3. Richard E. Nisbett
➲is Theodore M.
Newcomb
Distinguished
Professor of social
psychology and co-
director of the
Culture and
Cognition program
at the University of
Michigan at Ann
Arbor.
12. “ The process of historical
development is endless because the
synthesis itself becomes a new thesis,
and is in turn negated by a new
antithesis producing a new synthesis,
and so on ad infinitum.”
- Marx and Engels
13. ➲Integrative complexity
➲→ the ability to view problems from
multiple perspectives and use multiple
rules for thinking about them.
15. Law of Identity
→ This law holds that if anything is true, then it
is true; thus, A equals A.
“ everything is what it is”.- Leibniz
16. Law of Noncontradiction
→ this law declares that no statement can
be both true and false; thus, A cannot equal
not-A.
example:
➲“a student is not a non-student”
➲“ A is B, A is not B”
17. Law of the Excluded Middle
→ this law expresses the rule that any
statement is either true or false; thus, A or B,
and not A and B
→ “ A is either B or not-B” .
example:
➲A person must either be a “student” and
“nonstudent”.
➲Expression
18.
19. Principle of Change
( Bian Yi Lu)
→ this principle holds that reality is a
process. It does not stand still but it is in
constant flux.
20. Principle of Contradiction
( Mao Dun Lu)
→ states that reality is not precise or
cut-and- dried but is full of
contradictions.
21. “When the people of the world all know
beauty as beauty, there arises the
recognition of ugliness. When they all
know the good as good, there arises the
recognition of evil, and so, being and
nonbeing produce each other.”
- Lao- Zi
22. Principle of Relationship or Holism
→ This principle that constitutes the
essence of dialectical thinking.
→ It is a consequence of the principles of
change and contradiction.