solid waste - classification - management- various methods

1. Presentation author:
Ms. G. Tejasri
Faculty of Engineering Sciences,
NIT AP – 534101.

2. Top 10 global challenges of the world
• Pollution
• Global Warming
• Overpopulation
• Natural Resource Depletion
• Waste Disposal
• Climate Change
• Loss of Biodiversity
• Deforestation
• Ocean Acidification
• Ozone Layer Depletion

3. Solid Waste Management
NOTHING IS OBSOLETE before you throw it away as scrap, think
again. Don’t waste your waste.

4. A SECOND LIFE FOR WASTE
• Green engineering is the process
and design of products that
conserve natural resources, and
impact the natural environment as
little as possible.

5. The 7 R’s
• Reduce: to use very less
• Recycle: to re-use the item and create something with it
• Reuse: to put into action or service again.
• Respect: to treat with consideration
• Refuse: to avoid buying products that are not
sustainable
• Rethink: to think about how to reuse a product or its
materials
• Repair: to repair products rather than buy new ones

6. Increase in the employment rate increases the
economy of the country

7. Quantity of Waste contribution
• The average person throws away
726 kg waste/yr.
• The average family throw away the amount
equal to 1.5 ton rubbish/ year

8. Paper wastes
Recycling 1 ton of paper can
save:
• 17 trees (250,000,000 trees
each could be saved if all the
newspapers were recycled)
• 7,000 gallons of water
• 380 gallons of oil
• 3 cubic yards of landfill
space (Paper takes up as
much as 50% of all landfill
space)

9. A poster of marilyn monroe made out
of waste papers Bags made out of paper plastics

10. Plastic wastes
House made out of waste plastic bottles in
NIGERIA (one of the poverty driven places)
On going construction of a plastic
house

11. Cloth wastes

13. E-Waste

14. Statistics of e-waste generation in India

15. Metal wastes
• Recycling aluminum cans saves 95% of the
energy required to make aluminum cans from
scratch.
• The energy saved from recycling one
aluminum can will operate a computer for
THREE hours!!
• All steel is 100% recyclable and can be
recycled many times without losing any
quality

16. Skull sculpture made with waste tins
Metal tins turn to pots increasing the
aesthetics of walls

17. Wall clock made with rim
Human sculpture made out of metal
wastes depicting “save the earth”

18. Abandoned vehicles
Vehicles dumped in a yard occupying space
and spoiling the aesthetics of the place
Car towers occupying less space and
adding aesthetics
There are more than 500 million cars in the
world and by 2030 the number will rise to 1
billion. This means pollution level will be more
than double.

19. Glass wastes
• Glass can be recycled an infinite number of times
• Recycling one ton of glass saves the equivalent of 10 gallons
of oil.
• The energy saved from recycling one glass bottle will operate
a 100-watt bulb for four hours.
• A glass that is produced from recycled glass instead of raw
materials can reduce related air pollution by 20% , and water
pollution by 50%

20. Giant fish jumping out of the beach at
Rio de Janeiro
Flower pot made out of waste glass
bottles

21. Wood wastes

23. Reuse of Tyre

24. Food wastes
Garbage

25. Donate the left out food

27. Earth Hour
• Its originated in Australia
• Its all about spreading the awareness of environmental issues
in our global and local communities. It is a annual global event
organized by WWF (World Wild Fund for Nature)
encouraging individuals, communities, corporates, and
households to turn off their lights to show support for fight
against climate change and commitment towards better planet
• Every year on the last Saturday of the month of March,
from 8:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. millions across the world choose
to turn off their lights for one hour to celebrate their
commitment to the planet

28. SOLID WASTE
• All solid and semi solid wastes that are arising
from various human and animal activities which
are discarded as useless are called as “SOLID
WASTE”
• The heterogeneous mass of wastes from urban
community and more homogenous wastes from
agricultural ,industrial and mineral activities are
also called as “SOLID WASTE”
• E.g. papers, plastics, vegetable and fruit peels, oil,
tea bags, coffee grounds, metals, demolition
wastes etc.

29. Classification:
• Its done based on the following
criteria:
1. Source of generation
2. Type of waste
3. Property
4. Effects on human and environment

30. Sources and Types of Solid Wastes
Types of solid wastesTypical facilities,
activities, locations where
wastes are generated
Source
Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics,
textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood,
glass, metals, ashes, special wastes
(e.g., bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods, batteries, oil,
tires), and household hazardous wastes
Single and multifamily
dwellings
Residential
Industrial process waste, scrap
materials, etc. Non - industrial waste
including food wastes, construction and
demolition wastes, rubbish, ashes ,
hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes
Light and heavy
manufacturing, fabrication,
construction sites, power
and chemical plants
Industrial
Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes within a Community

31. Sources and Types of Solid Wastes
Types of solid wastesTypical facilities,
activities, locations where
wastes are generated
Source
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food
wastes, glass, metals, special wastes,
hazardous wastes
Stores, hotels, restaurants,
markets, office buildings,
etc.
Commercial
Same as commercialSchools, hospitals, prisons,
government centers
Institutional
Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.New construction sites,
road repair, renovation
sites, demolition of
buildings, broken pavement
Construction and Demolition
Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes within a Community (Cont’d)

32. Sources and Types of Solid Wastes
Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes within a Community (Cont’d)
Types of solid wastesTypical facilities, activities,
locations where wastes are
generated
Source
Street sweepings; landscape and tree
trimmings; general wastes from parks,
beaches, and other recreational areas;
sludge
Street cleaning, landscaping,
parks, beaches, other
recreational areas, etc
Municipal
Services (excluding
treatment facilities)
Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes,
rubbish, hazardous waste.
Field and row crops, orchards,
vineyards, dairies, feedlots,
farms, etc.
Agricultural

33. Based on type of waste:
Source Typical facilities,
activities, locations where
wastes are generated
Types of solid wastes
garbage Animal and vegetable
waste from handling, sale,
storage,
preparation,cooking and
serving of food
Oil, tea bags, coffee
grounts, vegetable and fruit
peels, animal excreta, meat
etc
Ashes and residues Burning of wood,coal,char
coal,coke for cooking and
heating in houses and
industries etc
Dirt, flyash etc
Bulky waste House hold goods (which
cant be accomodated)
Used or faulty electronic
goods like washing
machine,ovens,fridges,furn
iture ,vehicle parts etc

34. Street wastes Walkways,
alleys,parks,vacant plots,
arboriculture
Paper,plastic,dirt,
cardboard,leaves and
vegetable matter etc
Dead animals Naturally or accidentally Large: horse,cow,
sheep,pig,goat etc
Small: dog,cat,rabbit,rats
etc
Abandoned vehicles Used or faulty vehicles Automobiles, trucks etc
Farm wastes Planting, harvesting,
slaughter houses, feedlots
Body parts of animals, dead
plants, spoiled seeds,
pesticides etc
Hazardous waste Ignitibility, corrosivity,
reactivity and toxicity
Empty fertliser and paint
tins, plastics, metals etc
Sewage waste Treatment plants Solid (both raw and
treated)sludge, grit, etc
Combustible wastes House holds, institutions,
industries
Paper,cardboard,textile,rub
ber etcNon-Combustible wastes
Glass,dirt,crockery etc

35. Based on the property
Category TYPE OF LITTER APPROXIMATE TIME IT TAKES
TO DEGENERATE THE LITTER
BIO DEGRADABLE ORGANIC WASTE SUCH AS VEGETABLE
AND FRUIT PEELS, LEFT OVER
FOODSTUFF, ETC.
A WEEK OR TWO.
PAPER 10–30 DAYS
COTTON CLOTH 2–5 MONTHS
WOOD 10–15 YEARS
WOOLEN ITEMS 1 YEAR
NON-BIO DEGRADABLE TIN, ALUMINIUM, AND OTHER METAL
ITEMS SUCH AS CANS
100–500 YEARS
PLASTIC BAGS ONE MILLION YEARS?
GLASS BOTTLES UNDETERMINED

36. Effects on Human Health and the Environment
• Hazardous wastes
- Substances unsafe to use commercially,
industrially, agriculturally, or economically and
have any of the following properties- ignitability,
corrosivity, reactivity & toxicity.
• Non-hazardous
- Substances safe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically and do not have
any of those properties mentioned above. These
substances usually create disposal problems.

37. IMPACTS OF WASTE IF NOT
MANAGED WISELY
• Affects our health
• Affects our socio-economic conditions
• Affects our coastal and marine environment
• Affects our climate
• GHGs are accumulating in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of human
activities, causing global mean surface air temperature and
subsurface ocean temperature to rise.
• Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and
change precipitation and other local climate conditions.
• Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and
water supplies.
• This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of
ecosystems.
• Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some
of our national parks might be permanently altered.

38. Impacts of waste on health
• Chemical poisoning through chemical
inhalation
• Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water
runoff resulting in flood
• Low birth weight
• Cancer
• Congenital malformations
• Neurological diseases

39. Impacts of waste on health
• Nausea and vomiting
• Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents
living near hazard waste sites.
• Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high
levels of mercury.

40. Effects of waste on animals and
aquatics life
• Increase in mercury level in fish due to
disposal of mercury in the rivers.
• Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds.
• Resulted in high algal population in rivers and
sea.
• Degrades water and soil quality.

41. Impacts of waste on Environment
• Waste breaks down in landfills to form
methane, a potent greenhouse gas
• Change in climate and destruction of ozone
layer due to waste biodegradable
• Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal
dumping, Leaching: is a process by which
solid waste enter soil and ground water and
contaminating them.

42. Composition of Solid Wastes
Composition is the term used to describe the
individual components that make up a solid waste
stream and their relative distribution
Information on the composition of solid wastes is
important in evaluating equipment needs, systems and
management programme and plans

43. The residential and commercial portion makes up
about 50 to 75 percent of total MSW generated in a
community
 The actual percentage distribution will depend on
 The extent of construction and demolition
activities
 The extent of the municipal services provided
 The types of water and wastewater treatment
process that are used

44. Composition of Solid Waste
The percentage distribution values for the
components in MSW vary with
 Location
 Season
 economic conditions
 population
 Social behavior
 Climate
 Market for waste materials
 Other factor

45. Solid Waste Management:
• Management of solid waste is associated with
the control of generation, storage, collection,
transfer and transport, processing, and disposal
of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord
with the best principles of public health,
economics, engineering, conservation,
aesthetics, and other environmental
considerations.

46. MSWM
• Municipal Solid waste management involves the
application of principle of Integrated Solid Waste
Management (ISWM) to municipal waste. ISWM
is the application of suitable techniques,
technologies and management programs covering
all types of solid wastes from all sources to
achieve the twin objectives of:
• (a)waste reduction and
• (b)effective management of waste still produced
after waste reduction

47. Hierarchy of priorities in hazardous
waste management
Disposal
Treatment
Recycle / reuse
Reduce generation
Eliminate generation
Least preferred
Most preferred

48. Solid Waste Management:

49. • Waste generation and storage: encompasses
activities in which materials are identified as no
longer being of value (in their present form) and
are either thrown away or gathered together for
disposal
• Collection: includes gathering the solid wastes
and recyclable materials and transport of these
materials to either the processing facility, transfer
facility or the disposal site

50. Separate Colored Collections Bins are Provided
to Deposit Separate Waste Material

51. • The transfer of wastes from smaller collection
vehicle to larger transport vehicle and, the
subsequent transport of the wastes usually over
long distances, to a processing or disposal site.
The transfer usually takes place at a transfer
station.
• Sorting of the mixed waste usually occurs at a
material recovery facility, transfer stations,
combustion facilities and disposal sites.

52. Sorting Facilities are Well Organized and
Materials are Separated for Further Processing

53. • Waste processing and transformation Solid
waste processing reduces the amount of
material requiring disposal and, in some cases
produces a useful product
• Recycling and reuse- the process, by which
materials otherwise destined for disposal
are collected, reprocessed or remanufactured
and are reused

54. Separation of Recyclable and Placing
Separately

55. Disposal
• Any operation which may lead to resource
recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use
or alternative uses

56. Types of Disposal
• Non-engineered disposal: This is the most
common method of disposal in low-income
countries, which have no control, or with only
slight or moderate controls.
• Sanitary Landfill- is a fully engineered
disposal option, which avoids harmful
effects of uncontrolled dumping by spreading,
compacting and covering the wasteland that
has been carefully engineered before use.

57. Recyclables Collected from Scavengers are Deposited in One Place

58. Composting
– Composting is the transformation of
organic material (plant matter) through decomposition into a
soil-like material
called compost.
– Composting is the controlled decomposition of organic matter.
– Invertebrates (insects and earthworms),
and microorganisms (bacteria and fungi)
help in this transformation.
– Compost produced at the end of the process can be used in
farming and gardening to improve soil quality.

60. • Active (hot) composting /Aerobic
– ~55oC
– Higher temperature kill most pathogens
– Regularly stirring ensure aeration
– Faster (take weeks)
• Passive (cold) composting /Anaerobic
– ~30oC
– Much slower (may take months)
– May develop anaerobic condition, releasing odor and
greenhouse gas (e.g. methane)

61. Vermicomposting
• Its the use of earthworms for composting organic residues
• Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using
various worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and
other earthworms to create a heterogeneous mixture of
decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and
vermicast. Vermicast, also called worm castings, worm humus or
worm manure, is the end-product of the breakdown of organic
matter by an earthworm. These castings have been shown to
contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of
nutrients than do organic materials before vermicomposting.
• Containing water-soluble nutrients, vermicompost is an excellent,
nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. This process
of producing vermicompost is called vermicomposting.

62. • It is rich in microbial life which converts nutrients
already present in the soil into plant-available forms.
• Unlike other compost, worm castings also
contain worm mucus which helps prevent nutrients
from washing away with the first watering and holds
moisture better than plain soil
• Earthworms can consume practically all kinds of
organic matter and they can eat their own body weight
per day, e.g. 1 kg of worms can consume 1 kg of
residues every day
• E.g. Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei; Lumbricus rubel

65. Sanitary landfill