Bacterial vaccines can be prepared from whole killed or live attenuated bacteria, as well as purified components like capsular polysaccharides or toxins. They work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the disease-causing bacteria. Bacterial vaccines are evaluated for safety, sterility, and potency to ensure they induce a protective immune response without adverse effects. Tests involve injecting the vaccines into laboratory animals and humans to measure antibody levels and check for contamination.

1. Bacterial vaccines &
their evaluation

2. Composed and Presented By
 TEAN ZAHEER
2013-ag-2605
DVM, FVS, UAF.

3. Bacterial Vaccines
 Injection of a weakened/ killed microbe in order to
stimulate the immune system against the microbe,
thereby preventing disease.
 Vaccinations, or immunizations, work by stimulating the
immune system.
 Bacterial diseases can be prevented by the use of
immunizations.
 Active immunity is induced by vaccines prepared from
bacteria or their products.

4. How Bacterial Vaccines Work?

5. Types of bacterial vaccines
A-Capsular polysaccharide vaccines
B-Toxoid vaccines
C-Purified protein vaccines or ppd
D-Live attenuated bacterial vaccines
E-Killed bacterial vaccines

6. A CAPSULAR
POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES
 These are a type of subunit vaccines which are
prepared by the use of capsular polysaccharides
of bacteria.
 Examples:
(1) Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine contains
the capsular polysaccharides of the 23 most
prevalent types.
(2) Neisseria meningitidis vaccine contains capsular
polysaccharide of four important types (A, C, W-
135 and y).
(3) Other examples: Salmonella typhi & Haemopilus
influenza.

7. B. Toxoid Vaccines :
 Toxoids are actually inactivated toxins
 Inactivation may be done by the use of
formalin, heat, BPL.
 EXAMPLES
(1)Corynebacterium diphtheriae vaccine
contains the toxoid (formaldehyde-treated
exotoxin).
(2)Other examples Clostridium tetani, Bordetella
pertusis

8. C. PURIFIED PROTEIN
VACCINES :
These are the vaccines that are composed of some
purified protein component of bacteria
Examples:
 The vaccine against Lyme disease contains a
purified outer surface protein (OspA) of Borrelia
burgdorferi as the immunogen.
 Bacillus anthracis vaccine contains "protective
antigen" purified from the organism.
 Other Examples:
Bordetella pertussis

9. D. LIVE. ATTENUATED BACTERIAL
VACCINES:
 These vaccines are produced by
weakening a live bacterial cell in such
a way that it loses pathogenicity but
retains immunogenicity.
 Example:
 Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella typhi

10. E. KILLED BACTERIAL
VACCINES:
 The microorganism is killed in such a
way that it retains its immunogenicity
 Examples:
Vibrio cholera, Yersinia pestis, Coxiella
burnetii

11. EVALUATION OF BACTERIAL
VACCINES
 Evaluation of bacterial vaccines may
involve the followings:
1. Safety Test:
 Determines that the vaccine is safe to
use for the purpose it is developed.
 It may involve initial testing in lab animals
and later on in humans volunteers.
 Allergic reactions can be recorded.

12. EVALUATION OF BACTERIAL
VACCINES
2. Sterility Test:
Determines that vaccines contain only the vaccine
agent or other intentionally added immunogenic
constituents.
No contaminant( E.g other bacteria, fungi, etc.)
should be the part of vaccine.
It is done by culturing the preparations on different
culture media to identify contaminants.

13. EVALUATION OF BACTERIAL
VACCINES
3. Potency Test
Determines the effectiveness of vaccines so that
detectable and protectable Ab titers may be
achieved.
It is performed by injecting different dose of vaccines
to lab animals and then identifying a potent dose.