievement Tribal Basic Emotional
  • 54. More recent research Guilt 5% Donors Compassion 41% Belonging 20% Inspiration 34% Guilt 7% Donors who do more Compassion 22% Belonging 32% Inspiration 39%
  • 55. Our values drive everything Sustenance Outer Inner
  • 56. Values modes attributes Sustenance Discipline Acquiescence Driven Non-reflective Security Conformity Traditional Family Safety Material Wealth National Security Distracted Rules Power Complacent Luddism Showhome Indulgent Diet Wrong Clothes Distant Respected Convenience Propriety Insular Visible Success Asocial Skeptical Bargain Hunter Reserved Achievement Control Others Irresolute Impulsive Spender Looking Good Budget Bedlam Be Satisfied Busy Pleasure Good Time Romantic Love Tradition Visible Ability Money Casual Hedonism Socialist Persona Spiritualism Honesty Speculate Fun Passivity Bodily Ease WYSIWYG Sensitive Prudent Religious Solitary Modest Unease Tolerant Exhilaration Shrewd Price Conscious Coasting Adventure Stimulation Loyalty Car Casual Novelty Healthy Lifestyle Cheerful Inquisitive Constrained Spender Local Caring Benevolence Outer Sexual Awareness Artisan Beauty Ozone Friendly Global New Family Nature TV Casual Self-choice Non-acquisitive Directed Creativity Financial Morality Listening Unplanned Self-direction Self-efficacy Tao Equivalence Justice Boldness No Sweat Openness Independent Feeling Good Universalism Inner Directed Adaptable Equanimity Copyright Cultural Dynamics Strategy and Marketing Ltd 2009
  • 57. The population is changing VALUES 50 45 40 irected Inner D PERCENTAGE 35 Outer Directed 30 25 Susten ance D riven 20 15 10 5 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 YEAR Copyright Cultural Dynamics Strategy and Marketing Ltd 2009
  • 58. How does this affect us? * + , + % 40EA6 , ! 40@A6 98= 40>@6 "# 40@B6 9 40BA6 407>6 / % 40CB6 407B6 % 407E6 9 40BB6 " 400?6 % 400F6 # # 40>06 < 400F6 % 400C6 9 # 407?6 400@6 " 40076
  • 59. What does this mean for you • Do you know why someone would support you? • Do people give to you for the same reasons they campaign for you? • Can you match your needs to their needs? And your values to their values?
  • 60. Decision Making is Emotional Good Insights
  • 61. Emotion is essential in decision making
  • 63. The extent is individual
  • 64. Blink Thin slicing
  • 66. Two types of emotion Positive Negative Fear Happiness Anger Love Disgust Hope Sadness
  • 67. Emotion in decision making Incidental Integral Expected Much less important The feelings that The feelings about Cognitive analysis you happen to have the specific issue / of these leads to at the time you need decision less post-decision to make a decision satisfaction Source: The role of emotions in foreign policy decision making, Renshon, J.B. & Lerner, J. S. Wilson et al, 1993
  • 68. Do emotions evoke responses? Emotions that evoke responses Emotions that don’t evoke responses Disgust: Causes disengagement, Anger: Typically involves attempts to although it can trigger redress injustice attempts to cleanse oneself of offending objects / ideas Hope: Creates optimism which is important if encouraging risk Sadness: Causes disengagement, and taking sometimes efforts to change one’s circumstances Happiness: Happy people are most likely to help other people Contentment: Appraised with low effort and inactivity Source: Do positive and negative emotions have opposing influences on hope? Jennifer S Lerner and Deborah Small, 2002
  • 69. What does this mean for us? Our emotions need to overcome Our emotions must create actions incidental emotions What emotion is Consistency right for you? Cause / Brand Issue Relationship Action What you Your want them to supporters do Their values, your needs Fundraising, campaigning and behaviour change are not about being rational
  • 70.
  • 71. Fundraising skills are key to inspiring action • Reach = the right audience and channel • Relevance = connection to their world • Resonance = emotionally moving • Realism = confidence it makes a difference i.e. clear need, clear solution, a clear role for our supporters, clear ask for the task • Reward = thanks feedback, appreciation (before you start again ...)
  • 72. Social psychology and public campaigning Influence and persuasion – the importance of the big six… • Reciprocation • Commitment and consistency • Scarcity • Liking • Authority • Social proof Influence – the psychology of persuasion Robert Cialdini
  • 73. Herd • More on psychology to really freak out those who believe we are independent thinkers…. Herd Mark Earls
  • 74.
  • 75. Social psychology and public campaigning – why Dove? • Reciprocation – We didn’t do this one (but I’ll come back to it later…) • Commitment and consistency – Initial easy action for our supporters against the Chair of the Round Table on sustainable Palm Oil • Scarcity – disappearing forest • Liking – Oang-utan (not Greenpeace!!), and their favorite brand good here too • Authority – 3-year investigation • Social proof – well this is where Flickr and the ad agencies came in…
  • 76.
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 79.
  • 82. Leading Owning Contributing Acting Observing
  • 83. Leading Owning Contributing Acting Observing
  • 84. Leading Owning Contributing Acting Observing
  • 85. Leading Owning Contributing Acting Observing
  • 86. Leading Owning Contributing Acting Observing
  • 87. Leading Owning Contributing Acting Observing
  • 88. Leading Owning Contributing Endorsing Acting Endorsing Observing
  • 89. Leading Endorsing Owning Endorsing Contributing Endorsing Acting Endorsing Observing
  • 90. Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away with itself! 1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad on YouTube
  • 91. Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away with itself! 300,000 people have emailed Nestle 1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad on YouTube
  • 92. Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away with itself! ~8,000 people stopped and had there first face-to-face conversation with Greenpeace and then wrote to Nestle 300,000 people have emailed Nestle 1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad on YouTube
  • 93. Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away with itself! 10% of our appeal donors gave an extra gift to our palm oil appeal – in 10 days… ~8,000 people stopped and had there first face-to-face conversation with Greenpeace and then wrote to Nestle 300,000 people have emailed Nestle 1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad on YouTube
  • 94. Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away with itself! ~1,000 people became Nestle ‘friends’ on Facebook 10% of our appeal donors gave an extra gift to our palm oil appeal – in 10 days… ~8,000 people stopped and had there first face-to-face conversation with Greenpeace and then wrote to Nestle 300,000 people have emailed Nestle 1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad on YouTube
  • 95. Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away with itself! 750 people gave a gift to fund a press ad – 50% of them their first gift ~1,000 people became Nestle ‘friends’ on Facebook 10% of our appeal donors gave an extra gift to our palm oil appeal – in 10 days… ~8,000 people stopped and had there first face-to-face conversation with Greenpeace and then wrote to Nestle 300,000 people have emailed Nestle 1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad on YouTube
  • 96. Kit kat – the pyramid the ran away with itself! 3 people ‘dropped’ in on their AGM 750 people gave a gift to fund a press ad – 50% of them their first gift ~1,000 people became Nestle ‘friends’ on Facebook 10% of our appeal donors gave an extra gift to our palm oil appeal – in 10 days… ~8,000 people stopped and had there first face-to-face conversation with Greenpeace and then wrote to Nestle 300,000 people have emailed Nestle 1,300,000 people have viewed the Kitkat ad on YouTube
  • 97. A patchwork of involvement that was building a mighty pyramid 91,000 people became beneficial owners
  • 98. A patchwork of involvement that was building a mighty pyramid Hundreds of people twinned with our orchard and allotment
  • 99. A patchwork of involvement that was building a mighty pyramid Over 2,000 donors gave an extra gift to Airplot = £67,000 Just under 200 people took out a direct debit as a result of our thank you email to Airplot joiners 8% people of Airplotters contacted have started direct debits – so far!
  • 100. Our vision was - unashamedly - here Physical block Legal block We won here Social block
  • 101. A work in progress pyramid - bp >2,000,000 people have viewed the BP competition
  • 102. A work in progress pyramid - bp All donors have been asked to join the competition, and we took out an ad >2,000,000 people have viewed the BP competition
  • 103. A work in progress pyramid - bp Thousands of people have re-branded bp on our streets All donors have been asked to join the competition, and we took out an ad >2,000,000 people have viewed the BP competition
  • 104. A work in progress pyramid - bp > 2,359 people have entered our competition Thousands of people have re-branded bp on our streets All donors have been asked to join the competition, and we took out an ad >2,000,000 people have viewed the BP competition
  • 105. A work in progress pyramid - bp Just started to recruit on our homepage > 2,359 people have entered our competition Thousands of people have re-branded bp on our streets All donors have been asked to join the competition, and we took out an ad >2,000,000 people have viewed the BP competition
  • 106. A work in progress pyramid – bp 2 people climbed bp’s headquarters 3 people interrupted bp’s National oil convention speech Just started to recruit on our homepage > 2,359 people have entered our competition Thousands of people have re-branded bp on our streets All donors have been asked to join the competition, and we took out an ad >2,000,000 people have viewed the BP competition
  • 107. A work in progress pyramid – bp
  • 110. Opportunities to Integrate Fundraising and Campaigns • External Quest • Internal Creativity Involvement • Planned activity • Opportunistic Valued
  • 111. Communications Planning Brand narrative Communications Strategy Story Story Story Story Story Campaign Issue Issue Issue Issue Issue
  • 112. Campaign Coordination - . / 0 / - - 0 % , 1 + 2*,2* 3 4,//% % ,23 * $ 0& $1+0 %% 5 20+$ 5 4,..$$)4 6 0", 2)4, ,1 6 6 4 $+ 40 *,1 6 6 4 7 4,1. * )02/% 4 6 4' 011$ % ) 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
  • 113. Communications Prioritisation - . / 0 / - - 0 % , 1 + 2*,2* 3 4,//% % ,23 * $ 0& $1+0 %% 5 20+$ 5 4,..$$)4 6 0", 2)4, ,1 6 6 4 $+ 40 *,1 6 6 4 7 4,1. * )02/% 4 6 4' 011$ % ) 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
  • 114. Activity Alignment - . / 0 / - - 0 % , 1 + 2*,2* 3 4,//% % ,23 * $ 0& $1+0 %% 5 20+$ 5 4,..$$)4 6 0", 2)4, ,1 6 6 4 $+ 40 *,1 6 6 4 7 4,1. * )02/% 4 6 4' 011$ % ) 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
  • 115. Greenpeace US Save the Whales
  • 116.
  • 118.
  • 119. EveryChild Christmas appeal – Mail and e-mail
  • 120. Integration with web and landing pages
  • 121. ( # 22nd March Palm Oil Supporter Journey 2010 17th March , 29th March 17th March - ! " ' 1 17th March - 17th March $ % + ! " # ) " ( # ) * + !" *+ " # 17th March - 24th March - " " 17th March - " " # 31st March &# 17th March - - # 7th April ' " ) # , % $ % ' / 0 . # # $ , " '/ ) $ %, ' # & &' $ . # , $ % 27th March - *+ " # & # 12th /13th April ' P.T.O.
  • 122. Palm Oil communications to potential GPUK supporters Key Ebulletin Web team Thank you Email action email 1 GPUK Direct marketing – recruitment activity website Direct marketing – development activity Intro email 2/ Press thank you inserts Campaign-led communication Google Adwords Active Supporters programme Paid-for Thank you E-mail and e-action follow-ups – new programme banner ads Email action email 2 Photo action Supporter-hosted banner ads SMS from press Get email Intro email ad details Mid-May follow-up email Mid-June follow-up email On-street leaflet Photo not taken Thank you but opted-in for info email 4 Thank you Email your Photo taken on street email 3 photo to company Thank you Thank you F2F fundraising teams will also be participating in the photo action work email 5 Email action email 6 Palm Oil communications to existing GPUK financial supporters Postal Email upgrade ask Postal upgrade Connect – Palm Oil reminder special ask Email action ask Postal cash ask Postal reminder Email cash ask Mid-May: follow-up email Mid-June: follow-up email
  • 123. Integrated Campaigning Some Reflections Jonathan Smith Head of UK Campaigns Save the Children
  • 124. Knit One Save One 124
  • 125. What and Why Supporters knit hats for newborns and add a message label for the Prime minister • Poorest babies vulnerable to cold • Engage traditional fundraising supporters in: – Our new child survival campaign – Political campaigning • Show support for aid from ‘unusual suspects’ 125
  • 126. How • Campaign Brand - Knit One Save One (March - Oct 2008) • DM / WoM - StC channels • PR - Paul O’Grady, Women’s Weekly, Sun, local and regional press • Political - PM hand-in and MP events (Westminster and constituency) • Follow up - ‘campaigning explained’ mail with further ask • Hats - Kenya, S Africa, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Tibet 126
  • 127. What happened • 800,000 hats • 100,000 knitters • 40,000 messages to PM • 20,000 new campaigners + data • 2,800 second action cards • £500k equivalent PR • 50 MP’s actively involved • 10 constituency events • 1 PM quoted Save the Children campaign in speeches 127
  • 128. So… • Start with your audience • Make it simple, emotional, creative and visual with tangible impact • Don’t get all ‘political’ with supporters, media or targets (well not all the time) • When people invest time they think • New approaches refresh old hands • Success brings challenges - messaging control, logistics, data, budget…. 128
  • 130. Why • Israel launch massive air and ground attack on Gaza (late Dec 08 - early Jan 09) • ‘Response’ to Hamas rockets • ‘Like 1.5m people on Isle of White’ • 50% U16 • Hugely polarised media • Regardless of politics children in real danger 130
  • 131. What and How • Public pressure for ceasefire • Build brand as ‘leading independent emergency responder’ • Provide action as an outlet • Place press ads on 10th & 11th Jan • Offer txt response + permission to contact • Support with traditional media work 131
  • 132. What happened • Ads + back-end set up in 4 days • Guardian, Times, Independent, Telegraph • And then to our surprise… – 100,000 txt – Extensive digital media pick up – 83,000 ‘pass to friend’ follow up txt – PM personally tracking response and using in negotiations 132
  • 133. Taking it further • Huge pool of new contacts • No email or postal data • Took risk on follow up calling • 100k calls • 8,960 new regular givers – High average annual donation • Campaign ROI of 1.4 – Over 1, including initial media costs 133
  • 134. And for campaigning… Great first phase but limited opportunity for follow up… – Gaza not a long term policy or lobbying priority – Hard to build journey as very issue specific group – Limited resources for any campaign follows ups where no email captured 134
  • 135. So… • High profile moments drive response and longer term value, if you can catch them right – Be flexible and quick off the mark – Offer a specific, tangible first ask, with a clear purpose – Build with relevant second asks and feedback – Integrate campaigning and fundraising • BUT….sustainable public campaigning needs a longer term integrated policy and political strategy 135
  • 137. Why and What Financial crisis shows how global financial markets make vast profit at public’s expense and hurt poor • Bonuses continue after bail out and turn down • Unique moment of political and public opportunity • Campaign for Global Financial Markets to pay: – full cost of their part in crisis – fair share towards global public goods like health, education and climate change 137 – tiny transaction tax = $20bn in revenue for UK alone
  • 138. How • Reframe for our times… a tiny tax on bankers to make a massive difference… good…fair… workable… common sense… • Not naïve, ranty, complicated, bad or a cost you… • Serious heart - political and policy • Strong popular identity – visual, simple, flexible, shareable, embodying idea • Broad ‘lite’ coalition - focused, shared interest at moment in time • Channel anger - debate, sharing, action, creativity 138
  • 139. What happened • Richard Curtis develops Robin Hood Tax brand • 100 + organisations sign up • 190,000 on facebook • Top trending tweet • 47,000 sign ups • 20,000 actions • Going global • ‘Robin Hood Tax’ widely used term • Extensive coverage as ‘serious’ and ‘viable’ option • IMF support tax on financial markets • Sarkozy, Merkel, Osborne, Obama accept banks must pay fair share for mess • Battle is now on the type of tax and how much! 139
  • 140. So… • Never waste a good crisis - opportunity, alignment, energy, engagement, emergent activity • Make it simple, visual, shareable, timely emotionally resonant (and work with a brilliant communicator) • BUT ensure it goes deep • Mix ‘voices’ and ‘tones’ • Let it out there and ride the waves • Be reactive and flexible when needed • Plan in phases • keep an eye on horizon 140
  • 141. Thank you for listening j.smith@savethechildren.org.uk
  • 142. Forest Law Argentina Create pressure over the Senators to make them approve the Forest Law. To create real pressure into the Senate we will have to ask for 1 million votes (hopefully getting 5 thousand hundred).
  • 143. Emailing appeals cycle If voted If opened the email Vote Forward to your contacts Print the chart and make people sign If didn’t vote If didn’t opened
  • 144.
  • 145. Channels • Emails • Newsletters • Appeals • Video • Face-to-face • Press And if you have a lot of money… • Mail • Telephone
  • 146.
  • 147.
  • 148.
  • 149.
  • 150.
  • 151.
  • 152. Propositions… we need you because… • We need people in key constituencies • We need as many people as possible • We have a target membership that will be powerful because • The company we are targeting cares what you think about their brand • If even a small number write to their MP… • We know you care about this issue because you gave to it last year
  • 153. Asks • ‘View’ • Poll • Petition • Lobby Share… • Create • Join And lead…
  • 154.
  • 155.
  • 156.
  • 157.
  • 158.
  • 159.
  • 160. Assets • E-assets are cool!! – Killer logo – Photographs on Flickr – Videos on Youtube – Upload of logo re-design – A place to put ‘real life’ work – I’m an Airplotter • Real assets are cool too – T-shirts – Badges – Stickers
  • 161.
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  • 172. Emailing campaign summary Percentage of Internet users that voted 9.4% Number voting >1,100,000 New cyberactivists >750,000 Approached by email ~600,000 Response rate ~1% Conversion to regular giving in 2007 ~6,000 Approached for regular gift by telephone 170,000 Response rate 9.65% Conversion to regular giving in 2007 ~16,500 Total conversion in 2007 23,647
  • 173. $1 at cost order = main cell • 111,000 e-mail test • 40% open rate (double best appeal) • 30% click-thru (triple best appeal) • 2.6% orders, 50% with extra donations; • $9,500 sales and$16,000 income Free-sticker = test cell • 30,000 generated • 15% with donations • 1200 new donors