Compare And Contrast Parliamentary And Congressional...

Compare And Contrast Parliamentary And Congressional...
Parliamentary democracy is a system of democratic governance, in which the executive branch is
held accountable to legislative branch. In the other hand congressional democracy is a system of
democratic governance in which the executive branch is separate from the legislative branch and the
head of government is not a member of the legislature. Congress for example is a legislative branch
of a congressional democracy. While these two have similarities they also have a few differences. In
the parliamentary democracy; decisions are made by people following their party line and not many
individual decisions, members aren't able to make individual decisions. In contrast Political
decisions in congressional democracy are mainly by the people behind
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Analysis Of Arend 's Patterns Of Democracy
Arend Lljphart wrote Patterns of Democracy. It examines the forms and performance of
governments in thirty six countries. Seventeen chapters have been written in the book. Below, there
will be a critical review of a claim or a particular theory in each of the first seven chapters on its
merits. Chapter one is an introduction of what is to come. It claims that there are two models of
governing – the majoritarian model and the consensus model. In a majoritarian model, a governing
body will seek to satisfy a will from a bare majority and sometimes a wish of a plurality of a
governed body. Alternatively, a governing body will seek to form a consensus in which it seeks to
fulfill wishes of as many people as possible. Mr. Lljphart failed to point a potential third model.
Even in a democracy, it is possible for a government to listen the wishes of a minority and attempt to
convince the majority that the minority has a point here. A following chapter is titled the
westminster model of democracy. As the author noted, this is basically another name for the
majoritarian model. It is unclear why the author felt there is a need to dedicate a chapter to this. That
being said, he effectively named three countries that fits this category. Furthermore, Mr. Lljphart
listed the ten characteristics of the model and how the three countries (England, New Zealand and
Barbadoes), comply and deviate from the model as well as any qualification that needs to be made.
It could have been even

Australia 's Parliamentary Democracy And If It Is Effective
Australia, a country with a population of more than 22 million has quite the complex governmental
system. Australia is known as a federation, a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary
democracy all in one. As a result, Australia has a queen, who resides in the United Kingdom, but is
represented by a Governor–General in Australia. Following, a Prime Minister governs the country.
In addition, there is a two–chamber Commonwealth Parliament that makes the laws. This diverse
government is often referred to as the Westminster System. The goal of this paper is to examine
Australia's representative parliamentary democracy and if it is effective.
Australia's parliamentary democracy consists of the Queen, the Prime Minister, the Senate and the
House of Representatives. The parliament is the foundation of Australia's government. The
parliament makes laws and holds the government and ministers accountable. First, the Queen is
known as the 'head of state'. The Governor–General represents the Queen of Australia, presently
Elizabeth II. Peter Cosgrove, the Governor–General has a wide range of powers. Some of his roles,
exercised under the authority of the Australian Constitution include: "appointing ambassadors,
ministers and judges, giving Royal Assent to legislation, and issuing writs for elections and
bestowing honours. The Governor–General is also Commander–in–Chief of the Australian Defense
Force" ("Governors–General"). The Governor–General is to follow the conventions of the

To What Extent Was Germany a Parliamentary Democracy? Essay
To what extent was Germany a parliamentary democracy in the years 1900–1914?
A parliamentary democracy is the power in Germany being shared amongst everybody. The
positions are democratically elected by the population of the country. The way Germany was run is
based upon the Constitution the power lies between the Reichstag, the chancellor and the Kaiser.
Germany was a parliamentary democracy based on the constitution that Germany was run by. The
Bundesrat being part of the constitution consisted of 58 members who were elected by the state
assemblies, the Bundesrat had the power in theory to the law making process and by this having this
possibly the right to alter the constitution. The Bundesrat had the power to veto legislation ... Show
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The growing importance and power of both the population and the Reichstag made it appear that
Germany was a parliamentary democracy in the years 1900–1914. The impact of industrialisation
was the growth of the socialist movement. There was a rapid growth of industries and it helped to
stimulate a boom in the population creating a changed structure in German society. The standards of
living had increased as well as the wages of workers for the working class. Bismark had introduced
a tariff law in 1879 that made the farmers have protection for their agriculture but this was later
challenged and threatened to undermine them. It must not be forgotten that the Reichstag elections
did increase from 50% in 1871 to 85% in 1912. Therefore Germany can be seen as a parliamentary
democracy as people were seeing the right to vote and it was relevant.
Nevertheless, although there is evidence of Germany potentially being a parliamentary democracy
to an extent, it is also seen to be authoritarian with most of the power being at the hands of the
Kaiser. The constitution although giving power to the Reichstag and the Bundesrat it was extremely
limited. Although the Reichstag did have legislative powers they were more the right to accept or
reject what was placed in front of them. They could be still over ruled and the decision could

United Kingdom, Sweden And Japan
Governments are designed to serve the people. Government are uniquely build upon the cultural,
traditional, political, sociological, etc background of the country. Each one one keeping in mind that
people have their own perspective of a government. That they each envision a benefiting system for
the population. Therefore regimes such as the parliamentary regime, presidential regime, semi
presidential regime, bicameral regime, and unicameral regime exist.
Parliamentary systems usually have the head of government and the head of state, with the head of
government being the prime minister or premier, and the head of state often being a figurehead,
often a hereditary monarch (often in a constitutional monarchy). Countries that have this type of
government are the United Kingdom, Sweden and Japan. These countries have a administrations
that are virtually always the outcome of parties' coalitions, they inclined to be varied and represent
an extensive swath of common opinion. In a parliamentary system, the chief executive (the prime
minister) is chosen from the parliament by his peers after each parliamentary election.
Consequently, he serves as the leader of both the executive branch and the legislative branch, a
scenario appropriately referred to as a "fusion of powers". Given that a majority of parliament must
confirm his/her appointment to the position, the Prime Minister is almost always guaranteed a
working political majority or a favorable coalition.
Presidential

Canada's Parliamentary System Essay
On July 1st, 1867, Canada confederated into a nation and committed to uphold democracy "From
Sea to Sea". As stated in the Constitution of our nation, Canada would be governed through a
Parliamentary system, with both an upper and lower house of legislature. The lower house, the
House of Commons, would include elected members from across the country. Conversely, the upper
house, the Senate, according to Section 24 of the Constitution Act (1867), states: "The Governor
General shall... summon qualified Persons to the Senate; and... every Person so summoned shall
become... a Member of the Senate."[1] This has amounted to almost 800 Canadians being appointed
to the Senate since Confederation. However, as Canadians have grown to demand transparency ...
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In retrospect, in order for the Senate to achieve any sort of democratic status, the federal chamber
should be comprised of elected members. Most criticism towards the Canadian Senate is directed at
the ineffectiveness of the upper house.[13] The Constitution states that the Senate shall act as a
'chamber of sober second thought' from the perceived more radical lower house.[14] However, the
Senate has proven to be useless in this process, and does not act as a voice of reason or
representative opinion. The argument that the Senate is more reflective of the national population
than the House of Commons definitely doesn't come cheap. Because Senators are not elected they
don't represent the public interest and therefore shear no accountability. This lack of accountability
allows for the chamber's activities to become autonomous and secretive. Ultimately, the citizens of
Canada are left in the dark in regards to the performance and activities of the Senate. At the same
time, when exploring the link between the upper and lower houses, it is rational to say that the
Senate serves no purpose in the Canadian political system. As Senators come into power through
recommendation of the Prime Minister, it is uncommon for the chamber to disagree with the
government. Therefore, Senator appointment does

Comparing the American Presidential System and the...
Comparing the American Presidential System and the Parliamentary System
"As at present constituted, the federal government [of the United States of America] lacks strength
because its powers are divided, lacks promptness because its authorities are multiplied, lacks
wieldiness because its processes are roundabout, lacks efficiency because its responsibility is
indistinct and its action is without competent direction." Although this statement, by Woodrow
Wilson, was made in the 1920's, it can still be argued today on account of the fact that not much has
changed in the way the United States government operates. Still existing in the American way of
governing is the theory of the separation of powers, which was evolved within the ... Show more
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parlance). These ministers are usually not simultaneously members of the legislature, although their
appointment may require the advice and consent of the legislative branch. Because the senior
officials of the executive branch are separately elected of appointed, the presidential political system
is characterized by a separation of powers, wherein the executive and legislative branches are
independent of one another. Presidents have greater control over their cabinet appointees who serve
at the President's pleasure, and who are usually selected for reasons other than the extent of their
congressional support (as in parliamentary systems). The U.S. represents the strongest form of
presidentialism, in the sense that the powers of the executive and legislative branches are separate,
and legislatures (national and state) often have significant powers.
The parliamentary system, unlike the American presidential system, is recognizable by a fusion of
powers between the legislative and executive branches. The Prime Minister, who is the chief
executive, may be elected to the legislature in the same way that all other members are elected. The
Prime Minister is the leader of the party that wins the majority of votes to the legislature–either de
facto, or in some cases through an election held by the legislature. The Prime Minister appoints
Cabinet Ministers. However, unlike in the presidential system, these members are typically
themselves legislature

The World War I Was A Parliamentary Democracy
Today, the Netherlands may be a parliamentary democracy, but it took substantial effort to get there.
Throughout a portion of World War 2 the Netherlands were under Nazi occupation and were under
strict rule. No matter how badly the Netherlands wished to maintain neutrality, Hitler took complete
control. However, the Dutch nation was not going to give in so easily. We will take a look at how
Hitler invaded and utilized totalitarianism and the ways the citizens displayed resistance to Nazi
rule. According to Magstadt, the Revolutionary Stage of totalitarianism typically emerges, in
turbulent times, when a charismatic leader steps onto the scene. As this charismatic leader, Hitler
took advantage of the hopelessness of the people and made ... Show more content on
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Little did they know that many drastic changes would come about? Immediately following the Nazi
invasion, all American and British films were banned from theatres and replaced with German
movies and newsreels. Also, the radio broadcasts under Nazi control consisted of propaganda which
Magstadt defines as the use of mass media to create whatever impression is desired among the
general population and to influence thoughts and activities toward desired ends. Essentially, Hitler
was trying to get the Dutch people to agree with his point of view and therefore made it illegal to
listen to British radio. A harsh change came about. Anyone who was caught speaking against or
published against the Nazis was put in prison or was deported to Mauthausen from where very few
returned. Although Hitler forced these changes, we will discuss how the Dutch people resisted the
Nazis. Magastadt defines participation of citizens today as those who express opinions and those
who vote. Although that is the definition today, it was different for those in the Netherlands with
their situation. The Dutch resisted becoming assimilated into Nazi ideals. They considered
themselves Dutch and looked forward to the day for Dutch independence. Small acts of rebellion
occurred that displayed this desire. On Prince Bernard 's birthday, many people wore orange
carnations

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Semi Presidentialism
It is still being discussed and there is a dilemma. Existing works are mostly based on Duverger and
Sartori type of typologies which are mostly consist observations, generalizations and case–
selections. These may lead us inaccurate inferences. Hence, as Elgie argues semi–presidentialism
should be defined according to constitutional framework as the system extremely varies in different
regions and countries. For instance, Western European type of semi–presidentialism cannot be found
in Central Asia since having different political, historical and idiosyncratic settings. Features of the
semi–presidentialism According to Elgie's definition semi–presidentialism is a hybrid system in
which the president is elected directly and popularly and the prime ... Show more content on
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In 1962 by a constitutional amendment, France adopted semi–presidentialism or it is called also
rationalized parliamentarism by strengthening the executive so that parliament's overwhelming
influence and power has broken. Weaknesses and strengths of the semi–presidentialism Even though
semi–presidentialism is a hybrid system demonstrates both parliamentarism and presidentialism it
has weaknesses and strengths. In a sense, this shows there is no flawless system which does not
cause any problems or creates a deadlock in practice. At the beginning, during the spread of semi–
presidentialism in 1990s some scholars worried about possible dangers of semi–presidentialism
because of the provision of extensive powers to the president or others addressed cohabitation as a
weak point. First of all, there are some problems caused by constitutional design. Constitution is
generally heterogeneous in the sense that including both presidential and parliamentary aspects.
System works well when only government is clearly assigned in order to be accountable to the
legislature. When president is also accountable to the parliament this may cause institutional conflict
between the president and the parliament as

The Liberal Democracy In The Australian Parliamentary System
A democratic government is a system of government within which power is vested in the people,
who either rule directly or through freely elected representatives. In a democratic government, there
are various features which are manifested by all three Australian, American and the British systems.
The Australian Parliamentary system reflects a variety of qualities of democratic purposes. This is
noted since the Australian system is an accountable and responsible government, which means that
the government debates the passage of a bill in parliament and through the committee system. It
must also submit itself to election within three years of taking control of the House of
Representatives and the senate goes to election every six years. This ... Show more content on
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Like the British, Australia is also a system of responsible government. The Government (the Prime
Minister and cabinet) is responsible to parliament. This means that at any time, the parliament can
remove the Government from office or force it to call an election. However, besides the known
differences between both countries such as unlike Australia's upper house, the UK's upper house is
not elected, in terms of being more democratic, Australian federal elections attracts more attention
than British because of Australia's use of Preferential

Strengths And Weaknesses Of A Parliamentary Government
A parliamentary government is a democratic form of government which operates on a party system.
It is the most popular and widely adopted form of democracy. A state that operates on a
parliamentary system is run by two executives, firstly the head of state who is either a monarch or
president who then appoints a prime minister as the head of government. A parliament can be run by
either a single majority political party or as a coalition government in which more than one party
collaborate to form the government. In this essay I will be assessing the key strengths and
weaknesses associated with a parliamentary government. In doing so I will conclude that whilst a
parliamentary government has weaknesses its strengths outweigh these and therefore it is the
superior form of democratic government.
As the most widely adopted form of democratic government there are many strengths associated
with a parliamentary government. The parliamentary system is often praised for the fast and
efficient way in which it is able to pass legislation. The reason this is possible is because unlike a
presidential system the legislative and executive power in a parliamentary system are merged
together. Due to this fusion of power legislation does not have to undergo a lengthy process and
therefore laws can be formulated and put into place much quicker(Bates, 1986: 114–5). Another
advantage of a parliamentary system is that the majority of the power is not held by one individual
head of state but rather is more evenly divided among a single party or coalition. One of the main
benefits of this is that as there is more of a division of power a parliamentary government is less
prone to authoritarianism than a presidential system. Juan Linz argues that a presidential system is
more dangerous due to the fact that; "Winners and losers are sharply defined for the entire period of
the presidential mandate"(Linz, 1990: 56), this sharp line between winners and losers increases
tension between these two groups and allows the winner to isolate themselves from other political
parties (Linz, 1990: 56). Due to this tension and isolation a presidential system is at a higher risk of
turning into an authoritarian regime than a parliamentary system.

A Presidential System For A Parliamentary System
In a presidential system an independent congress from the executive office allows for a wider range
of policy to be addressed and passed than that of a parliamentary system. As Mainwaring and
Shugart explain because congress is separate from the executive office they can act on legislation
deemed necessary rather than worrying about the stability of the government. Thus the priority of
congress is exactly what it should be, to purpose and pass legislation, this allows for more serious
issued to be addressed because they are not afraid of offending the executive office. Whereas in a
parliament their priority is constantly torn between pushing just the right amount of legislation to
make progress, but not too much that it will break the coalitions with the Prime Minister's cabinet
and thus destroying the government. Ironically the priority of legislatures in a parliament is
maintaining a stable government or obtaining the majority, not pushing legislature.
Mainwaring and Shugart go on to explain the possibility of a deadlock if the President and congress
majorities come from different parties; however, this is not a constant pressure like that of the
hesitant, timid parliament. Even when deadlocks do occur there is the possibility of building
coalition between the two opposing parties. Whereas in a parliament coalitions usually form with the
majority cabinet that is in the executive office thus the legislation that is passed is one sided. A
presidential system is better at

compare and contrast parliamentary and presidential system...
Compare and contrast the Parliamentary and Presidential model of democracy. Which model do you
believe is most suitable for Caribbean democracies? Parliamentary and Presidential democracies are
forms of government that similar in some respects and differ in others. The Parliamentary system
like the Presidential is divided into three separate arms of Government, the Legislature, Executive
and the Judiciary. Both democracies have a bicameral legislature, often referred to as the House of
Representative and the Senate. The House of Representative is elected and the Senate is appointed
by the Head of State on the advice of the Prime Minister in a Parliamentary type while both houses
are elected by the people in the Presidential system. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The President also had the right to veto laws.
Overall, the Caribbean should adapt to the Presidential Democratic System. Although it may seem
very expensive to fund such type of government, it may cost less in the long term. The check and
balance that a presidential system offers allows for less corruption and Executives to be held
accountable of their actions. Policies and laws would be more accurate and better evaluated having
two separate Agencies in review of such nature. The Presidential system allows for more
transparency which is one of the ultimate objectives of a democracy.
References
Parliamentary democracy is the type of government where the public vote government into power
and parliamentarians are representative of the people. While a Presidential Democracy is when there
is a system of government that has a president acting as the nation's head of state and active chief
executive authority. The similarities between the Presidential and Parliamentary model are: both are
representative democracies, both have a head of state, both have a bicameral form of government
and both are rule by constitution.
There are also differences between the Presidential and Parliamentary model. In the Presidential
Model, the president is the Executive body and is separated from the Legislature. President is voted
by the people and also the Legislative Branch that is composed by

The Perils Of Presidential Democracy By Juan Linz
The essay titled "The Perils of Presidential Democracy" by Juan Linz is about two different systems
of democracy, parliamentary, and presidential. Linz's main argument is that in countries with cases
of deep political divide, parliamentary forms of government generally offer the best hope of
preserving democracy. Juan Linz proves these claims by highlighting points that discredit the
presidential system of democracy. He begins by bringing to light that only one other presidential
system has lasted as long as the United States's, this country being Chile. He quickly devalues
Chile's presidential system when stating that in the 1970's Chilean democracy broke down. No other
nation on earth has been able to retain a presidential style of democracy. Linz believes that the
United States has been able to retain its form of democracy by essentially becoming numb to
conflicting political rivalries between the political parties that may control the legislative body, and
the other party that may control the executive branch. Linz argues that the parliamentary system has
better capabilities at surviving for many reason. One reason being that both the legislative and
executive branches share legitimacy in the presidential system. There is a problem with dual
legitimacy, which is one of the main terms Linz uses, which means that there are two parts of
government that share equal levels of credibility with the people, both parts of the government able
to rule over the people but are not

Parliamentary Democracy Ibq
As I indicated in previous assignments, my research looks at the question of legitimacy and meaning
making in Iraq post the 2003 U.S. invasion. In other words, I am interested in who the different
religious, tribal and ethnic groups in the country that are creating legitimacy using revenue from oil
to establish their own alternative governing body outside of the of the state structure. I argue that
these competing groups create popular support, through ideology creation. This allow them to
collect the votes they need to have access to power and resources from rent through occupying
parliamentary and governmental positions. As they gain more power and resources, they are able to
create more ideology and meaning, which gives them more power ... Show more content on
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In addition, identities, whether racial or ethnic or religious, are fluid and changing and reflective of a
larger economic and political situation. As a result, to write about these groups as having similar
levels of identification with their groups will undermine the complexity of the topic we study.
Finally, as a product of what was mentioned above, agencies of the individuals we write about
usually get lost and marginalized. Approaching research without applying a critical theories and
critical methodologies is to some degree a product of the training of mainstream sociology, which
often undermine the experiences of marginalized groups. As Paredes (1977) suggested, mainstream
sociology, and sociologists, often times approached studying other countries with a Eurocentric
views. Even in critical approaches, we often see feminist research that looks at the experiences of
women in places such as the Middle East in a very monolithic way. These women are often seen as
objects in their environments where they lack agency and control over their action. Similarly,
mainstream research that looked at tribes and tribal laws and structures in the Middle East often had
very orientalists views on these structures. They are seen as backward, anti democratic, anti
feminists and anti modern. And in that way, they ignored the important role these tribes had played
in fighting against colonization and aggression from western powers. Students

Failure of Parliamentary Democracy in Germany and...
Failure of Parliamentary Democracy in Germany and Hitler's Rise to Power
German history is seen as a 'painful issue for thousands of Germans and other Europeans' . However
it has interested many historians over the years into inquiring how and why Hitler came to power
and how much of this was to do with the failure of parliamentary democracy in Germany. To fully
ascertain to what extent these events have in common and what reasons led to the fall of democracy
and rise of the Nazis, each have to be looked at individually. Also it seems beneficial, to be able to
evaluate these in the relevant context, to look at the situation in Germany was in prior to 1920.
In 1919, the treaty of Versailles was signed marking the end of World War ... Show more content on
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Nor did Weimar satisfy the questions of why Germany had surrender even though allied troops had
never entered Germany.
Since the Weimar Republic was established in the aftermath of World War One, it was almost
inevitable that it would be blamed for Germanys surrender and the Treaty of Versailles. The
supposed surrender was even harder to accept since in 1918 Germany had signed an armistice with
Russia. Weimar was in essence 'brought about by defeat' . The 'November Criminals' who signed the
armistice were always associated with Weimar, thus making it difficult for Weimar to be associated
with anything but defeat and humiliation. The war guilt clause was also difficult to accept because it
lay all the blame on Germany for starting the First World War. This along with reparations were
crippling not only the economy but German society itself
The Weimar Republic had a system of proportional representation in elections. This is a method of
voting by which political parties are given legislative representation in proportion to their popular
vote. This would allow all parties to be represented, including extremist parties such as the NSDAP
(Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or Nazis) and the KPD (communists). It would also
produce

Australia 's Constitutional Democracy And The Federal System
Throughout this essay, a comparison of both Australia's constitutional democracy and the federal
republic system in the United States will take place. Australia and the United States are both a part
of the federal system. Within the federal system, the national and state governments divide the
power in order to govern (Parliamentary Education Office, 2016). Both Australia and the United
States have two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Parliament Education
office, (2016) states that there are numerous similarities between these two countries, for example,
both these nations decide on the making of legal guidelines for their government. However,
Australia and the United States have different forms of government and this affects how the political
system is managed. Australia is a constitutional monarchy, in which the queen is the head of the
state (ABC, 2004), and the United States is the federal republic where the President is the head of
state (Parliamentary Education Office, 2016). A constitution is a formal structure for the state and
specifies the power and institutions of the central government and its relationship with different
levels. Additionally, it expresses the rights of citizens and creates limits on the government (Hague
& Harrop, 2013). In a republic government, the people and their elected representative have the
power and there may be an elected or nominated president (Stevenson, 2010). A constitutional
democracy and the federal republic

How Do Presidential Systems Differ from Parliamentary...
POLITICAL STUDIES
POL1004F COVER SHEET
Student Name: Stacy Liddell
Student Number: LDDSTA001
Tutor: Dadisai Taderera
Tut Group No: 32
Assignment No: Course Essay 1
Date: 15 May 2009
Plagiarism Declaration
1. I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another's work and pretend that it is one's
own.
2. I have used the Harvard convention for citation and referencing. Each contribution to, and
quotation in, this essay from the work(s) of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and
referenced.
3. This essay is my own work.
4. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it
off as his or her own work.
Signature ______________________________
How do ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This shows how important the role of the judiciary is.
In a parliamentary democracy it is very important to know that the prime minister is the head of

government and the head of state is usually a constitutional monarch or an elected president.
Newton and van Deth describe a parliamentary system as one in which the electorate does not
decide who the executive is but in fact the executive is drawn from the legislature (2005:63). The
executive is made up of both a prime minister and a cabinet. The cabinet is made up from the
majority party or coalition party and they get the seats of office. The cabinet has shared
responsibilities and together with the prime minister run the government. One big difference to
presidential systems, which separates the executive's responsibility from the legislatives'
responsibility, is the fact that the executive is directly dependant and accountable to the legislative
branch of government (Newton and van Deth, 2005:64). The prime minister has the power of
appointing and sacking cabinet members but the cabinet may also loose confidence in the prime
minister which could see the prime minister loose power. This means that cabinet and the prime
minister have to 'stay closely bound by this mutual dependence' (Newton and van Deth, 2005:64) if
they are to be successful.
The presidential system is very different to the parliamentary system and the main reasons are
outlined by Newton and van Deth: the president is 'directly

Perils Of Presidentialism Analysis
Delina Tesfamichael
Dr. Duk Kim
Comp–politics
5 May 2016
Assignment #3
State Institutions
In Perils of Presidentialism, Linz argues more in favor of parliamentary, stating that presidentialism
has more disadvantages. In criticism of Linz's article Horowitz compared his article of Comparing
Democratic System. They both did have strong arguments, and also had weaknesses. First Linz
argument was that legitimacy both are popularly elected, and the origin and survival of each are
independent from the other. Since both the president and legislature derive their power from the vote
of the people in a free competition among well–defined alternatives, a conflict is always latent and
sometimes likely to erupt dramatically; there is no democratic principle to resolve it. Linz argues
that parliamentarism obviates this problem because the executive is not independent of the
assembly. If the majority of the assembly favors a change in policy direction, it can replace the
government by exercising its no confidence vote (128).
Presidentialism is a fixed term, and Linz acknowledges that both presidential and parliamentary
regime types have created stable democracies across the world, he argues that there are
shortcomings associated with presidentialism that make it a less suitable institutional choice for
fledgling democracies. He also states that presidentialism holds within itself a constant paradox.
"Brazilian history provides us with examples of the first situation, while Maria ... Show more
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First, Linz's argument is based on "regionally skewed and highly selective sample of comparative
experience" (144). If a sample set drawn primarily from Africa would be used to analyze
parliamentarism, similar conclusions about the regime design as a source of crisis could be drawn.
Second, the "perils" of presidentialism are based on a "mechanistic, even caricatured, view of the
presidency" (Horowitz

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Parliamentary Democracy
Vlad Ivanov
Upgrade essay
AP GOV
Ms.Taylor
Explain what the term parliamentary sovereignty means in the British political system.
Parliamentary sovereignty is the most important part of the UK constitution. It makes Parliament the
supreme legal authority in the Britain, which can create or end any law. Essentially, the courts
cannot overrule its legislation and no Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments cannot
change.
Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of parliamentary democracy.
Parliamentary democracy vary in significant ways with advantages and disadvantages in both
cases.Let's take a closer look on them.
Strengths (Advantages):
In a parliamentary system, with a collegial executive, power is more divided. It can also be argued ...
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Executive is separated into useful groupings, and every department has a leader directly accountable
to the Parliament, as a result department head are more responsible.
Weaknesses (Disadvantages):
For any party to gain majority power is almost impossible without building coalitions and working
together. Coalitions can be tenuous, and when they fail the government must reorganize and choose
new leaders. Instability makes progress difficult.
The direct connection between legislative and executive branches signifies there is efficiently no
check on either power in the other.
There is a small incentive for bigger parties to disburse some attention to the small party concerns.
As a result views ignored or unheard.
What are the differences between the major political parties in the country?
Conservative:
Conservative Party, byname Tories, in the United Kingdom, a political party whose guiding
principles include the promotion of private property and enterprise, the maintenance of a strong
military, and the preservation of traditional cultural values and institutions. Since World War I the
Conservative Party and its principal opponent, the Labour Party, have dominated British political
life. The membership of the modern Conservative Party is drawn heavily from the landowning and
middle classes – especially businessmen, managers, and

1. Why Is The President Of France More Powerful Than The...
European Government Study Guide (Make a copy and type your answers to each question.) 1. To be
prime minister in the United Kingdom, a person must first be elected to which governing body? The
House of Commons, Members of Parliament 2. The United Kingdom is to the House of Commons
as Germany is to the __________. Bundestag 3. In what ways are the prime minister and the
president alike? The president and the prime minister are both in charge of the day to day operations
of government and they are both the leaders of military. 4. Why is the president of France more
powerful than the prime minister? The president is elected to office and chooses the prime minister
5. Russia has a type of government in which the power is formally divided

The Role Of The Executive Has Always Remained A...
The role of the executive has always remained a controversial issue. In some countries, the
executive may champion conservative beliefs, pushing his country towards free–market economies,
privatization and military spending. In another country, the executive might have been a populist
leader who came to power by mobilizing the masses, championing labor rights and engaging in land
redistribution. As Fukyuyama references to in his piece, "Do Institutions Really Matter",
nevertheless, in developed democracies, the role of institutions, such as low levels of corruption and
accountable government, have ensured these executives will exercise their power within limit.
Another institution such as regular elections provides the people with a "fair" process of choosing
representation. Consequently, it is assumed that institutions are of the utmost importance to a
society, as they often dictate the political, economic and social ramifications for that country.
Therefore, if institutions do indeed matter, is executive leadership helpful or detrimental to their role
and effectiveness? We will examine presidential democracies, in particular the United States, a
prime example where the Chief of State has much more executive influence than in any other form
of democracy, to determine whether this leadership strengthens or mitigates the effects of
institutions. It is important to understand that not only does the president have significant power in
this system, but also that this nation

To what Extent was Germany a parliamentary democracy in...
To what Extent was Germany a parliamentary democracy in the years 1900–14?
In the period 1900–1914, Germany's political landscape witnessed extraordinary changes in which
typical features associated with a parliamentary democracy– such as significant and influential
pressure group activity and universal suffrage– were present. It can however be argued that this
period also represented a time in which the German Reichstag did not truly represent the population
due to old and corrupt voting system for Prussia which saw votes unfairly given and the role of all
the chancellors– in particular Von Bulow– during this time, which saw unelected officials yielding
greater influence than that of the Reichstag. Germany was a parliamentary ... Show more content on
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There is however an argument for the fact that universal suffrage was not as dramatic as it first
appeared. It can be argued that this significant development, which seemed to mark a new step
towards liberalism was actually inadequate. Bismarck is known to have wanted the cooperation of
the Reichstag in matters relating to passing legislation, yet denied the Reichstag the status and
importance of its counterparts in order to restrict their influence. Bismarck knew that introducing the
idea of universal suffrage would project the idea of parliamentary democracy and preserve stability
within the newly unified Germany, yet was also aware that the Reichstag was an assembly, which
lacked any real power. It can therefore be said that this "universal suffrage" was in fact a decoy
created by Bismarck in order to hide the true, doctoral nature of the German political system. If the
purpose of introducing universal suffrage is to act as an mask for the elitist, un representative
political system, then it cannot be said that this represents Germany as a parliamentary democracy,
when the aim of it is in fact the complete opposite.
Germany's corrupt political system is able emphasis the idea that it was not a parliamentary
democracy. This is seen in regards to the Prussian three class

Parliamentary And Presidential System Of Government
Parliamentary and Presidential System of Government: An Analysis of Modus Operandi,
Characteristics and Effects in a Political Community. A presidential system of government is one in
which power lies in the hands of an elected individual known as the head of state and the head of
government as well. It is composed of checks and balances of which power is separated into other
tiers of government such as the legislative and judicial arms of government. The legislative is
broken down into upper and lower chamber elected by the people. The cabinet is primarily
appointed by the president upon emergence into power. A parliamentary system of government on
the other hand has the office of the head of government and head of state divided among the Prime
minister and the monarch often represented by the governor general respectively. The parliament
consists of legislatures from the upper and lower chamber. Its cabinet which are members of the
political executive is also appointed by the prime minister and they are both answerable to the
parliament, as parliament are answerable to the people. In this paper we are going to examine the
characteristics of both system of government, their impacts in our society as well as the benefits and
detriments of both systems of government, then we draw conclusion on which system is the most
preferable. A presidential system of government supersedes a parliamentary system of government
because of its role in ensuring adequate separation of powers

Institutional Reform In The United States
Political Science 50, Fall 2015 Short Analytic Paper Many politicians argue that there is a need for
institutional reform in the United States–the sole purpose of such reform should be to develop a
more efficient system for the state as a whole. However, others argue that there are existing
institutions in the United States that are structured efficiently. In order to help determine where an
individual will stand on the debate about institutional reform, one must compare the effects of
different forms of political institutions with the existing form in the United States. There are three
new proposals of reform to discuss for the United States: 1) change in the electoral system for the
House of Representatives, 2) change in the executive structure ... Show more content on
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depends on what the relationship is between the executive structure and legislative system. Under a
presidential system the executive and legislative branches are separated so that it is easier to
distribute power equally and ensure that those in power are held accountable. Although they don't
hold "checks and balances", under a parliamentary system, the government can be more effective
when they do not separate the executive and legislative branches. This allows the government to
accomplish more because they can pass more legislations faster. It is more difficult to pass policies
under a presidential system because, unlike in parliamentary systems, they are unable to produce
comprehensive proposals in a promptly manner. Still, problems can arise in parliamentary systems.
For example, there may be "immobilism" in parliamentary systems, similar to the deadlocks in
presidential systems, which could cause a delay in the process of making legislations. It is also more
difficult to fix problems between the legislative and executive branches in a presidential system
because each side will continue to fight over the power to pass laws and adjust it in the way they
want. If the legislative branches are weakened, there is more probability of presidentialism failing
than parliamentarism. Therefore, implementing a parliamentary executive structure could be an
effective

Difference Between Parliamentary And Presidential Democracy
"Democracy is the art and science of running the circus from the monkey cage." – Henry Louis
Mencken. These two types of democracy, presidential and parliamentary both contain a number of
key differentiating factors. These democratic systems distinguish themselves as the leaders of the
two democratic are elected in different branches of their respective government, lose their power
dissimilarly, and hold clear distinctions between the head of government and the head of state.
First and foremost, the two classifications of democracy, presidential and parliamentary, most
substantial and crucial distinction is that the president of a presidential democracy is an elected
individual voted into the executive branch of government directly by the ... Show more content on
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The difference in the two, presidential and parliament, location in the branches of government,
executive and legislative, respectively, has a critically affects the difficulty of turning a bill into a
law.
Along with the contrast in branches, the two democratic schemes further diversify as the leaders of
presidential and parliamentary systems lose their power differently. In a presidential system, there is
a fixed term limit that dictates how long the president can reside in power: the terms of office of
both president and assembly are fixed." (Shugart and Mainwaring, pg.14). A fixed terms causes the
president to be in office with a much lesser danger of losing power, with his or her only danger
being impeachment which has been extremely rare in North American presidential systems as only
two presidents in the history of the United States have been impeached, Andrew Johnson in 1868
and Bill Clinton in 1999. Also, this leads to presidency having scheduled elections as the president's
time is limited. Conversely, in parliamentary, there is no fix term and an election is called on the
advice of the prime minister, thus, the prime minister does not lose his or her place in office due to a
time limit. However, the prime minister has a much greater chance of losing his or her position of
power due to the need to be supported by the majority in legislature: "The chief executive power
must be supported by a majority in the legislature and can

Similarities Between Parliamentary And Presidential System
Michaela Ottenberg
12/17/17
Part C: Compare & Contrast Paper
While democracies can flourish in both presidential and parliamentary systems of government,
parliamentary systems have a special advantage to the US system because of their multiparty nature.
With the growth of party polarization in the United States, the two–party model is not able to
properly support a presidential system. Thus, the United States could learn from multiparty
parliamentary systems. While multiparty systems can create issues, especially because a group can
wield a great deal of authority without a simple majority, parliamentary systems still lend
themselves to stronger leadership. For instance, presidential systems can attract political outsiders
with little experience in governance. Parliamentary systems foster leadership that tends, on average,
to have more experience and thus stronger leadership.
When comparing parliamentary and presidential systems, depending on the nation state, the two
systems can have a lot of similarities. This paper will explore the similarities and differences
between Ireland's parliamentary republic and America's presidential system. Both Ireland and the
United States have a president; however, in Ireland the President serves a 7–year term and is the
head of their lawmaking body, the House of Oireachtas (Barrington 103). Like the United States
Congress, the House of Oireachtas is a bicameral legislative body, meaning that it is made up of two
chambers: the Dail and the

Government And Its Effect On The Good Of A Country
It all depends on what any certain country needs from its government in order to determine if a
policy or type of government 's strengths would be more beneficial compared to the possibility of
corruption occurring. In each of the article that were in review, each author not only theorized why a
certain type of government, be it a main type or hybrid type of government, and its incorporated
policies work for a county, but also gave example of how the for mentioned can be used for
something other than the good of a country. While, there are guidelines that help to keep a
government or policy from being used in a way that is not for the good of a country. Unfortunately,
Policies can be used in a negative way in order to be used for leverage in order to accomplish the
ambitions of a politician or government leader. For some governmental politicians work for what
they want, such as re–election, more power or monetary gain. Therefore, countries have a type of
government and or policy that have been proven ineffective due to having these politicians that do
not have the good of the country in mind. Linz felt that compared to a presidential democracy, that
parliamentary regimes created a more stable means of governing. In a presidential there are a few
things he argued that made the presidential government more prone to breaking down. He feels this
way because in a presidential government, the president is elected for a set period of time so
therefore there is no need for

Australia Is A Federal Parliamentary Democracy
Australia is a federal parliamentary democracy. It comes with a variety of people, religions, etc.
They have native people living there known as Aborigines and the Torres Strait Islanders. Australia
does have some major problems with their politics and elder care. Mitch is nineteen years old and
lives with both his parents and grandmother. Mitch lives in Gold Coast, Queensland, which is , "the
second largest city" in Australia (Stephens). The area Mitch comes from is an urban area that has a
lot of tourism. Mitch explains Australia from the Native aspect and how it differs from the United
States.
One of Australia 's major historical event is the first sighting of Australia by Willem Janszoon in
1606. Originally it was known as New Holland l, and then in 1788 British settlement occurred. It
want until "January 1, 1901" that Australia gained independence "from the federation of UK
colonies" (Pearson). It wasn 't till after World War II that "Australia became increasingly active in
world affairs" (Australia). Politically there has been many votes of no confidence that have been
occurring since 1999 in Australia. The last one occurred in 2015 in which "liberal leader, Malcolm
Turnbull" (Australia) became prime minister in Tony Abbott 's place. The occurrence of the many
votes of no confidence have had a major negative effect on the people's opinion of their government
in Australia. Mitch states that "not a lot of people are happy because that 's not who they voted

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Presidentialism
1. Introduction Since the Third Wave of Democratization, numerous developing countries have
undergone democratization. However, it has been a controversial topic on which constitutional
framework, i.e. Presidentialism or Parliamentarism, would serve better in bringing political stability
to these new democracies. While there's no doubt in my mind that Parliamentarism would be a
better choice for them, I believe that it needs to be operated under several necessary conditions. I
will explain about my rationale in the following paragraphs. 2. Definition of political stability
Firstly, 'frequency of 'social unrest', which can be demonstrated by activities such as 'civil strife,
political violence and protests' (Qassem, 2009), would be used as ... Show more content on
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It is because under Presidentialism, a candidate may win the poll even if only a minority of voters
pick them as their ideal choice (Canello, 2012). That is even more likely in the new democracies in
developing countries, where there tends to have numerous major candidates in the election due to
the existence of multi–party and lack of coordination between parties with similar background and
ideologies, unlike the U.S., that has a two–party system with two well–organized parties including
the Democrats and the Republicans, that are the political affiliations' of nearly all the Americans.
For example, the first Egypt president Mohamed Morsi only won less than a one–fourth of the votes
in the first round of the election in 2012 (Lynch and Stanglin, 2013). On the other hand, in
Parliamentarism, as the Prime Minister is either the leader of the majority party or coalition in the
parliament, he is more likely to be accepted by a majority proportion of the

Advantages Of Unitarian Government
Philippines, from the Spanish colonization passed to Americans until the country received its own
independence, it have always been a Unitarian Government. However, here the author questions
whether Unitary Government is the type of regime that befits the state or the Philippines. Unitarian
type of government was first introduced to the country by the Spaniards during the Hispanic era,
where after the colonization of the country, the Spaniards made the Philippines highly centralized,
whereas it was continued after the Treaty of Paris; the colonization of the Americans, and even until
its own government or the grasp of its independence, Unitarian form of government is what is being
practiced. Thus, creating the concept of "Imperial Manila." ... Show more content on
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Second, the electing or appointing of the Prime Minister is merit based, which was voted by the
parliament because of his/her experience, unlike in presidential the 'winnability' of the candidate
may like be because of popularity. The Parliamentary System will help prevent the election of the
Head of the Government on the basis of his/her wealth, popularity, such as being a celebrity, as the
country had experienced with former–President Joseph Estrada. The leader will be voted by the
parliament due to his/her experience and competence under a parliamentary system.
Also, the parliament can replace the Prime Minister via the vote of no confidence, unlike in the
current Presidential System, impeaching an ineffective leader is very difficult, abusive presidents
will remain in the seat until his/her fixed term is finished or through coups, revolt, or revolution will
he/she be eliminated. And lastly, people will be more conscious and aware of who will their vote
during elections.
Electoral

Australian Political System Analysis
The Australian political system consists of many different levels of power. While the government is
set up with a system of checks and balances, the power of different people, agencies, and
organizations depends on rules, laws and ultimately the Australian Constitution. There are many
different components to the Australian political system. They range from the Queen, exercised by
the Governor–General, all the way down to the people. The people could be the most important part
of the political system, without the people there is no Australia. But there are two components to the
political system that stand out the most. They are the Australian Prime Minister and the Australian
Parliament. These two parts have different responsibilities to the ... Show more content on
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The two most important functions to the Australian political system are the House of
Representatives and the Senate. Paraphrased, Section 51 of the Australian Constitution says, "The
Parliament of Australia (formally named the Parliament of the Commonwealth) is made up of a total
of 226 people popularly elected to the Senate and House of Representatives to represent the interests
of Australians and to 'make laws for the peace, order and good government of the nation."
(Commonwealth of Australia) Their responsibilities also include: drafting legislation, creating an
administration, and being a representative to the political system for the people of Australia. Their
main duty is representing the people who elected them. They must act in the best interest of the
electoral district they live in or fear losing their seat at the next election. This is how their power is
mediated. Unlike the P.M. whose loyalty is to the party than the nation (to some degree), Parliament
must be loyal to their constituents. If they are not doing a good job or make mistakes they could lose
their next election. This gives the voters of Australia the opportunity to form government, in a
different context. While the majority party creates the government, they have to first be voted to
Parliament by the people. This form of mediation is very appropriate. Unfortunately, it can be
ineffective at

Presidential System Is Heavily Inclined Towards...
In both of his readings, Lijphart argues (or concludes) that presidential system is heavily inclined
towards majoritarian democracy, which can impede consolidating democratic regime in those
countries that face deep ethnic cleavages. He further argues that parliamentary system and its
consensus politics are much preferred to consolidate democracy in ethnically–diversed countries. He
presents several compelling evidence to support his argument by describing the essential features of
presidentialism and how they account for the majoritarian tendency of the presidential system. In
chapter six of his book, Patterns of Democracy, Liphart states that the difference between majority
and consensus democracy is the range and depth of people's participation in the executive branch.
He distinguishes presidential system and parliamentary system as the former creates one–party
majority cabinet where the power is concentrated in the hands of the majority and the latter produces
multiparty coalition where its consensual nature allows broad power sharing within the executive
cabinet.
All these features indicate the strong link between presidential democracy and majoritarianism and
how they can impede democratic consolidation. First, the fact that the president is elected through
majority (or plurality) rule and that the executive power is concentrated to not only one person but
also to one party, creating one–party majority cabinet, induce presidential democracy to lean
towards

Is Turkey A Parliamentary Representative Democracy?
Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy. Executive Power is held by the Prime Minister
and Council of Ministers. The President is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role.
She/he is elected for a five–year term by direct elections. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is the first president
elected by direct voting. Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of
Ministers which make up the government, while the Legislative power is upheld by the unicameral
parliament. The judiciary System is a civil law system that is independent of the executive and the
legislature, and comprises of three parts . The Constitutional Court, the Council of State, and the
High Court of Appeals. The Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws
and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the last resort for administrative cases and
the High Court of Appeals is for all other cases. Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey
has developed a strong tradition of secularism. Some reforms introduced by ataturk that increased
secularism in the country was the banning of the fez and headscarf, as well as banning the caliphate,
which was a form of islamic government. Turkey 's constitution governs the legal framework of the
country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a state. The prime
minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in the government and is most
often the

Israel: A Parliamentary Democracy In The United States
Israel is a compact country located in the Middle East along the Mediterranean Sea. The country is
around the size of New Jersey, with a population of around 8 million people. Referred to as the
biblical holy land, the capital of Israel is Jerusalem. Which has approximately 809,000 people living
there today. Israel is made up of a strong democracy with a parliamentary form of government.
There is both a president and prime minister. But the prime minister overall, holds all the power of
the government. (Cahill, Mary)
What makes Israel a parliamentary democracy is that the power is held with the people. The people
rule. The people are able to elect a president from a variety of 16 different political parties every
seven years. The current president is Reuven Rivlin who was elected last year. (CIA Fact book)
When the people elect others to make decisions for the country, this is known as an indirect
democracy. Even though there is a president, there is also a prime minister who is head of the
government. Benyamin Netanyahu is the prime minister, he holds executive power. The prime
minister is appointed by the president. The voting age in Israel is eighteen; everyone who is eighteen
has the right and freedom to vote. (Israel Government and Politics) ... Show more content on
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There is a commissioner who is head of each district and is appointed by the central government.
The powers of government are equally divided between the districts and the central government
making Israel a federal government. These states or districts are also unitary at the same time
because power can be changed without their consent. Israel's 33 cities are locally governed by local
councils or regional councils. Israel does not have a written constitution or bill of rights like some
other democratic countries. (Cahill,

The Types Of Parliamentary Democracies
The two types of Parliamentary democracies are direct democracy, also known as consociational or
consensus democracy, and representative democracy, otherwise called majoritarian democracy
(Dickovick 118–120). A consensus democracy is founded on the principle that the citizens govern
directly and that power is distributed between the executive and legislative branches to prevent and
limit one branch from gaining too much power. An example of a consensus democracy is
Switzerland, as it promotes consensus of the people, and it exhibits the factors necessary for a direct
democracy. Alternatively, a majoritarian democracy is based on the principle of majority rules, and
that power is concentrated and centralized. The United Kingdom is an example of a majoritarian
democracy because it follows the 'majority rule ' principle and possesses all the qualities of a
representative democracy. While consensus democracy and majoritarian democracies are both forms
of democracy, the contrasting approaches to democratic rule they engage in – foremost pertaining to
the ideas of distribution of political power, causes the two types of democracy to be diametrically
opposite. A consociational or consensus democracy is commonly used in heterogeneous or plural
societies, as a majority rule democracy would be unpredictable and hazardous in such a society.
consensus democracy has its virtues in the front–end of democracy. It emphasizes the belief of the
consensus of the people rather than the

The Presidential System Of Government
No matter the system of government, there will always be advantages and disadvantages to it. Not
everyone wants or expects the same same things so how can the government supply everything that
is needed and wanted by the people no matter how hard they try. Three of the systems of
government: presidential, parliamentary, and communist arouse advantages and disadvantages
within the government. Within the governmental structure of the presidential system, the executive
branch is led by the president, who is both the head of state and the government. In its existence, it
is separate from legislature wherein it cannot dismiss. As it is separate from those rulings, the
president does not have as much power or control creating a system of checks and balances,
allowing each branch to monitor one another. It is a stable system that is kept in line as it has fixed
two year terms. The people must elect or re–elect the president to have them a longer amount of
time, making his leadership and authority more legitimate as the people choose him. To appeal to
the people, political parties are formed to uphold the potential presidential candidates. These parties
are long–term and established ones that are trustworthy. Throughout it all, the people have the
choice of their candidates as almost every position has a term in which a new person must be elected
or another must be elected. Public opinion constantly changes, as does their opinion on the people
they had elected into power. While

Essay On Presidential Democracy Vs Parliamentary Democracy
Topic: A presidential democracy is more likely to produce strong, effective government than a
parliamentary democracy.
Introduction
The structure of a governments and party systems are of crucial importance for the functioning and
well stable effective government. In this case let's take example of United States and United
Kingdom.
Presidential system of United States;
The United State presidential system is a system of government that features a president as the
nation head of state and active chief executive authority. It is associated with the congressional
system of government. In a presidential system, the central principle is that the legislative and
executive branches of government should be separated.
This lead to the separate election by the electorate or an electoral college of the president, who is
elected to office for a fixed term of office, and can only be remove in extreme cases for gross
misdemeanor by impeachment and dismissal. In addition he or she does not need to choose cabinet
members from or commanding the support of a legislative majority.
As with the president set term of office, the legislature also exists for a set term of office and cannot
be dissolve a head schedule. In the president system, the president usually has special privileges in
the enactment of legislation, namely the possession of a power of veto over legislation of bills, in
some cases subject to the power of the legislature by weighed majority to override the veto.
However,

Political And Legal System Of Greece Essay
Country Profile: Location
Greece, located in southeastern Europe, is a beautiful transcontinental country, which means the
country expands over more than one continent. Greece is cleverly placed on the crossroads of
Africa, Asia, and Europe. It is made up a huge mainland peninsula, the Peloponnese, and many
surrounding islands. Its country's flag is composed of nine blue and white stripes as well as a white
cross–surrounded by a blue background in the upper left–hand corner. The Blue represents the sky
and indicates limit opportunities. The white denotes clouds in the sky and waves in the sea, which
signifies everlasting progress. The cross symbolizes the Greek Orthodox Church, which is the
established religion of Greece. The nine stripes exemplify the nine syllables in the battle cry of
Greek independence, which took place during the Hellenic Revolution against the Ottoman Empire.
Country Profile: Political and Legal System Greece politics are categorized under a parliamentary
representative democratic republic. A parliamentary republic is a type of republic that functions
under a parliamentary system of government and has several different branches. The prime minister
of Greece is recognized as the head of government, the executive branch, and of a multi–party
system. The legislative branch has power both in the government and in the Hellenic Parliament.
The judiciary branch is independent of both the legislative and executive branches. It is important to
note that

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